Article(id=1190669170288246787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190669163988398295, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0224.2024.0827, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708704000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1712851200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-12, onlineDate=1761807251760, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761807251760, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761807251760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761807251760, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190669163988398295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761807250258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761807667423, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190670913772339410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190669163988398295, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190670913772339411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190669163988398295, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=495, endPage=503, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190669170598625284, articleId=1190669170288246787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on AMPK signaling pathway in the regulation and treatment of spinal cord injury, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system disease with high morbidity and disability rates, bringing serious economic and psychological burdens to families and society worldwide. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important sensor in the energy metabolism process in living organisms, which plays a central role in maintaining energy balance. It is currently considered a key target for the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases. Studies have shown that AMPK signaling can regulate autophagy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and other processes after SCI, thus affecting the pathological process of SCI. This review summarizes the research progress on AMPK signaling pathway involved in the regulation of SCI, in order to provide new ideas for the treatment and drug development of SCI.

, correspAuthors=Ya-Feng Ren, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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脊髓损伤(SCI)是发病率和致残率均较高的中枢神经系统疾病,给家庭和社会带来了严重的心理和经济负担。AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是生物体内能量代谢过程中的重要感受器,在维持能量平衡中发挥着核心作用,目前被认为是预防和治疗多种疾病的关键靶点。研究显示,AMPK信号可调控SCI后的自噬、神经炎症、氧化应激、线粒体功能等,从而影响SCI的病理进程。本文综述了AMPK信号通路参与调控和治疗SCI的相关研究进展,旨在为SCI的治疗和药物开发提供新思路。

, correspAuthors=任亚锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
任亚锋,E-mail:
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张芝兰,硕士研究生,主要从事脊髓损伤中西医康复方面的研究

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KD. 激酶结构域;AID. 自身抑制结构域;α-CTD. α亚基C末端结构域;CBM. 碳水化合物结合模块;β-CTD. β亚基C末端结构域;NTD. N末端结构域;CBS1-4. 胱硫醚β合成酶同源四聚体

, figureFileSmall=817rlfn560M1ovx5eDNAjg==, figureFileBig=fgkLrJZdDrugePo8estl0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190669249803862374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190669170288246787, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Mechanism diagram of regulation of spinal cord injury by AMPK, figureFileSmall=A1kHAyB4H007QyZfpF//zw==, figureFileBig=NT8dtyQKc7xoOGpie+dfZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190669249862582631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190669170288246787, language=CN, label=图2, caption=AMPK调控脊髓损伤的机制

AMPK. AMP活化蛋白激酶;SCI. 脊髓损伤;mTOR. 哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白;TRPML1. 瞬时受体电位黏蛋白-1;SIRT1. 沉默信息调节因子1;FoxO3a. 叉头盒O蛋白3a;SKP2. S期激酶相关蛋白2;CARM1. 辅激活蛋白关联精氨酸甲基转移酶1;TFEB. 转录因子EB;IL-6. 白细胞介素-6;NF-κB. 核因子κB;HO-1. 血红素加氧酶-1;Nrf2. 核因子E2相关因子2;cAMP/PKA. 环磷酸腺苷/蛋白激酶A;PI3K. 磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶;LKB1. 肝激酶B1

, figureFileSmall=A1kHAyB4H007QyZfpF//zw==, figureFileBig=NT8dtyQKc7xoOGpie+dfZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190669249925497192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190669170288246787, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

SCI therapy based on AMPK signaling pathway and its mechanism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一作者

发表

年份

疗法研究类型干预方式相关分子机制生物学效应
Li等[64]2023药物动物实验、细胞实验椎内注射新型多肽VD11p-AMPK↑、p-Akt↑促进SCI大鼠运动功能恢复,减轻病理损伤,促进轴突再生
Han等[65]2020药物动物实验、细胞实验口服西格列汀AMPK↑、PGC-1α↑、LKB1↑激活AMPK,促进SCI轴突再生
Guo等[66]2022药物动物实验、细胞实验腹腔注射乌司他汀p-AMPK↑、p-mTOR↓、NF-κB↓、NLRP3↓激活AMPK-NLRP3信号通路,减轻SCI
Jiang等[67]2020药物动物实验、细胞实验静脉注射鸢尾素AMPK↑、NF-κB↑、IL-1β↓、IL-6↓、TNF-α↓、iNOS↓、COX-2↓通过激活AMPK-NF-κB通路预防SCI大鼠的运动功能障碍
Xu等[68]2017药物细胞实验使用OSU53预处理AMPK↑、H2O2↓、NADPH↑、血红素加氧酶-1 mRNA↑激活AMPK可保护脊髓神经元免受氧化应激
Lin等[69]2019药物动物实验、细胞实验AMPK激活剂AICAR处理LS4转导的nTreg细胞IL-10↓、IL-17A↓恢复调节性T细胞的表达,减轻炎症反应
Zhang等[70]2017药物动物实验、细胞实验腹膜内注射二甲双胍溶液MPO↓、ICAM-1↓、MMP-9↓改善SCI后血脊髓屏障,促进功能恢复
Yuan等[71]2022药物动物实验、细胞实验二甲双胍处理神经元细胞p-AMPK↑、IL-1β↓、IL-6↓、TNF-α↓通过激活AMPK-NLRP3炎症小体通路预防SCI和细胞焦亡
林海旭等[72]2023药物细胞实验二甲双胍处理神经元细胞p-AMPK↑、STAT3↓、C3↓通过激活AMPK-STAT3信号通路抑制星形胶质细胞的反应性
Zhang等[73]2020药物动物实验皮下注射利拉鲁肽p-AMPK↑、p-FOXO3↑、LC3B-II/LC3B-I↑、Beclin-1↑、p62↓激活AMPK-FOXO3信号通路调节自噬,促进SCI后运动功能的恢复
Wang等[74]2017中医药动物实验、细胞实验腹腔注射红景天苷p-AMPK↑、p-mTOR↑、p-p70s6k↓、M1↓、M2↑减轻神经炎症,改善SCI后的运动功能
Wu等[13]2021中医药动物实验腹腔注射白桦脂酸p-AMPK↑、TFEB↑、p-mTOR↓、ASC↓、Caspase-1↓、GSDMD↓、IL-1β↓、IL-18↓、NLRP3↓通过AMPK-mTOR-TFEB信号通路增强自噬,抑制损伤脊髓中的细胞焦亡
Meng等[36]2018中医药动物实验腹膜内注射白藜芦醇p-AMPK↑、Beclin-1↑、LC3-II/LC3-I↑、p-mTOR↓改善SCI诱导后的运动功能,减轻神经炎症
李正飞等[76]2022中医药动物实验电针次髎、中极、三阴交p-AMPK↑、LC3II↑、Beclin1↑、p-mTOR↓通过AMPK-mTOR通路激活自噬,减轻SCI导致的神经源性尿潴留
Dao等[83]2022组织工程技术动物实验喙部和尾部部位注射慢病毒RGS6Caspase-1↓IL-1β↓、IL-18↓恢复AMPK通路活性,减轻SCI小鼠的氧化应激和炎症反应
Zhu等[84]2022组织工程技术动物实验光生物调节PGC-1α↑、Nrf1↑、Sirt1↑、TFAM↑通过AMPK-PGC-1α-TFAM通路恢复神经元线粒体生物能量水平,促进SCI后的修复
), ArticleFig(id=1190669250009383273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190669170288246787, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于AMPK信号通路的SCI疗法及其作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一作者

发表

年份

疗法研究类型干预方式相关分子机制生物学效应
Li等[64]2023药物动物实验、细胞实验椎内注射新型多肽VD11p-AMPK↑、p-Akt↑促进SCI大鼠运动功能恢复,减轻病理损伤,促进轴突再生
Han等[65]2020药物动物实验、细胞实验口服西格列汀AMPK↑、PGC-1α↑、LKB1↑激活AMPK,促进SCI轴突再生
Guo等[66]2022药物动物实验、细胞实验腹腔注射乌司他汀p-AMPK↑、p-mTOR↓、NF-κB↓、NLRP3↓激活AMPK-NLRP3信号通路,减轻SCI
Jiang等[67]2020药物动物实验、细胞实验静脉注射鸢尾素AMPK↑、NF-κB↑、IL-1β↓、IL-6↓、TNF-α↓、iNOS↓、COX-2↓通过激活AMPK-NF-κB通路预防SCI大鼠的运动功能障碍
Xu等[68]2017药物细胞实验使用OSU53预处理AMPK↑、H2O2↓、NADPH↑、血红素加氧酶-1 mRNA↑激活AMPK可保护脊髓神经元免受氧化应激
Lin等[69]2019药物动物实验、细胞实验AMPK激活剂AICAR处理LS4转导的nTreg细胞IL-10↓、IL-17A↓恢复调节性T细胞的表达,减轻炎症反应
Zhang等[70]2017药物动物实验、细胞实验腹膜内注射二甲双胍溶液MPO↓、ICAM-1↓、MMP-9↓改善SCI后血脊髓屏障,促进功能恢复
Yuan等[71]2022药物动物实验、细胞实验二甲双胍处理神经元细胞p-AMPK↑、IL-1β↓、IL-6↓、TNF-α↓通过激活AMPK-NLRP3炎症小体通路预防SCI和细胞焦亡
林海旭等[72]2023药物细胞实验二甲双胍处理神经元细胞p-AMPK↑、STAT3↓、C3↓通过激活AMPK-STAT3信号通路抑制星形胶质细胞的反应性
Zhang等[73]2020药物动物实验皮下注射利拉鲁肽p-AMPK↑、p-FOXO3↑、LC3B-II/LC3B-I↑、Beclin-1↑、p62↓激活AMPK-FOXO3信号通路调节自噬,促进SCI后运动功能的恢复
Wang等[74]2017中医药动物实验、细胞实验腹腔注射红景天苷p-AMPK↑、p-mTOR↑、p-p70s6k↓、M1↓、M2↑减轻神经炎症,改善SCI后的运动功能
Wu等[13]2021中医药动物实验腹腔注射白桦脂酸p-AMPK↑、TFEB↑、p-mTOR↓、ASC↓、Caspase-1↓、GSDMD↓、IL-1β↓、IL-18↓、NLRP3↓通过AMPK-mTOR-TFEB信号通路增强自噬,抑制损伤脊髓中的细胞焦亡
Meng等[36]2018中医药动物实验腹膜内注射白藜芦醇p-AMPK↑、Beclin-1↑、LC3-II/LC3-I↑、p-mTOR↓改善SCI诱导后的运动功能,减轻神经炎症
李正飞等[76]2022中医药动物实验电针次髎、中极、三阴交p-AMPK↑、LC3II↑、Beclin1↑、p-mTOR↓通过AMPK-mTOR通路激活自噬,减轻SCI导致的神经源性尿潴留
Dao等[83]2022组织工程技术动物实验喙部和尾部部位注射慢病毒RGS6Caspase-1↓IL-1β↓、IL-18↓恢复AMPK通路活性,减轻SCI小鼠的氧化应激和炎症反应
Zhu等[84]2022组织工程技术动物实验光生物调节PGC-1α↑、Nrf1↑、Sirt1↑、TFAM↑通过AMPK-PGC-1α-TFAM通路恢复神经元线粒体生物能量水平,促进SCI后的修复
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AMPK信号通路在脊髓损伤调控及治疗中的作用研究进展
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张芝兰 1 , 黄晓萌 2 , 尚文雅 2 , 黄靖 2 , 韦慧麟 2 , 李冰 2 , 任亚锋 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025,50(4): 495-503
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025, 50(4): 495-503
AMPK信号通路在脊髓损伤调控及治疗中的作用研究进展
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张芝兰1, 黄晓萌2, 尚文雅2, 黄靖2, 韦慧麟2, 李冰2, 任亚锋3, *
作者信息
  • 1郑州大学第五附属医院儿童康复医学科,河南郑州 450015
  • 2河南中医药大学康复医学院,河南郑州 450046
  • 3河南中医药大学第一附属医院康复医学中心,河南郑州 450000
  • 张芝兰,硕士研究生,主要从事脊髓损伤中西医康复方面的研究

通讯作者:

任亚锋,E-mail:
Research progress on AMPK signaling pathway in the regulation and treatment of spinal cord injury
Zhi-Lan Zhang1, Xiao-Meng Huang2, Wen-Ya Shang2, Jing Huang2, Hui-Lin Wei2, Bing Li2, Ya-Feng Ren3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450015, China
  • 2Rehabilitation Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
  • 3Rehabilitation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0224.2024.0827
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脊髓损伤(SCI)是发病率和致残率均较高的中枢神经系统疾病,给家庭和社会带来了严重的心理和经济负担。AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是生物体内能量代谢过程中的重要感受器,在维持能量平衡中发挥着核心作用,目前被认为是预防和治疗多种疾病的关键靶点。研究显示,AMPK信号可调控SCI后的自噬、神经炎症、氧化应激、线粒体功能等,从而影响SCI的病理进程。本文综述了AMPK信号通路参与调控和治疗SCI的相关研究进展,旨在为SCI的治疗和药物开发提供新思路。

脊髓损伤  /  单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶  /  病理机制  /  神经炎症  /  轴突再生

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system disease with high morbidity and disability rates, bringing serious economic and psychological burdens to families and society worldwide. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important sensor in the energy metabolism process in living organisms, which plays a central role in maintaining energy balance. It is currently considered a key target for the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases. Studies have shown that AMPK signaling can regulate autophagy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and other processes after SCI, thus affecting the pathological process of SCI. This review summarizes the research progress on AMPK signaling pathway involved in the regulation of SCI, in order to provide new ideas for the treatment and drug development of SCI.

spinal cord injury  /  AMP-activated protein kinase  /  pathological mechanism  /  neuroinflammation  /  axon regeneration
张芝兰, 黄晓萌, 尚文雅, 黄靖, 韦慧麟, 李冰, 任亚锋. AMPK信号通路在脊髓损伤调控及治疗中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (4) : 495 -503 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0224.2024.0827
Zhi-Lan Zhang, Xiao-Meng Huang, Wen-Ya Shang, Jing Huang, Hui-Lin Wei, Bing Li, Ya-Feng Ren. Research progress on AMPK signaling pathway in the regulation and treatment of spinal cord injury[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (4) : 495 -503 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0224.2024.0827
脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)通常是因创伤、疾病或变性而导致的神经元丢失及损伤部位神经元连接中断的中枢神经系统疾病[1-3]。SCI发病率和致残率均较高,常引起感觉及运动功能的永久性改变,其影响程度取决于神经损伤的部位和严重程度[4]。据统计,全球每年有25万~50万人受到SCI的困扰,多由机动车事故、跌倒、暴力或运动及娱乐事故等引发[5]。SCI可分为原发性损伤和继发性损伤两个阶段。原发性损伤是由剪切、撕裂或急性拉伸使脊柱对脊髓施加力导致轴突破坏,一般局限于局部区域[6];而继发性损伤为原发性损伤后引发的一系列继发性病理改变,包括缺血、坏死、神经元凋亡、线粒体功能障碍、血管功能障碍、氧化应激和炎症反应等,可进一步加重SCI[7]。研究显示,超过23%的SCI患者在10年内经历了继发性损伤,而抑制继发性损伤进展是治疗SCI的关键[8]。当前,临床治疗常采用早期手术减压联合糖皮质激素类药预防SCI的继发性损伤,但可能引发二次损伤及药物不良反应[9]。因此,深入研究SCI的病理机制,探索更有效的SCI治疗方法具有重要意义。
AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)是一种高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,为细胞能量状态的传感器,在几乎所有真核细胞中表达[10-11]。AMPK信号通路是介导能量、应激、代谢、营养的重要通路,参与细胞生长、增殖、分化以及细胞间信号传递等多个过程,在脊髓、脑、心脏、肾、肺和膀胱中均可发挥重要作用[12]。AMPK在缺血性脑卒中等疾病中的积极作用已得到详尽研究,但其与SCI之间的复杂联系尚未得到深入探讨。近年来研究发现,通过调控AMPK信号通路可促进SCI后神经元的再生与修复[13-15]。因此,进一步探究AMPK与SCI之间的相互关系,对于推动SCI的机制研究及临床治疗可能具有重要意义。本文综述了AMPK的结构和功能,调控SCI的病理机制,以及基于AMPK的SCI治疗方法的研究进展,以期为SCI的相关研究和临床治疗提供新的视角和方法。
AMPK为丝氨酸/苏氨酸(Ser/Thr)激酶家族的重要成员之一[16],是真核生物能量稳态的主要传感器和调节剂,可作为能量稳态的中枢调节剂。AMPK是一种异源三聚体复合物,其分子组成包括催化亚基α1、α2,调节亚基β1、β2和γ1、γ2、γ3,这些亚基可形成至少12种不同的异源三聚体组合[17]。α亚基由激酶结构域(KD)、调节性自身抑制结构域(AID)和N端到C末端结构域(α-CTD)组成,其中α-CTD富含丝氨酸/苏氨酸ST环;β亚基则由碳水化合物结合模块(CBM)和C末端结构域(β-CTD)组成,其中β-CTD作为支架,可将α亚基的α-CTD与γ亚基N末端结构域(NTR)结合在一起而发挥作用;γ亚基有4个胱硫醚β合成酶(cystathionine-β-synthase,CBS)串联重复序列和一个NTR,4个CBS结构域(CBS1-4)形成两个能够与AMP、ADP或ATP结合的Bateman结构域[11,16,18]。AMPK的激活主要依赖于α亚基N末端激酶结构域中Thr172的磷酸化来实现,可将ATP的磷酸转移到靶蛋白,其中Thr172磷酸化是AMPK激活的标志,而Ser485磷酸化可抑制Thr172的磷酸化。AMPK的主要功能是监测细胞内ATP水平的变化,并相应地调整ATP产生和利用的速率[19-20]。ATP的合成和分解代谢是维持细胞内稳态的关键过程。研究显示,经常运动和氧化应激能够增加AMPK的激活,并影响低糖、缺氧、缺血和饥饿等条件下的ATP水平[21](图1)。
自噬指细胞的自我吞噬过程,是细胞的一种高度保守的自我保护机制,也是维持细胞正常稳态及能量代谢平衡的重要过程,可通过降解和循环利用胞内的受损细胞器及异常蛋白聚集体来维持细胞内环境的稳态[22-23]。自噬通过分解代谢,使功能失调的细胞器和蛋白被降解,从而保护细胞免受各种压力[24]。SCI后,自噬的激活被视为一种保护性反应,有助于减少细胞死亡并促进功能恢复[25-26]。研究发现,通过增加自噬蛋白LC3的表达,抑制自噬底物p62蛋白的活性,可有效提高自噬水平,进而改善SCI后的功能恢复[27]。Wang等[28]研究发现,促红细胞生成素也可通过AMPK-哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)依赖的方式增强细胞中缺氧诱导的自噬。转录因子EB(TFEB)是自噬的中枢调节因子,在各种细胞应激下,TFEB的激活会降低ATP与ADP的比率,进而触发AMPK的磷酸化;同时,AMPK的激活可调节细胞代谢,抑制细胞质中细胞生长和代谢的主要调节因子mTOR,促进TFEB核易位,从而参与自噬过程的调节[29]。Bai等[30]发现,调控AMPK-mTOR信号通路可促进TFEB核易位,从而促进溶酶体的生物发生并增强自噬,进而改善SCI。此外,通过激活AMPK-瞬时受体电位黏蛋白1(transient receptor potential mucolipin 1,TRPML1)-钙调磷酸酶通路,可增强TFEB的活性,显著提高自噬相关基因的转录和表达水平,增强SCI后的自噬活性,从而促进其功能恢复[15,31]。因此,TFEB在AMPK对SCI的调控中发挥着重要作用。
Zhou等[32]发现,通过激活AMPK-mTOR和AMPK-S期激酶相关蛋白2(S-phase kinase associated protein 2,SKP2)-辅激活蛋白关联精氨酸甲基转移酶1(coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1,CARM1)信号通路,增强转录因子E3(TFE3)的活性,可增加自噬通量,减轻SCI后内质网应激诱导的神经元凋亡。Xu等[14]报道,激活MPK-mTOR和AMPK-叉头O蛋白3a(forkhead box O3a,FoxO3a)-SKP2-CARM1信号通路可增强TFEB活性并促进自噬,减少细胞焦亡,抑制坏死性凋亡,促进SCI后的功能恢复。大量研究显示,激活AMPK-沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)信号通路可增强神经细胞的自噬流,减轻神经细胞损伤并抑制细胞凋亡,在SCI后发挥神经保护作用[33-38]。此外,通过直接激活AMPK-mTOR信号通路可调节自噬通量,促进自噬发生并抑制细胞凋亡,改善SCI的功能恢复[39-41]。总之,AMPK信号通路在调节自噬及自噬通量中可发挥重要作用。以上发现不仅深化了人们对自噬机制的理解,更为SCI的治疗提供了新的思路(图2)。
由活化的神经胶质细胞、细胞因子、趋化因子和活性氧等不同免疫成分驱动的神经炎症,可调节中枢神经系统中神经细胞的增殖、分化及成熟;但炎症反应的失控会破坏神经元和神经胶质细胞的结构及功能,进而加重神经功能障碍[42]。研究显示,由脊髓原发性损伤发展来的炎症级联反应贯穿于继发性损伤的整个过程,这极大限制了SCI后神经元的存活及轴突再生;建立有效的神经炎症抑制靶点将为脊髓功能恢复带来新的希望[43-45]。补阳还五汤可抑制SCI区域糖蛋白130(glycoprotein 130,gp130)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)蛋白的表达,减轻SCI后的炎症反应,从而促进SCI大鼠运动功能的恢复[46]。研究发现,上调小胶质细胞AMPK信号的表达可推动小胶质细胞向M2型极化,从而减轻神经炎症[47]。由此可见,上调SCI后AMPK的表达可能是抑制炎症反应进而改善脊髓神经功能的重要措施。Feng等[48]在脂多糖(LPS)处理的BV2细胞(小鼠小胶质细胞)中发现,芝麻酚能降低M1型小胶质细胞标志蛋白CD86的表达,增加M2型小胶质细胞标志蛋白CD206的表达;表明芝麻酚可通过AMPK通路调控M2极化并激活AMPK-SIRT1通路,抑制NF-κB激活,促进M2表型小胶质细胞极化,减轻神经炎症,改善运动功能。Lin等[49]在慢病毒诱导的外源性血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)过表达SCI模型中发现,HO-1可抑制小胶质细胞介导的炎症反应,且AMPK信号通路参与了HO-1对小胶质细胞的调节,HO-1过表达可增加AMPKα的磷酸化,而AMPK抑制剂则抑制了HO-1的抗炎作用,提示HO-1减轻急性SCI后神经炎症可能是通过AMPK信号通路发挥作用的。在SCI大鼠中,拮抗miR-451的表达可有效增强AMPK活性,减轻炎症反应,抑制细胞凋亡,从而增强神经元和少突胶质细胞的存活能力及功能,促进SCI大鼠运动功能的恢复[50]。上述研究结果表明,激活AMPK信号通路可有效抑制炎症反应,从而改善SCI的病理改变及临床表现(图2)。
轴突再生是指在神经系统受到损伤后,神经元重新生长短小的轴突,使神经系统恢复正常功能的过程[51]。先前学者们认为,成人中枢神经系统损伤后轴突无法再生,但近年来的研究显示并非如此,只是因为损伤后的外部不利环境因素(如瘢痕形成、生长因子缺乏等)和神经元内在调节因子的影响,轴突再生受到限制,进而使神经功能的恢复严重受阻[52]。因此,如何打破这些限制,促进轴突再生以恢复神经元内在的信号转导对治疗SCI具有重要意义。有研究显示,AMPK与SCI后的轴突再生具有交互作用[53]。Ohtake等[53]发现,与SCI后轴突再生相关的内在转导通路环AMP(cAMP)/蛋白激酶A(PKA)和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)通路的下游效应分子肝激酶B1(LKB1),能够激活AMPKα并增加成年小鼠皮质神经元中NUAK1激酶的表达,这一过程通过调节轴突线粒体来控制轴突分支,进而显著增强皮质脊髓束轴突的再生能力,提示AMPK信号通路可能是促进SCI后轴突再生的新靶点。然而,另一项研究显示,背根神经节中AMPK与26S蛋白酶体及其钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱα(calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱα,CaMKⅡα)依赖性调节亚基蛋白酶体26S亚基ATP酶5(proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 5,PSMC5)相互作用可促进AMPKα蛋白酶体的降解,而AMPKα1缺失可促进中枢轴突损伤后多种信号通路的增强,并刺激整个SCI部位的轴突生长,推测AMPK是SCI后轴突生长的一种新型抑制剂,其缺失可能会促进轴突的强劲生长[54]。上述研究提示,AMPK信号通路在SCI后轴突再生中的作用较为复杂,这可能与AMPK干预SCI的时空节点有关。
氧化应激是一种高度紊乱的代谢过程,是机体内抗氧化剂与促氧化剂失衡的结果;这一失衡会使中性粒细胞炎性浸润和蛋白酶分泌增加,被视为多种疾病发生和发展的重要因素之一[55]。氧化应激与SCI密切相关。SCI发生后病变部位会出现缺血、缺氧和炎症,导致活性氧大量生成,进而引发严重的氧化应激,是加重脊髓继发性损伤的重要因素[56]。因此,减轻氧化应激是治疗SCI的重要策略之一。胡椒叶提取物可抑制急性SCI大鼠的氧化应激,减轻SCI并发挥神经保护作用[57]。Michel-Flutot等[58]研究高位SCI大鼠模型发现,SCI后1 h内,膈运动神经元中p-AMPK和抗炎抗氧化反应的关键调节因子核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2,Nrf2)表达急剧下降,3 d后这两种因子的表达呈上升趋势,可能与膈运动神经元在应对氧化应激时的差异性有关,提示激活AMPK-Nrf2信号通路可改善抗氧化反应,有助于脊柱与膈肌运动神经元的连接,从而改善SCI患者的膈肌功能。综上,激活AMPK信号通路可缓解神经元氧化应激的发生,从而发挥脊髓神经保护作用(图2)。
线粒体是主要细胞器之一,具有提供ATP和钙稳态等作用,是生物能量的来源。SCI后线粒体功能受损严重,导致能量供应不足,影响神经细胞的存活和功能恢复;因此,线粒体功能障碍被认为是SCI后损伤加重和神经元死亡的关键因素[59]。AMPK作为葡萄糖代谢的关键因子,与葡萄糖转运和线粒体功能密切相关,在维持能量平衡中发挥着重要作用[60]。AMPK作为能量感受器,能够感知细胞内能量水平的变化,并通过调节能量代谢过程来维持细胞的能量稳态。AMPK激活有助于增加ATP产生并减少ATP消耗,从而恢复能量平衡[61]。研究显示,酸枣仁汤可通过激活AMPK信号通路缓解小鼠线粒体功能障碍,提示SCI后线粒体功能下降阻碍了神经功能恢复,而AMPK激活有助于恢复线粒体功能,加强能量供应,从而促进神经元的存活和功能恢复[62]。SCI后损伤部位神经元缺失是导致患者功能受损的关键因素,神经干细胞移植可抑制线粒体氧化呼吸复合物I,从而抑制ATP生成并激活AMPK信号通路,而激活的AMPK可促进神经干细胞的增殖、分化、成熟等神经发生进程[63]。神经干细胞移植可能成为SCI的一种有效治疗方法(图2)。
总之,AMPK信号通路在调控自噬、神经炎症、轴突再生、氧化应激以及线粒体功能等方面发挥重要作用,有望为SCI的治疗提供新的策略和潜在靶点。
药物治疗在AMPK信号通路介导的SCI修复中显示较好效果,潜在的应用前景广阔。在SCI大鼠椎内注射新型衍生肽VD11可促进轴突再生,减轻继发性损伤,其机制可能与增加脊髓组织中磷酸化AMPK和蛋白激酶B(Akt)的表达有关[64]。口服西格列汀治疗可通过刺激胰高糖素样肽-1受体(glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor,GLP-1R)激活AMPK/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅助激活因子1α(PGC-1α)信号通路,从而增强轴突的再生能力,促进SCI大鼠运动功能的恢复[65]。Guo等[66]通过腹腔注射尿胰蛋白酶抑制剂乌司他汀(ULI)干预SCI,结果显示ULI可激活AMPK信号通路,显著上调p-AMPK的表达,下调p-mTOR的表达,这一过程可抑制核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)和NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体的激活,缓解SCI后的炎症反应,减轻大鼠脊髓水肿和组织损伤,促进神经元存活,改善SCI后的神经功能。Jiang等[67]发现,SCI后大鼠出现严重的功能障碍并伴有p-AMPK水平异常降低,而长期鸢尾素治疗可逆转这一现象,其作用机制可能与上调AMPK-NF-κB信号通路活性,进而降低IL-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)等炎性因子的表达有关。
Xu等[68]报道,采用新型AMPK激活剂OSU53治疗可减轻过氧化氢诱导的原代小鼠脊髓神经元死亡和凋亡,而采用活性AMPKα1持续激活AMPK,可减轻脊髓神经元的氧化应激损伤。在SCI小鼠模型中,浸润调节性T细胞的抗炎活性受到抑制,而使用AMPK激动剂(AICAR)可恢复调节性T细胞的表达,缓解炎症反应[69]
二甲双胍(MET)作为较常用的AMPK激动剂,也展现出了对SCI的积极作用。研究显示,MET能够阻断中性粒细胞浸润,抑制紧密连接蛋白的降解,从而抑制血脊髓屏障的破坏,促进SCI后的功能恢复[70]。Yuan等[71]取出脊髓中的原代神经元进行细胞培养,结果显示,MET可通过AMPK-NLRP3信号通路抑制SCI后的神经元焦亡,这一保护作用依赖于AMPK的激活,进而降低NLRP3炎性小体的激活,抑制SCI后的细胞焦亡和炎症反应,减轻SCI后的组织损伤。此外,MET可通过AMPK-STAT3信号通路抑制A1型星形胶质细胞的反应性,促进SCI后的功能恢复[72-73]
另外,Zhang等[74]通过构建脊髓挫伤大鼠模型,发现利拉鲁肽可使自噬相关蛋白微管相关蛋白轻链3B(LC3B)、Beclin1表达增加,p62表达降低,激活自噬反应,同时激活AMPK,而使用AMPK抑制剂可逆转这一作用,提示激活AMPK-FOXO3信号通路可调控自噬反应,减小脊髓坏死面积并增加前角运动神经元的数量,促进SCI后神经功能的恢复。SCI后神经元的葡萄糖转运、线粒体生物合成及膜电位降低,活性氧积累,氧化应激加重。锌干预治疗SCI可改善小鼠运动功能,其机制是激活AMPK通路,进而强化神经元葡萄糖转运功能,促进线粒体合成并增加线粒体膜电位,最终减轻SCI后的氧化应激反应,而使用AMPK抑制剂可逆转锌的这一有益效果[60]。综上,部分候选药物在SCI治疗中展现出了积极效果,主要机制是激活AMPK及相关信号通路,减轻SCI后的继发性损伤,促进SCI后的神经功能恢复。
部分中药的活性成分可通过促进神经再生、改善局部微循环、抗炎抗氧化和整体调理等机制,减轻SCI的严重程度并促进神经功能恢复。红景天苷(Sal)是中药红景天的一种活性成分,具有广泛的药理作用和临床应用价值。Wang等[75]在SCI大鼠腹腔注射Sal,结合体外实验发现Sal可抑制神经元凋亡,改善SCI后的运动功能恢复,这可能是通过上调AMPK-mTOR通路活性,激活自噬通量并调节小胶质细胞M2型极化来实现的。白桦脂酸(BA)是一种五环三萜类中药活性成分,为白头翁中的主要活性成分之一。Wu等[13]将BA水溶液腹腔注射至SCI小鼠,Western blotting、免疫荧光染色等检测结果显示其可促进AMPK磷酸化并抑制mTOR磷酸化,同时增加TFEB的表达,而AMPK抑制剂(化合物C)可抑制AMPK-mTOR-TFEB信号通路,导致BA对自噬、线粒体自噬和焦亡的影响减弱。白藜芦醇是一种天然酚类化合物,为中草药藜芦、虎杖等的有效成分,具有神经保护作用。Meng等[36]在SCI模型大鼠腹膜内注射白藜芦醇,结果显示其可通过激活SCI后AMPK-mTOR通路介导的自噬,促进运动功能恢复并抑制神经炎症。此外,针灸也可通过介导AMPK信号通路来促进SCI的恢复,且对其并发症神经源性尿潴留也有显著的治疗效果[76]
有研究显示,组织工程技术可在SCI后AMPK信号通路的调控中发挥作用[77-79]。Zhang等[77]在小鼠脊髓挫伤模型中发现,miR-299a-5p可通过下调炎性小体激活因子PH结构域富含亮氨酸重复序列蛋白磷酸酶1(PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1,PHLPP1)激活AMPK,进而抑制SCI诱导的炎症和NLRP3炎性小体,减轻神经炎症,发挥神经保护作用。研究显示,施万细胞产生的外泌体可通过AMPK信号通路介导的线粒体自噬清除受损的线粒体,在SCI后发挥关键作用;这一机制有助于缓解线粒体功能障碍和坏死性凋亡,进而减轻氧化应激和炎症反应,维持线粒体质量和功能平衡,有效缓解SCI后的神经元死亡[78]。Li等[79]通过动物实验及细胞培养观察微电场刺激的人脐带间充质干细胞衍生的小细胞外囊泡(EF-sEV)在SCI治疗中的作用,结果显示,EF-sEV中的长链非编码RNA Malat1可通过海绵效应抑制miRNA-22-3p的功能,进而解除对SIRT1的抑制;这一系列的分子交互作用最终导致AMPK的磷酸化水平上升,而磷酸化的AMPK可进一步调节细胞内的信号通路,促进抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,从而减少细胞凋亡,并促进SCI后运动功能的恢复。Qu等[80]发现,miRNA-9过表达可促进AMPK信号通路的激活,从而诱导成骨细胞分化和血管生成,改善SCI的神经功能恢复,提示miRNA-9调控AMPK对改善SCI有重要作用。AMPK与miRNA的关系已在脓毒症大鼠模型中得到证实[81-82],但在SCI中这仍是一个新兴领域。未来可进一步探索其他miRNA是否也通过AMPK信号通路来调节SCI。Dao等[83]在SCI小鼠模型中进行了G蛋白信号转导6(RGS6)慢病毒载体实验,结果显示,SCI后RGS6表达升高会导致AMPK通路失活,进一步加剧SCI小鼠的氧化应激,敲低RGS6则可成功激活AMPK信号通路,抑制SCI小鼠的氧化应激,进而改善SCI后神经功能的恢复。光生物调节可通过AMPK-PGC-1α-线粒体转录因子A(mitochondrial transcription factor A,TFAM)通路增加线粒体的生物能量,发挥神经保护作用,激活AMPK通路后线粒体生物能量相关因子PGC-1α、核呼吸因子1(Nrf1)、SIRT1和TFAM的表达上调,这一变化可缓解线粒体相关的神经元凋亡,恢复线粒体呼吸链复合物的活性,增加ATP生成,进而增加线粒体生物能量,这一系列改变可最大限度地减轻和逆转SCI后的继发性损伤,促进运动功能的恢复[84]。随着该领域相关机制研究的逐步深入,有望开发新的SCI治疗方法,促进患者预后和生活质量的改善(表1)。
AMPK处于SCI后主要能量稳态的多种调节机制的十字路口。尽管部分研究结果对AMPK在SCI中的保护作用提出了质疑,甚至有学者认为激活AMPK可能加重SCI损伤,但多数研究仍支持AMPK可作为SCI的保护分子。然而,目前对AMPK信号通路在SCI治疗中的应用仍局限于基础研究,如细胞和动物实验,尚待临床转化。因此需要更多的临床研究来进一步阐明AMPK在SCI中的作用。同时,除了AMPK信号通路,其他信号通路也在SCI中发挥着重要作用,而这些通路与AMPK之间的交互作用尚未得到充分验证。因此,需要进一步探索AMPK信号在SCI中的作用机制,以期为SCI的临床前和治疗研究提供新的思路及方法。
  • 河南省中医药科学研究专项课题(2022JDZX015)
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2025年第50卷第4期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0224.2024.0827
  • 接收时间:2024-02-24
  • 首发时间:2025-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-24
  • 录用日期:2024-04-12
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Special Project for Scientific Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Henan Province(2022JDZX015)
河南省中医药科学研究专项课题(2022JDZX015)
作者信息
    1郑州大学第五附属医院儿童康复医学科,河南郑州 450015
    2河南中医药大学康复医学院,河南郑州 450046
    3河南中医药大学第一附属医院康复医学中心,河南郑州 450000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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