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Article(id=1190669169839457278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190669163988398295, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1810.2025.0304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731254400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1734278400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-16, onlineDate=1761807251652, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761807251652, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761807251652, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761807251652, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190669163988398295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761807250258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761807667423, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190670913772339410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190669163988398295, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190670913772339411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190669163988398295, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=387, endPage=392, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190669170154029057, articleId=1190669169839457278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Value of the new WHO pathological classification of pituitary tumors in diagnosis and treatment of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas, columnId=1190669170040783872, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Expert Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are relatively common. Apart from hyperprolactinemia caused by pituitary compression, they typically lack overt hormonal hypersecretion and usually present with clinical symptoms due to mass effects. Previously considered a uniform entity, NFPAs are actually a highly heterogeneous group of tumors, including aggressive subtypes like silent corticotroph adenomas (SCA) and null cell adenomas. The 2022 WHO new classification of pituitary tumors employs transcription factors [e.‍g., pituitary-specific transcription factor 1 (PIT-1), T-box transcription factor 19 (TBX19, also known as TPIT), steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1)] for detailed categorization, allowing precise subclassification of NFPAs into multiple subtypes derived from distinct cell lineages, including silent gonadotroph adenomas, SCA, and plurihormonal PIT-1-positive adenomas. This helps identify highly invasive subtypes with high recurrence risk, guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment, prognostic assessment, and individualized management. The new classification also provides a theoretical basis for targeted therapies of NFPAs (e.g., somatostatin analogs and temozolomide). This review comprehensively discusses the latest pathological classification of NFPAs and its clinical implications, aiming to enhance understanding of this disease and offer valuable insights for precise diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic assessment.

, correspAuthors=Qing-Hua Guo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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无功能垂体瘤的患病率较高，除垂体受压引起的高催乳素血症外，通常无明显激素分泌异常的表现。这类肿瘤常因占位效应而导致临床症状的出现。既往认为无功能垂体瘤实际上是一种高度异质性的疾病，包括一些预后不良的亚型，如静默性促肾上腺皮质激素细胞腺瘤(SCA)和零细胞腺瘤等。2022年WHO新的垂体瘤病理分类采用转录因子[如垂体特异性POU类同源结构域转录因子1(PIT-1)、T-box转录因子19(TBX19，又称TPIT)、类固醇生成因子1(SF-1)等]进行细分，可将无功能性垂体瘤精准分型为来源于不同细胞谱系的多种亚型，包括静默性促性腺激素细胞腺瘤、SCA、PIT-1阳性多激素腺瘤等。这有助于识别高侵袭性、高复发风险的垂体瘤亚型，为临床诊疗、预后评估及个体化管理提供依据。新分类还可为无功能垂体瘤的靶向治疗(如生长抑素类似物、替莫唑胺等)提供理论基础。本文详细阐述了无功能垂体瘤的新病理分类及其对临床治疗的影响，旨在提高对该类疾病的认识，并为临床的精准诊疗和预后评估提供参考。

, correspAuthors=郭清华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郭清华，E-mail：
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孙田，硕士研究生，副主任医师，主要从事下丘脑垂体相关疾病诊治方面的研究

郭清华，医学博士，解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科主任医师、教授、博士研究生导师。美国梅奥医学中心访问学者和博士后，北京内分泌医师协会常务理事、中国医药教育协会新中医发展委员会副主任委员、中国罕见病联盟下丘脑垂体疾病学组委员、中华医学会内分泌学会糖尿病学组第九届委员，曾任解放军总医院海南医院内分泌科主任。参与多项垂体下丘脑疾病指南或共识的制定，作为副主编参编或参译多部学术专著；主持国家自然科学基金面上项目等课题10余项；发表包括SCI论文在内的学术论文70余篇；申请专利并授权10余项；获军队科技进步奖、解放军总医院医疗成果二等奖、海南省科技进步二等奖等多项奖励。

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孙田，硕士研究生，副主任医师，主要从事下丘脑垂体相关疾病诊治方面的研究

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郭清华，医学博士，解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科主任医师、教授、博士研究生导师。美国梅奥医学中心访问学者和博士后，北京内分泌医师协会常务理事、中国医药教育协会新中医发展委员会副主任委员、中国罕见病联盟下丘脑垂体疾病学组委员、中华医学会内分泌学会糖尿病学组第九届委员，曾任解放军总医院海南医院内分泌科主任。参与多项垂体下丘脑疾病指南或共识的制定，作为副主编参编或参译多部学术专著；主持国家自然科学基金面上项目等课题10余项；发表包括SCI论文在内的学术论文70余篇；申请专利并授权10余项；获军队科技进步奖、解放军总医院医疗成果二等奖、海南省科技进步二等奖等多项奖励。

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郭清华，医学博士，解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科主任医师、教授、博士研究生导师。美国梅奥医学中心访问学者和博士后，北京内分泌医师协会常务理事、中国医药教育协会新中医发展委员会副主任委员、中国罕见病联盟下丘脑垂体疾病学组委员、中华医学会内分泌学会糖尿病学组第九届委员，曾任解放军总医院海南医院内分泌科主任。参与多项垂体下丘脑疾病指南或共识的制定，作为副主编参编或参译多部学术专著；主持国家自然科学基金面上项目等课题10余项；发表包括SCI论文在内的学术论文70余篇；申请专利并授权10余项；获军队科技进步奖、解放军总医院医疗成果二等奖、海南省科技进步二等奖等多项奖励。

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WHO垂体瘤新病理分类对临床无功能垂体瘤诊治的价值浅析
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孙田 1, 2 , 张雪东 1 , 郑尔涵 3 , 申浩 4 , 周涛 4 , 孟祥辉 4 , 郭清华 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 专家述评 2025,50(4): 387-392
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解放军医学杂志 | 专家述评 2025, 50(4): 387-392
WHO垂体瘤新病理分类对临床无功能垂体瘤诊治的价值浅析
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孙田1, 2, 张雪东1, 郑尔涵3, 申浩4, 周涛4, 孟祥辉4, 郭清华1, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科，北京 100853
  • 2陕西省核工业二一五医院内分泌科，陕西咸阳 712000
  • 3首都医科大学基础医学院，北京 100069
  • 4解放军总医院第一医学中心神经外科，北京 100853

    • 孙田，硕士研究生，副主任医师，主要从事下丘脑垂体相关疾病诊治方面的研究

    郭清华，医学博士，解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科主任医师、教授、博士研究生导师。美国梅奥医学中心访问学者和博士后，北京内分泌医师协会常务理事、中国医药教育协会新中医发展委员会副主任委员、中国罕见病联盟下丘脑垂体疾病学组委员、中华医学会内分泌学会糖尿病学组第九届委员，曾任解放军总医院海南医院内分泌科主任。参与多项垂体下丘脑疾病指南或共识的制定，作为副主编参编或参译多部学术专著；主持国家自然科学基金面上项目等课题10余项；发表包括SCI论文在内的学术论文70余篇；申请专利并授权10余项；获军队科技进步奖、解放军总医院医疗成果二等奖、海南省科技进步二等奖等多项奖励。

通讯作者:

郭清华，E-mail：
Value of the new WHO pathological classification of pituitary tumors in diagnosis and treatment of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas
Tian Sun1, 2, Xue-Dong Zhang1, Er-Han Zheng3, Hao Shen4, Tao Zhou4, Xiang-Hui Meng4, Qing-Hua Guo1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Endocrinology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Department of Endocrinology, No.215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, China
  • 3School of Basic Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
  • 4Department of Neurosurgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1810.2025.0304
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摘要
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无功能垂体瘤的患病率较高，除垂体受压引起的高催乳素血症外，通常无明显激素分泌异常的表现。这类肿瘤常因占位效应而导致临床症状的出现。既往认为无功能垂体瘤实际上是一种高度异质性的疾病，包括一些预后不良的亚型，如静默性促肾上腺皮质激素细胞腺瘤(SCA)和零细胞腺瘤等。2022年WHO新的垂体瘤病理分类采用转录因子[如垂体特异性POU类同源结构域转录因子1(PIT-1)、T-box转录因子19(TBX19，又称TPIT)、类固醇生成因子1(SF-1)等]进行细分，可将无功能性垂体瘤精准分型为来源于不同细胞谱系的多种亚型，包括静默性促性腺激素细胞腺瘤、SCA、PIT-1阳性多激素腺瘤等。这有助于识别高侵袭性、高复发风险的垂体瘤亚型，为临床诊疗、预后评估及个体化管理提供依据。新分类还可为无功能垂体瘤的靶向治疗(如生长抑素类似物、替莫唑胺等)提供理论基础。本文详细阐述了无功能垂体瘤的新病理分类及其对临床治疗的影响，旨在提高对该类疾病的认识，并为临床的精准诊疗和预后评估提供参考。

无功能垂体瘤  /  病理分类  /  转录因子  /  诊断  /  治疗

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are relatively common. Apart from hyperprolactinemia caused by pituitary compression, they typically lack overt hormonal hypersecretion and usually present with clinical symptoms due to mass effects. Previously considered a uniform entity, NFPAs are actually a highly heterogeneous group of tumors, including aggressive subtypes like silent corticotroph adenomas (SCA) and null cell adenomas. The 2022 WHO new classification of pituitary tumors employs transcription factors [e.‍g., pituitary-specific transcription factor 1 (PIT-1), T-box transcription factor 19 (TBX19, also known as TPIT), steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1)] for detailed categorization, allowing precise subclassification of NFPAs into multiple subtypes derived from distinct cell lineages, including silent gonadotroph adenomas, SCA, and plurihormonal PIT-1-positive adenomas. This helps identify highly invasive subtypes with high recurrence risk, guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment, prognostic assessment, and individualized management. The new classification also provides a theoretical basis for targeted therapies of NFPAs (e.g., somatostatin analogs and temozolomide). This review comprehensively discusses the latest pathological classification of NFPAs and its clinical implications, aiming to enhance understanding of this disease and offer valuable insights for precise diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic assessment.

non-functioning pituitary tumor  /  pathological classification  /  transcription factors  /  diagnosis  /  treatment
孙田, 张雪东, 郑尔涵, 申浩, 周涛, 孟祥辉, 郭清华. WHO垂体瘤新病理分类对临床无功能垂体瘤诊治的价值浅析. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (4) : 387 -392 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1810.2025.0304
Tian Sun, Xue-Dong Zhang, Er-Han Zheng, Hao Shen, Tao Zhou, Xiang-Hui Meng, Qing-Hua Guo. Value of the new WHO pathological classification of pituitary tumors in diagnosis and treatment of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (4) : 387 -392 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1810.2025.0304
正文
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垂体腺瘤是鞍区常见的肿瘤之一，以往根据患者的临床表现和激素分泌状态分为功能性垂体瘤和无功能垂体瘤[1-3]，其中无功能垂体瘤的患病率仅次于垂体催乳素瘤[4]。一项来自英国、比利时、瑞士、芬兰北部、瑞典西部、马耳他、冰岛、加拿大和阿根廷的人群研究发现，无功能垂体瘤的患病率为(7.0~41.3)/10万，标准化发病率为(0.65~2.34)/10万[4]。其真实发病率可能被低估，因为患者常因占位效应如头痛、视野改变或垂体功能减退等症状就诊，而非因激素分泌异常就诊。在临床诊治中发现，所谓的无功能垂体瘤并非始终是无功能的[5]，很大一部分是静默性促性腺激素细胞腺瘤(silent gonadotroph adenoma，SGA)[1]；更为棘手的是，其中有一定比例是静默性促肾上腺皮质激素细胞腺瘤(silent corticotroph adenoma，SCA)，这是一种具有恶性潜能的垂体瘤，临床后期可出现库欣综合征的症状[6]，药物治疗效果不佳，预后差；还有一部分是预后不佳的零细胞腺瘤等。因此，不同病理类型的无功能垂体瘤的治疗策略、监测指标、随访周期和预后均存在差异。2022版世界卫生组织(WHO)新垂体肿瘤病理分类在2017版分类的基础上进行了进一步的更新。新的病理分类中，采用转录因子对垂体瘤进行分类，进一步明确了无功能垂体瘤的病理类型，这一更新为精准的分型诊断及改善预后提供了可能。本文阐述无功能垂体瘤的新病理分类及其对临床治疗的影响，以及不同类型无功能垂体瘤的治疗策略和预后，旨在提高临床医师对无功能垂体瘤的认识，从而改善该类疾病的预后。
1 垂体瘤组织病理学分类的相关更新
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在2000年以前，WHO一直将垂体肿瘤归于中枢神经系统肿瘤分类中，对于垂体腺瘤的分类也主要依据HE染色和免疫组织化学染色。然而，在2017版WHO垂体腺瘤的分类中，除识别垂体肿瘤细胞分泌的激素类型外，首次将转录因子引入垂体腺瘤的分类，包括垂体特异性POU类同源结构域转录因子1(pituitary-specific transcription factor 1，PIT-1)、T-box转录因子19(T-box transcription factor 19，TBX19；又称TPIT)和类固醇生成因子1(steroidogenic factor 1，SF-1)等[7]。该分类强调了垂体转录因子在决定肿瘤细胞谱系分化方向、调节垂体分泌不同类型激素及垂体腺瘤的发育进展过程中发挥的不可忽视的作用。
2022年的第5版垂体瘤病理分类将垂体腺瘤正式更名为垂体神经内分泌瘤(pituitary neuroendocrine tumor，PitNETs)；该分类沿用了2017年垂体腺瘤分类中依据转录因子进行分类的建议，同时提供了基于肿瘤细胞谱系、细胞类型和相关特征[8]的PitNETs的详细组织学亚型。分类所使用的免疫组织化学检测的垂体转录因子包括PIT-1、TPIT、SF-1、GATA结合蛋白3(GATA binding protein 3，GATA3)和雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor alpha，ERα)等[8]。新分类与2017版分类的不同之处在于将催乳素生长激素细胞腺瘤、混合性生长激素-催乳素细胞腺瘤、嗜酸性干细胞腺瘤定义为独立亚型，均属于PIT-1谱系来源。而PIT-1阳性多激素腺瘤在新版分类中也被分为成熟性多激素PIT-1谱系腺瘤和未成熟性多激素PIT-1谱系腺瘤。在新分类中所有的垂体腺瘤均须根据细胞谱系、细胞类型、所产生的激素及其他辅助特征进行分类。依据上述转录因子及激素的表达情况，将所有PitNETs分为4个独立的病理类型，即PIT-1谱系、TPIT谱系、SF-1谱系及无确切细胞谱系的PitNETs，而无确切细胞谱系的PitNETs包括零细胞腺瘤和多激素腺瘤(表达2种及以上转录因子)。细化后，垂体瘤被分为12种PitNETs亚型，其中生长激素(growthhormone，GH)细胞、催乳素(prolactin，PRL)细胞、促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone，ACTH)细胞的PitNETs可进一步分为致密颗粒型和稀疏颗粒型，而促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone，TSH)细胞PitNETs和促性腺激素(gonadotropic hormone，GnH)细胞PitNETs未分亚型[9]。新病理分类还利用Ki-67、生长抑素受体、多巴胺受体、O6-甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶(O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase，MGMT)等指标结合肿瘤临床信息进一步确定了肿瘤的分子特征[10]。新病理分类中，与无功能未成熟PIT-1谱系腺瘤相比，SCA更具侵袭性。因此，精确诊断无功能垂体瘤的病理亚型，识别出高侵袭性、高复发风险的垂体腺瘤，对无功能垂体瘤的临床治疗、预后评估和随访管理等具有重要意义。
PIT-1主要表达于GH细胞腺瘤、TSH细胞腺瘤和PRL细胞腺瘤，调控GH、TSH和PRL细胞的分化。SF-1主要表达于GnH细胞腺瘤，调控GnH细胞的分化，而GnH细胞发育由SF-1、GATA结合蛋白2/3(GATA2/3)和ERα驱动[11]。TPIT主要表达于ACTH细胞腺瘤，是ACTH细胞分化的标记物。
新的垂体瘤病理分类建议所有的PitNETs至少对3个主要转录因子PIT-1、TPIT和SF-1进行染色；理想情况下，还应包括ERα和GATA3。垂体前叶激素的染色应包括ACTH、GH、PRL、TSH、卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulating hormone，FSH)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone，LH)和糖蛋白激素α亚基(glycoprotein hormones common subunit alpha，α-SU)。新分类指出了明确肿瘤亚型的重要性，建议利用低分子角蛋白区分肿瘤亚型，其中应用最广泛的抗体是CAM5.2，其他抗体包括AE1/AE3和CK18[12]。这些检测对于无功能性垂体神经内分泌瘤(NF-PitNETs)尤为重要，尤其是对侵袭性高、无病生存时间短及复发率高的肿瘤亚型的识别。
依据转录因子分类后，NF-PitNETs可以是SGA、零细胞腺瘤、PIT-1阳性多激素腺瘤和SCA、生长激素细胞腺瘤或催乳素细胞腺瘤。其中，SGA是最常见的亚型，其次是SCA、PIT-1阳性多激素腺瘤和零细胞腺瘤[7]。
2 无功能性垂体神经内分泌瘤(NF-PitNETs)的不同亚型
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2.1 SGA
SGA占临床上NF-PitNETs的70%~75%[13-14]，其特征是β-FSH、β-LH和α-SU局灶免疫染色阳性。在免疫组化检测中，在FSH和LH表达稀少或不表达的情况下，可通过SF-1的阳性表达来确认肿瘤为促性腺激素细胞来源[15]。但SF-1免疫染色在不同实验室及外在条件下的一致性不高。在促性腺激素细胞腺瘤中仍有一部分SF-1呈阴性表达[16]。因此，单纯依靠SF-1来诊断促性腺激素细胞腺瘤存在一定的局限性。新版分类提出，可应用GATA3进行分类。一项纳入151例垂体腺瘤的研究应用GATA3染色后发现，所有的生长激素细胞腺瘤、催乳素细胞腺瘤、催乳素生长激素细胞腺瘤及零细胞腺瘤中GATA 3均为阴性，而69例促性腺激素细胞腺瘤中有68例(98.5%)GATA3染色阳性[17]。同样，Turchini等[18]对29例促性腺激素细胞腺瘤进行GATA3染色，其阳性比例为93%，再次验证了GATA3在促性腺激素细胞腺瘤中呈高表达。因此，在SF-1表达阴性的情况下，GATA3可作为补充诊断SGA的转录因子。而在男性SGA中，ERα表达下降且发病年龄较轻可作为该肿瘤亚型侵袭性的良好预测因子[13]。
2.2 SCA
SCA常因没有高激素分泌的表现而难以被早期诊断，绝大多数肿瘤在诊断时已经表现为大腺瘤，约占NF-PitNETs的15%[19]；由于早期转录因子TPIT的免疫组化染色未广泛应用，因此其所占的比例可能被低估。在一项回顾性研究中，先前被分类为零细胞腺瘤的18例患者在应用TPIT染色后，其中8例(44%)被重新分类为SCA，因此认为TPIT免疫组化染色的敏感度高于ACTH免疫组化染色[20]。根据WHO 2022年的新分类，ACTH瘤的特征是转录因子TPIT表达阳性，因此，以往ACTH阴性的垂体腺瘤通过增加TPIT染色后部分被重新分类为SCA，这使得在一些研究中使用新的诊断标准后，SCA的发病率增高。在2017年WHO的分类中，SCA被认为是高危类型。一项基于平均随访≥5年的研究的Meta分析显示，有31%的SCA复发[21]，因此，SCA被认为具有一定的侵袭性。
2022版WHO分类根据形态学表现将SCA分为3种病理亚型，即致密颗粒型SCA、稀疏颗粒型SCA和Crooke细胞腺瘤(Crooker's cell adenomas，CCAs)。致密颗粒型SCA表现为ACTH免疫反应性强，CAM5.2核周弥漫阳性；稀疏颗粒型SCA表现为ACTH呈局灶性弱阳性染色，CAM5.2核周点状阳性；而Crooke细胞腺瘤呈CAM5.2核周环状阳性。值得一提的是，与致密颗粒型比较，稀疏颗粒型SCA更具侵袭性，而Crooke细胞腺瘤更具有增殖性、侵袭性、复发性、转移性等特征，预后较差，但对其复发的预测似乎没有一个统一的标准。最近的一项研究评估了SCA、分泌ACTH的大腺瘤及SGA的增殖标准，发现Ki-67指数的平均值和有丝分裂计数在三者之间差异无统计学意义，然而，在SCA中p53阳性比例(26.9%)明显高于SGA(9.7%)[6]，p53是否可作为新的增殖指标仍有待更多研究验证。
2.3 PIT-1阳性多激素腺瘤
PIT-1阳性多激素腺瘤指产生一种以上激素的垂体腺瘤；这些腺瘤的部分激素染色呈阳色，如GH、PRL、TSH和糖蛋白激素α-亚基。大多数腺瘤的激素分泌保持沉默状态；然而，部分腺瘤也可出现激素过量分泌的表现，导致肢端肥大症、高催乳素血症和甲状腺功能亢进[22]。在新版分类中将其分为成熟性多激素PIT-1阳性谱系和未成熟性多激素PIT-1阳性谱系。后者属于罕见腺瘤，曾被称为沉默亚型3，占NF-PitNETs的0.9%~1.8%[23-24]，多数为无功能性，肿瘤体积大，呈侵袭性生长，来源于PIT-1谱系前体细胞，与促甲状腺激素细胞腺瘤存在重叠，具有明显的异型性，70%~80%至少表达GH、TSH、PRL中的两种激素，极少数表达一种或不表达[25]，在新版分类中被列为高危类型。既往研究报道，MGMT在PIT-1阳性多激素肿瘤中呈低表达或无表达，采用替莫唑胺(TMZ)可有效治疗PIT-1阳性多激素腺瘤[26-27]。
2.4 零细胞腺瘤
2004版分类将零细胞腺瘤定义为垂体激素阴性表达的腺瘤，没有其他特异性的上皮细胞免疫组化标志物[28]。而新版分类指出，零细胞腺瘤是指任何转录因子或激素染色均阴性的肿瘤，目前没有明确的起源。随着转录因子纳入垂体肿瘤分类中，零细胞腺瘤的患病率有所下降。Nishioka等[29]发现，根据新分类定义的零细胞腺瘤在无功能垂体瘤中的占比从23.1%下降到1.2%。相较于激素染色阴性但转录因子阳性的腺瘤，真正的零细胞腺瘤侵袭性更高，预后更差[30]。但需要注意的是，当未检测到垂体激素和转录因子表达时，应与鞍区其他类型肿瘤相鉴别。零细胞腺瘤临床罕见，可能需要广泛的免疫组织化学检查才能排除从其他器官转移至鞍区的神经内分泌肿瘤。常见的鞍区神经内分泌肿瘤标志物包括甲状腺转录因子-1(thyroid transcription factor-1，TTF1)、血清素(serotonin)、ATRX、死亡关联蛋白6(death-associated protein 6，DAXX)和尾型同源框转录因子2(CDX2)等，这些标志物有助于鉴别鞍区的PitNET和转移性神经内分泌肿瘤(neuroendocrine tumor，NET)[30]。然而，仍需要更大规模的队列研究来明确PitNET与转移性鞍区神经内分泌肿瘤的特异性生物标志物。联合使用垂体前叶激素、垂体特定转录因子的免疫组织化学染色，器官特异性神经内分泌标志物检测及影像学检查，有助于零细胞腺瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断。
2.5 静默性生长激素细胞腺瘤
静默性生长激素细胞腺瘤病理检测显示PIT-1和GH免疫染色阳性，而临床和生物学上没有肢端肥大症的征象；占所有垂体腺瘤手术病例的2%~4%[31]。与分泌型生长激素细胞腺瘤相似，根据低分子量细胞角蛋白染色的表现形式可将静默性生长激素细胞腺瘤分为致密颗粒型与稀疏颗粒型，其中稀疏颗粒型更为常见，且更具侵袭性，对生长激素抑制素类似物的治疗反应较差[32]。此外，与分泌型生长激素细胞腺瘤相比，静默性生长激素细胞腺瘤在女性中更常见，发病年龄更低，体积较大，侵袭性更强，复发较早且较频繁[33]。
2.6 静默性催乳素细胞腺瘤
静默性催乳素细胞腺瘤临床上很少见，仅占NF-PitNETs的0.6%~1.6%[32]。免疫组化染色转录因子PIT-1和PRL呈阳性表达，部分肿瘤在免疫组化染色中表现为ERα阳性表达，临床无高催乳素血症征象。有趣的是，这些肿瘤在女性患者中往往呈惰性生长，但在男性患者中更具侵袭性。
2.7 静默性TSH细胞腺瘤
静默性TSH细胞腺瘤约占NF-PitNETs的0.9%[34]。免疫组织化学染色转录因子PIT-1和TSH染色呈阳性表达，在治疗结果和复发率方面与功能性腺瘤类似。但是对于一些TSH染色阴性的TSH细胞腺瘤，单纯依据PIT-1染色阳性很难区分具体亚型。一些小样本量的研究发现，TSH细胞腺瘤、表达TSH的多激素细胞腺瘤及表达TSH的PIT-1阳性多激素腺瘤中GATA3呈阳性表达[17-18]，因此，在PIT-1染色阳性的基础上，GATA3染色可能有助于静默性TSH细胞腺瘤的诊断。
3 垂体腺瘤WHO新病理分类对无功能垂体瘤精准诊疗的作用
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与功能性垂体瘤具有激素高分泌的临床表现不同，NF-PitNETs起病隐匿，常被漏诊或延误诊断，因此大部分无功能垂体瘤是因为瘤体的占位效应而就诊的。目前，对于有明显占位效应的无功能垂体瘤首选手术治疗，若术后无明显瘤体残留，应定期进行影像学及功能评估。但NF-PitNETs通常有鞍上或鞍旁延伸，因此手术可能并不能完全切除肿瘤，对于有残余瘤体组织的患者可能需行二线治疗。然而，NF-PitNETs是一种异质性极强的疾病，不同类型的肿瘤二线治疗也不尽相同。因此，识别不同的病理类型需借助于WHO垂体神经内分泌肿瘤病理转录因子等的检测。NF-PitNETs在依据转录因子分类后通常具有不同的细胞谱系，且在初始激素表达阴性的NF-PitNETs中，高达95%呈现出转录因子阳性染色[29]，因此，新的垂体瘤病理分类给NF-PitNETs的精准分类带来了曙光。
同时，不同于其他神经内分泌肿瘤，NF-PitNETs并未根据增殖指数Ki-67进行等级划分，这是由于肿瘤的类型和亚型具有更重要的临床意义。新版病理分类有助于发现与预后相关的细胞谱系垂体瘤。例如，NF-PitNETs中SCA、PIT-1阳性多激素腺瘤和零细胞腺瘤等属于高危垂体瘤，具有一定侵袭性生长的特性，是难治性垂体瘤的重要类型。借助于CAM5.2染色等可将垂体瘤分为致密型与稀疏型，有助于判断预后。因此，针对此类肿瘤的早期识别和预判，将有助于患者的及时随访监测。
精准分类有助于为治疗策略提供思路，可对NF-PitNETs的预后进行分层，并决定是否需要二线治疗(如外放射治疗、伽马刀放射治疗等辅助治疗)。SGA可能不适合上述治疗方法，但更具侵袭性的SCA、未成熟PIT-1细胞谱系腺瘤、零细胞腺瘤等则可能需要及早联合放射治疗。由于NF-PitNETs的再生长率及复发率高，以及放射治疗引起的并发症，药物治疗可能为这些复发病例提供了另一种治疗选择。研究表明，生长抑素受体(SSTR)1-5在NF-PitNETs上广泛表达，特别是SSTR3和SSTR2这两种亚型中的表达较为丰富[35]，提示生长激素类似物可能有助于NF-PitNETs的治疗；此外，MGMT在NF-PitNETs中表达缺失或低表达[36]，提示TMZ治疗可能对NF-PitNETs有效。但目前药物治疗的效果尚不明确，仍需通过更大规模的研究来确认。
因此，根据新版垂体瘤分类，依据垂体相关转录因子及关键分子等信息进行分型、分类，为NF-PitNETs的诊治提供了新依据、新方法，有助于提高临床医师对无功能垂体瘤内分泌功能的评估及高危垂体腺瘤的早期识别，从而制定个性化的随访方案，改善患者的预后。
4 总结与展望
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2022版WHO垂体瘤病理分类沿用了2017版借助转录因子分型的理念，对NF-PitNETs的诊疗具有重要价值，不仅提高了对亚型的识别，还为高危垂体瘤的及早诊治提供了重要依据和参考。未来针对NF-PitNETs的研究将进一步深化对垂体转录因子的认识，重点关注分子病理学机制的解析和精准治疗策略：一方面，需要深入研究转录因子与肿瘤生物学行为的关联，探索新的分子标志物和表观遗传学改变，完善预后评估体系；另一方面，应基于转录因子分型制定个体化治疗方案，包括靶向治疗策略和免疫治疗方案的应用。同时，还应通过建立标准化的分子检测平台、开展多中心临床试验，加快研究成果向临床实践的转化。此外，利用人工智能等新技术提高诊断准确性，构建预后预测模型，可为临床决策提供更科学的依据，最终实现NF-PitNETs的精准诊疗。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(82270824)
  • 北京市自然科学基金(7232153)
  • 首都卫生发展科研专项(2024-2-5025)
文献
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1810.2025.0304
  • 接收时间：2024-11-11
  • 首发时间：2025-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-11
  • 录用日期：2024-12-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82270824)
国家自然科学基金(82270824)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7232153)
北京市自然科学基金(7232153)
Capital Health Development Research Special Fund(2024-2-5025)
首都卫生发展科研专项(2024-2-5025)
作者信息
    1解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科，北京 100853
    2陕西省核工业二一五医院内分泌科，陕西咸阳 712000
    3首都医科大学基础医学院，北京 100069
    4解放军总医院第一医学中心神经外科，北京 100853

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郭清华，E-mail：
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1810.2025.0304
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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