Article(id=1190669164395245784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190669163988398295, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0926.2024.0731, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1688400000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1708963200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-27, onlineDate=1761807250354, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761807250354, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761807250354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761807250354, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190669163988398295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761807250258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761807667423, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190670913772339410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190669163988398295, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190670913772339411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190669163988398295, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=427, endPage=435, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190669164613349594, articleId=1190669164395245784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Transcriptome profiling of peripheral blood and preliminary verification in lung adenocarcinoma patients with metastatic bone pain, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze and preliminarily verify key genes and pathways in the transcriptome of peripheral blood of lung adenocarcinoma patients with metastasis bone pain (MBP), and to explore its underlying mechanism. Methods Nine lung adenocarcinoma patients with bone metastasis treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from May 2020 to May 2021 were selected for retrospective analysis, including 4 patients with typical MBP clinical manifestations and visual analogue scale (VAS) ≥4 (MBP group) and 5 patients without suffering any pain (control group). Peripheral blood mRNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by functional pathways analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The most significant modules and hub genes were confirmed and visualized using Cytoscape software. The target miRNAs regulating these hub genes were predicted using Targetscan database, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) interacting with these miRNAs were also predicted using lncBase database. The relationships among lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA were visualized to construct a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network through Cytoscape software, and the nodes of this network were verified using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results A total of 1466 DEGs were identified, including 666 up-regulated genes and 800 down-regulated genes. Chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuromedin U receptor 1 (NMUR1), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and endocannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) were identified as hub genes. The most significant enriched processes and pathways of DEGs included osteoclast differentiation, NOD like receptor signal transduction pathway, type Ⅰ interferon signal pathway, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signal pathway, apoptosis/autophagy pathway, chemokine signal pathway, interleukin (IL)-1β pathway. Two ceRNA networks were identified: MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2 and NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3. qPCR results showed that the expression levels of CCL2, CXCR3, MALAT1, NEAT1 and hsa-miR-325 were higher in MBP group than these in control group (P<0.05). Conclusions CXCR3, POMC, NMUR1, CCL2 and CNR1 may serve as key genes in the occurrence of MBP and could be important regulatory targets for MBP. The development of MBP in lung adenocarcinoma may be associated with the dysregulation of the networks: MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2 and NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-Yuan Lin, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 分析并初步验证肺腺癌骨转移癌痛(MBP)患者外周血转录组中的关键基因和通路,以探究其发生机制。方法 选择2020年5月-2021年5月在中山大学附属第一医院就诊的9例肺腺癌骨转移患者进行回顾性分析,其中4例疼痛视觉模拟评分≥4分(设为MBP组),5例疼痛视觉模拟评分为0分(设为对照组)。采集两组患者外周血进行mRNA测序,筛选获得差异表达基因(DEGs)并对其进行功能富集分析和蛋白-蛋白互作(PPI)网络分析。利用Cytoscape软件进行可视化并获得关键蛋白表达模块和关键基因。通过Targetscan和lncBase数据库预测调控关键基因的miRNA及长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)。将得到的lncRNA、miRNA及mRNA三者的调控关系进行可视化,构建竞争性内源RNA(ceRNA)网络,并采用荧光定量PCR(qPCR)对得到的ceRNA网络节点进行初步验证。结果 共获得DEGs 1466个,其中表达上调666个,表达下调800个;CXCR3(趋化因子受体3)、POMC(促阿片-黑素细胞皮质素原)、NMUR1(神经调节肽U受体1)、CCL2(趋化因子配体2)和CNR1(内源性大麻素受体1)为肺腺癌MBP的关键基因。DEGs主要富集于破骨细胞分化、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(NOD)样受体信号通路、Ⅰ型干扰素信号通路、核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路、凋亡/自噬通路、趋化因子信号通路、白细胞介素(IL)-1β通路。根据ceRNA调控理论,筛选出MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2和NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3两条关键基因的调控网络。qPCR检测结果显示,MBP组中CCL2CXCR3MALAT1NEAT1和hsa-miR-325的表达均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 CXCR3POMCNMUR1CCL2CNR1可能为MBP发生的关键基因,可作为MBP的重要调控靶点;肺腺癌MBP的发生可能与MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2和NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3网络失调有关。

, correspAuthors=林中原, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
林中原,
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赵洋,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事液体治疗及疼痛管理方面的研究

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赵洋,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事液体治疗及疼痛管理方面的研究

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赵洋,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事液体治疗及疼痛管理方面的研究

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Neurosci Bull, 2019, 35(5): 791-801., articleTitle=Decreased miR-325-5p contributes to visceral hypersensitivity through post-transcriptional upregulation of CCL2 in rat dorsal root ganglia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190683024695115866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190669164395245784, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=143, issue=2, pageStart=255, pageEnd=263, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Bu H, Shu B, Gao F, journalName=Breast Cancer Res Treat, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bu H, Shu B, Gao F, et al. Spinal IFN‑γ‑induced protein-10 (CXCL10) mediates metastatic breast cancer-induced bone pain by activation of microglia in rat models[J]. 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MBP. 骨转移癌痛;qPCR. 荧光定量PCR

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小方框标注的为DisGeNET疾病基因数据库“Pain”相关基因

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NOD. 核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域;RIG-I. 视黄酸诱导基因Ⅰ型;NF-κB. 核因子-κB;IL-1β. 白细胞介素-1β;KEGG. 京都基因和基因组数据库;GO. 基因本体论;A. 上调DEGs的KEGG功能富集分析B. 上调DEGs的GO富集分析

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红色代表关键基因

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CXCR3. 趋化因子受体3;POMC. 促阿片-黑素细胞皮质素原;NMUR1. 神经调节肽U受体1

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CCL2. 趋化因子配体2;CXCR3. 趋化因子受体3;POMC. 促阿片-黑素细胞皮质素原;CNR1. 内源性大麻素受体;NMUR1. 神经调节肽U受体1;A. CCL2的ceRNA调控网络;B. CXCR3的ceRNA调控网络;C. POMC的ceRNA调控网络;D. CNR1的ceRNA调控网络;E. NMUR1的ceRNA调控网络

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MALAT1. 人类肺腺癌转移相关转录本1;CCL2. 趋化因子配体2;NEAT1. 核富集转录本1;CXCR3. 趋化因子受体3;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05

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Comparison of clinical data between two groups of lung adenocarcinoma patients with bone metastasis

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指标 对照组(n=5) MBP组(n=4) P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$) 52.6±5.7 58.5±2.6 0.089
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$) 22.1±1.6 23.8±3.7 0.379
性别[男, 例(%)] 2(40.0) 2(50.0) 0.643
疼痛程度
静息痛(分, $\bar{x}±s$) 0 4.2±0.5 0.011
爆发痛(分, $\bar{x}±s$) 0 5.7±0.5 0.011
疼痛病程(d, $\bar{x}±s$) 0 80.3±16.5 0.001
ECOG-PS评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$) 1.6±0.5 3.3±0.5 0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1190683020031049786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190669164395245784, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两组肺腺癌骨转移患者临床资料比较

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指标 对照组(n=5) MBP组(n=4) P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$) 52.6±5.7 58.5±2.6 0.089
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$) 22.1±1.6 23.8±3.7 0.379
性别[男, 例(%)] 2(40.0) 2(50.0) 0.643
疼痛程度
静息痛(分, $\bar{x}±s$) 0 4.2±0.5 0.011
爆发痛(分, $\bar{x}±s$) 0 5.7±0.5 0.011
疼痛病程(d, $\bar{x}±s$) 0 80.3±16.5 0.001
ECOG-PS评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$) 1.6±0.5 3.3±0.5 0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1190683020152684603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190669164395245784, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Descriptive clinical data of lung adenocarcinoma patients with bone metastasis

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患者编号 骨转移灶 疼痛部位 合并症 TNM分期 临床分期
MBP 1 T11椎体、T12椎体、右侧胸锁关节、左侧第2前肋 T11、T12 T2aN1M1c ⅣB
MBP 2 T10、C7椎体 T10 T3N2bM1c ⅣB
MBP 3 T1/2/5/12、C7、L1椎体 T12、L1 高脂血症,胸腔积液 T2aN1M1c ⅣB
MBP 4 T10椎体、右侧第8后肋和左侧第10后肋 T10 高血压病,控制良好 T3N2bM1c ⅣB
对照1 右侧颞骨、右肩胛骨、T1椎体,左侧第6后肋 T2aN1M1c ⅣB
对照2 L1/2/4椎体、双侧骶髂关节和双侧第11后肋 高血压病,控制良好 T3N1M1c ⅣB
对照3 T1、L1椎体 T2aN1M1c ⅣB
对照4 T2/9/10/11、L1、L3椎体 T2bN1M1c ⅣB
对照5 C7、T1、T2椎体及骨盆多发转移 T3N1M1c ⅣB
), ArticleFig(id=1190683020253347900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190669164395245784, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两组肺腺癌骨转移患者的临床资料

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患者编号 骨转移灶 疼痛部位 合并症 TNM分期 临床分期
MBP 1 T11椎体、T12椎体、右侧胸锁关节、左侧第2前肋 T11、T12 T2aN1M1c ⅣB
MBP 2 T10、C7椎体 T10 T3N2bM1c ⅣB
MBP 3 T1/2/5/12、C7、L1椎体 T12、L1 高脂血症,胸腔积液 T2aN1M1c ⅣB
MBP 4 T10椎体、右侧第8后肋和左侧第10后肋 T10 高血压病,控制良好 T3N2bM1c ⅣB
对照1 右侧颞骨、右肩胛骨、T1椎体,左侧第6后肋 T2aN1M1c ⅣB
对照2 L1/2/4椎体、双侧骶髂关节和双侧第11后肋 高血压病,控制良好 T3N1M1c ⅣB
对照3 T1、L1椎体 T2aN1M1c ⅣB
对照4 T2/9/10/11、L1、L3椎体 T2bN1M1c ⅣB
对照5 C7、T1、T2椎体及骨盆多发转移 T3N1M1c ⅣB
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肺腺癌骨转移癌痛患者外周血转录组学分析及其初步验证
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赵洋 1 , 林世清 2 , 陈兰兰 3 , 窦云凌 2 , 林中原 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2025,50(4): 427-435
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2025, 50(4): 427-435
肺腺癌骨转移癌痛患者外周血转录组学分析及其初步验证
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赵洋1, 林世清2, 陈兰兰3, 窦云凌2, 林中原2, *
作者信息
  • 1贵州医科大学附属医院麻醉科,贵州贵阳 550004
  • 2中山大学附属第一医院麻醉科,广东广州 510080
  • 3中山大学附属第一医院呼吸科,广东广州 510080
  • 赵洋,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事液体治疗及疼痛管理方面的研究

通讯作者:

Transcriptome profiling of peripheral blood and preliminary verification in lung adenocarcinoma patients with metastatic bone pain
Yang Zhao1, Shi-Qing Lin2, Lan-Lan Chen3, Yun-Ling Dou2, Zhong-Yuan Lin2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
  • 2Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
  • 3Department of Respiratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0926.2024.0731
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目的 分析并初步验证肺腺癌骨转移癌痛(MBP)患者外周血转录组中的关键基因和通路,以探究其发生机制。方法 选择2020年5月-2021年5月在中山大学附属第一医院就诊的9例肺腺癌骨转移患者进行回顾性分析,其中4例疼痛视觉模拟评分≥4分(设为MBP组),5例疼痛视觉模拟评分为0分(设为对照组)。采集两组患者外周血进行mRNA测序,筛选获得差异表达基因(DEGs)并对其进行功能富集分析和蛋白-蛋白互作(PPI)网络分析。利用Cytoscape软件进行可视化并获得关键蛋白表达模块和关键基因。通过Targetscan和lncBase数据库预测调控关键基因的miRNA及长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)。将得到的lncRNA、miRNA及mRNA三者的调控关系进行可视化,构建竞争性内源RNA(ceRNA)网络,并采用荧光定量PCR(qPCR)对得到的ceRNA网络节点进行初步验证。结果 共获得DEGs 1466个,其中表达上调666个,表达下调800个;CXCR3(趋化因子受体3)、POMC(促阿片-黑素细胞皮质素原)、NMUR1(神经调节肽U受体1)、CCL2(趋化因子配体2)和CNR1(内源性大麻素受体1)为肺腺癌MBP的关键基因。DEGs主要富集于破骨细胞分化、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(NOD)样受体信号通路、Ⅰ型干扰素信号通路、核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路、凋亡/自噬通路、趋化因子信号通路、白细胞介素(IL)-1β通路。根据ceRNA调控理论,筛选出MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2和NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3两条关键基因的调控网络。qPCR检测结果显示,MBP组中CCL2CXCR3MALAT1NEAT1和hsa-miR-325的表达均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 CXCR3POMCNMUR1CCL2CNR1可能为MBP发生的关键基因,可作为MBP的重要调控靶点;肺腺癌MBP的发生可能与MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2和NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3网络失调有关。

肺腺癌  /  骨转移癌痛  /  转录组学  /  竞争性内源RNA

Objective To analyze and preliminarily verify key genes and pathways in the transcriptome of peripheral blood of lung adenocarcinoma patients with metastasis bone pain (MBP), and to explore its underlying mechanism. Methods Nine lung adenocarcinoma patients with bone metastasis treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from May 2020 to May 2021 were selected for retrospective analysis, including 4 patients with typical MBP clinical manifestations and visual analogue scale (VAS) ≥4 (MBP group) and 5 patients without suffering any pain (control group). Peripheral blood mRNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by functional pathways analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The most significant modules and hub genes were confirmed and visualized using Cytoscape software. The target miRNAs regulating these hub genes were predicted using Targetscan database, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) interacting with these miRNAs were also predicted using lncBase database. The relationships among lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA were visualized to construct a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network through Cytoscape software, and the nodes of this network were verified using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results A total of 1466 DEGs were identified, including 666 up-regulated genes and 800 down-regulated genes. Chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuromedin U receptor 1 (NMUR1), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and endocannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) were identified as hub genes. The most significant enriched processes and pathways of DEGs included osteoclast differentiation, NOD like receptor signal transduction pathway, type Ⅰ interferon signal pathway, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signal pathway, apoptosis/autophagy pathway, chemokine signal pathway, interleukin (IL)-1β pathway. Two ceRNA networks were identified: MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2 and NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3. qPCR results showed that the expression levels of CCL2, CXCR3, MALAT1, NEAT1 and hsa-miR-325 were higher in MBP group than these in control group (P<0.05). Conclusions CXCR3, POMC, NMUR1, CCL2 and CNR1 may serve as key genes in the occurrence of MBP and could be important regulatory targets for MBP. The development of MBP in lung adenocarcinoma may be associated with the dysregulation of the networks: MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2 and NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3.

lung adenocarcinoma  /  metastatic bone pain  /  transcriptomics  /  competing endogenous RNA
赵洋, 林世清, 陈兰兰, 窦云凌, 林中原. 肺腺癌骨转移癌痛患者外周血转录组学分析及其初步验证. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (4) : 427 -435 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0926.2024.0731
Yang Zhao, Shi-Qing Lin, Lan-Lan Chen, Yun-Ling Dou, Zhong-Yuan Lin. Transcriptome profiling of peripheral blood and preliminary verification in lung adenocarcinoma patients with metastatic bone pain[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (4) : 427 -435 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0926.2024.0731
骨转移癌痛(metastatic bone pain,MBP)是指由原发于骨组织以外的恶性肿瘤转移至骨组织引起的疼痛,是癌症患者常见的症状,可见于约1/3的骨转移患者。MBP致使患者身心遭受巨大痛苦,严重影响患者的生活质量。MBP发生机制复杂,即使积极应用癌痛三阶梯疗法,仍有45%的患者未能得到有效镇痛[1]。当前针对癌症患者疼痛的治疗仍主要基于经验性用药,缺乏个体化的治疗方案,一定程度上限制了癌痛的诊治[2]。因此,深入探索MBP发生的生物学机制具有重要的临床意义。既往单基因、单蛋白的机制研究在筛选治疗靶点方面效率较低,存在明显不足。本研究筛选典型MBP患者并进行mRNA测序,采用生物信息学方法分析肺腺癌MBP的关键基因和通路,筛选调控关键基因的竞争性内源RNA(competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA)网络并加以验证,以期为肺腺癌MBP发生机制研究提供新的思路。
本研究获中山大学附属第一医院伦理委员会批准(伦审[2020]161号)。选择2020年5月-2021年5月在中山大学附属第一医院就诊的肺腺癌骨转移9例进行回顾性分析。纳入标准:(1)年龄18~65岁;(2)组织学或细胞学明确诊断为肺腺癌;(3)骨病变活检为肺癌转移或具备典型的胸腰椎椎体转移影像学表现,其中局限病灶需磁共振成像(MRI)/正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET-CT)/骨组织活检明确诊断,广泛病灶需PET-CT/CT/X线/MRI明确诊断。排除标准:(1)非典型MBP,合并其他慢性疼痛、放疗引起的疼痛、非上述骨转移部位的疼痛、肿瘤明显压迫脊髓或神经根引起的疼痛;(2)合并急/慢性感染性疾病、血液系统疾病、肝肾功能不全等引起血细胞数量明显变化;(3)存在控制不良的合并症,如高血压、冠心病等;(4)不能准确描述疼痛部位及进行疼痛评分。根据病例报告表(见附加材料1)收集患者的一般资料及疼痛情况。按照疼痛程度进行分组,其中疼痛视觉模拟评分≥4分者纳入MBP组(n=4),疼痛视觉模拟评分为0分者纳入对照组(n=5)。采集两组患者外周血进行mRNA测序及生物信息学分析,并采用荧光定量PCR(qPCR)对生物信息学分析结果进行初步验证。肺腺癌骨转移患者纳入及试验流程如图1所示。
RNA提取试剂(RNAiso Plus,美国Bio-Rad公司);Poly(A) mRNA磁珠分离模块试剂盒、mRNA illumina文库制备试剂盒(美国NEB公司);双链DNA(dsDNA)荧光定量检测试剂盒(美国Thermo Fisher公司);KAPA文库定量试剂盒(瑞士Roche公司);NovaSeq S4试剂盒(美国Illumina公司)。NovaSeq基因测序仪(NovaSeq6000,美国Illumina公司);荧光定量PCR仪(Viia7,美国Thermo Fisher公司);PAX gene血液RNA储存管(美国BD公司)。
清晨7:00-10:00采用PAX gene血液RNA储存管抽取患者外周血2.5 ml,按照PAX gene血液RNA管使用说明书储存并运送至海普洛斯基因公司(深圳)进行全血RNA测序。
利用Trizol法提取全血RNA,取0.1~1.0 μg总RNA,使用Poly(A) mRNA磁珠分离模块试剂盒分离mRNA,利用NEBNext Poly(A) mRNA磁性分离模块从分离的总RNA中提取完整的poly(A)+RNA;利用mRNA illumina文库制备试剂盒构建mRNA文库。使用dsDNA荧光定量检测试剂盒测定文库浓度,D1000 Screen Tape检测文库片段分布,KAPA文库定量试剂盒精准测定文库摩尔浓度,并使用NovaSeq 6000基因测序仪及配套的NovaSeq S4试剂盒进行文库测序。
使用R软件包affy(version 1.5)读取Affymetrix平台的原始数据,limma(version 3.10.3)读取illumina平台的原始数据。采用RMA(robust multi-array average)算法进行数据标准化预处理(包括背景矫正、归一化处理和表达值计算)。随后利用平台注释文件对探针进行注释,去除未匹配到基因(gene symbol)的探针,当不同探针映射到同一基因时,取不同探针的均值作为该基因最终的表达值。
使用R软件DEseq2包[3]对上述RNA测序数据进行标准化并筛选DEGs。筛选标准:DEseq2中的错误发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)<0.05;log2差异倍数(fold change,FC)≤-0.5或log2 FC≥0.5。使用ggplot2软件包在R软件中绘制火山图。
将筛选出的DEGs导入DAVID(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/)在线分析网站进行基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)及京都基因和基因组数据库(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)功能富集分析[4],分析其中涉及肺腺癌MBP的相关通路,以P<0.05为阈值筛选DEGs的富集分析结果。
将DEGs导入STRING(https://string-db.org/)在线分析网站进行PPI网络分析。利用Cytoscape软件对上述PPI网络分析结果进行可视化,并使用MCODE插件筛选出关键蛋白表达模块及与MBP密切相关的基因。设置参数程度阈值(degree cutoff)≥6,排除最大连接数(K-core)≥2,以允许偏离核心程度(NodeScore cut-off)≥0.2及最大延伸(Max.Depth)=100作为筛选标准[5]
将关键蛋白表达模块内的基因导入GEPIA工具(http://gepia2.cancer-pku.cn/)[6],绘制Kaplan-Meiers生存曲线,并进行log-rank检验;计算风险比(hazard ratio,HR),分析关键节点基因与患者预后的关系,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。同时将模块内的基因与DisGeNET疾病基因数据库(https://www.disgenet.org/home/)中“Pain”条目进行比对,筛选与疼痛功能相关的基因[7]
利用Targetscan数据库对可能调控关键基因的miRNAs进行预测并得到一系列的miRNAs[8]。利用lncBase数据库收集miRNA-lncRNA之间的相互关系,得到与miRNAs竞争性结合的关键基因的lncRNAs[9]。然后采用Cytoscape软件将得到的lncRNAs、miRNAs以及mRNAs之间的关联网络进行可视化,构建ceRNA网络。根据ceRNA网络调控理论条件进一步筛选最可能的ceRNA。ceRNA调控理论条件主要包括:(1)网络中的lncRNA、miRNA和mRNA均为某一病理变化的常见调控因子,在功能上发挥着类似作用,这是构建ceRNA调控网络的前提;(2)miRNA可通过结合mRNA对其进行负向调控,而lncRNA通过结合miRNA解除了miRNA对于mRNA的抑制,因此lncRNA的上调与mRNA的表达呈正相关[1]
经过以上步骤筛选出与MBP可能相关的lncRNA、miRNA和mRNA。为了验证这些基因在人体中的表达水平是否与生物信息学分析结果一致,采用qPCR对两组患者外周血中关键的枢纽基因的表达水平进行检测。
采用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析。对计量资料进行正态性检验,符合正态分布者以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,不符合正态分布者以M(Q1Q3)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-whitney U检验。计数资料以例(%)表示,两组间比较采用Fisher确切概率法。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
MBP组患者疼痛程度(静息痛、爆发痛)及ECOG-PS评分均明显高于对照组,疼痛病程长于对照组(P<0.05,表1);两组患者年龄、BMI、性别及肺癌临床分期比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表12)。
共筛选得到差异表达的蛋白编码基因1466个,包括666个表达上调(红色)的基因和800个表达下调(绿色)的基因,其中趋化因子受体3(CXCR3)、趋化因子配体2(CCL2)和内源性大麻素受体1(CNR1)明显上调,促阿片-黑素细胞皮质素原(POMC)、神经调节肽U受体1(NMUR1)明显下调(图2)。
KEGG富集分析显示,上调的DEGs主要富集于破骨细胞分化和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain,NOD)样受体信号通路等(图3A);GO富集分析显示,上调的DEGs主要富集于Ⅰ型干扰素信号通路、NF-κB信号通路、凋亡/自噬通路、趋化因子信号通路、白细胞介素(IL)-1β通路等(图3B)。
将DEGs导入STRING在线分析网站并进行可视化分析,筛选出PPI网络中蛋白表达模块。PubMed数据库内检索发现该模块内部基因与疼痛关系密切,初步认为其为关键蛋白表达模块(图4)。对该模块的基因进行生存分析及DisGeNET疾病基因数据库比对,得到5个关键基因(图4,红色圆形)。其中CXCR3POMCNMUR1与肺腺癌患者预后密切相关(P<0.05,图5),CXCR3POMCCCL2CNR1已被纳入DisGeNET数据库中“Pain”相关基因。
在Cytoscape软件中,将lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA之间的关系可视化后,各个节点都代表一个RNA。图6为lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA的可视化网络关系图,其中绿色节点表示lncRNA,橙色节点表示mRNA,黄色节点表示miRNA。通过可视化图形得到miRNA(hsa-miR-124-3p.2、hsa-miR-506-3p、hsa-miR-325-3p、hsa-miR-384、hsa-miR-488-3p、hsa-miR-18a-5p、hsa-miR-18b-5p、hsa-miR-4735-3p、hsa-miR-483-3p和hsa-miR-668-3p;图6A-E,黄色三角形)、lncRNA(NEAT1、MALAT1和RPPH1;图6A、B,绿色圆形)和mRNA(CXCR3CCL2CNR1POMC;图6A-E,橙色圆形)。选择在功能上与疼痛密切相关的miRNA(hsa-miR-124-3p.2,图6A;has-miR-325-3p,图‍6B)和lncRNA(MALAT1,图‍6A;NEAT1,图6B)作为关键节点,由此确定了两条lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA竞争性内源网络:MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2和NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3。
采用qPCR对上述两条ceRNA网络中的CCL2、hsa-miR-124-3p.2、MALAT1、CXCR3、hsa-miR-325-3p和NEAT1的表达水平进行检测,结果如图7所示,MBP组患者的CCL2CXCR3、NEAT1、MALAT1和hsa-miR-325-3p表达水平均高于对照组(P<0.05),而hsa-miR-124-3p.2表达水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。
生物信息学数据具有“小样本、大数据”的特点,单次的转录组测序能够产生30万个以上的碱基序列。对于主要差异显著且基线控制良好的临床样本,目前认为每组3个及以上样本比较即具有临床意义[10-11]。目前疼痛领域的生物信息学研究主要集中于神经病理性疼痛、术后疼痛及炎性疼痛,而关于MBP的研究较少,且当前的MBP转录组学研究主要针对实验动物。笔者检索该领域最常用的两大公共数据库癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)和基因表达综合数据库(GEO)均未发现与肺腺癌MBP相关的临床数据。本课题组前期研究发现,MBP组与对照组间存在明显的基因表达差异,并分析得到疼痛相关差异基因CXCL1CXCL10CXCR4GNG7[12],但该研究未对差异基因的调控关系进行分析和验证。本研究重新筛选两组患者,对肺腺癌骨转移患者进行详细的临床评估,筛选得到4例典型MBP患者和5例肺腺癌骨转移不伴癌痛患者,通过进一步生物信息学分析得到关键节点基因CXCR3POMCNMUR1CCL2CNR1,其中趋化因子相关的基因(CXCR3CCL2)仍是主要的差异基因。另外,本研究还发现与内源性阿片肽相关的基因POMC显著低表达。进一步对上述基因间的调控关系进行分析,得到MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.‍2-CCL2和NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3两条调控网络并进行qPCR验证。
临床上,尽管有近1/3的骨转移患者发生MBP,然而具备静息痛及爆发痛的典型MBP临床表现的患者较少。这是由于MBP的产生原因众多,如特殊的转移部位、巨大的转移灶或合并神经根产生压迫等情况。为筛选典型MBP患者,本研究对骨转移部位的影像学特点、疼痛原因和类型(躯体性、内脏性或神经病理性)、疼痛发作情况和止痛治疗等进行全面、量化、动态评估,结果显示,两组患者骨转移病灶多数位于胸腰椎椎体,未见合并明显的周围神经压迫等影像学表现,且两组的年龄、BMI、合并症等一般情况也无明显差异(表12)。因此笔者认为两组人群的主要差异源于MBP的生物学特性。
对筛选得到的肺腺癌骨转移患者血液样本进行mRNA测序,得到1466个DEGs,进一步行功能富集分析发现,MBP组的上调DEGs大部分富集于破骨细胞分化、NOD样受体信号转导通路、Ⅰ型干扰素信号通路、NF-κB信号通路、凋亡/自噬通路、趋化因子信号通路、IL-1β通路,表明多种机制参与了MBP的发生。首先,趋化因子在MBP中显著富集,提示炎性疼痛可能是MBP的重要成分。这是因为多种经典趋化因子高表达是炎性疼痛的重要特征[13],本研究中趋化因子相关基因CCL2CXCR3等也存在明显的差异表达。在构建ceRNA调控网络时,进一步筛选得到两条趋化因子相关的ceRNA调控网络。其次,神经元外源性凋亡信号通路在MBP组中显著富集,提示神经病理性疼痛是MBP的重要成分。神经元或小胶质细胞凋亡是神经病理性疼痛的主要特点,而与MBP有关的神经元凋亡研究较少[14]。KEGG富集分析结果(图3A)显示,DEGs显著富集于NOD样受体信号通路,而NOD样信号通路被认为广泛参与了神经病理性疼痛的发生[15]。周围神经损伤时,NOD2配体表达增多,同时,外周巨噬细胞中的NOD2信号通路被肿瘤坏死因子和IL-1β激活,从而介导了神经病理性疼痛的发生[15]。本研究中MBP患者外周血NOD2及其下游的IL-1β也存在明显的差异表达(图2),提示神经元凋亡引起的神经病理性疼痛可能促进了MBP的发生。以上结果表明,经典的趋化因子相关通路、凋亡相关通路介导的炎性疼痛及神经病理性疼痛可能是MBP发生的重要机制。
本研究发现,MBP具有不同于炎性疼痛和神经病理性疼痛的特点。MBP组中破骨细胞分化通路上的基因显著富集,提示骨组织本身的变化是MBP发生的原因之一。关键基因NMUR1POMCCNR1的显著差异表达也提示MBP具备不同于炎性疼痛和神经病理性疼痛的特点。神经调节肽U(NMU)是一种高度保守的肽,广泛表达于中枢神经系统及外周组织,多项研究显示其可通过NMUR1介导外周镇痛[16-17]。NMUR1在外周组织中表达丰富,可在小到中等直径的外周神经元中表达,具有降低外周神经元兴奋性及外周镇痛的作用[18]。本研究中MBP患者中NMUR1表达明显下调(图2),提示MBP患者可能存在外周镇痛不全。
POMC是一种经典的内源性阿片前体肽,水解后可产生阿片肽,并与阿片受体结合导致神经元兴奋的抑制,从而起到缓解疼痛的作用[19]。临床上慢性疼痛患者持续存在的静息痛常提示内源性阿片介导的镇痛机制存在功能障碍[20]。本研究发现,MBP患者中POMC表达显著下调,提示其内源性阿片镇痛机制存在功能障碍。另外,CNR1在MBP患者中表达明显上调(图2)。有研究显示,在急性疼痛的外周和中枢敏化临床前模型中,内源性大麻素系统的变化与疼痛信号的转导密切相关[21]。慢性疼痛易感性的机制涉及内源性大麻素循环数量的变化[22],有研究比较了急性腰痛与慢性腰痛患者外周血mRNA的表达差异,发现内源性大麻素相关蛋白CNR2、TRPV1及FAAH在慢性腰痛患者中呈高表达,提示内源性大麻素相关蛋白介导了急慢性痛的转化[23]。本研究CNR1在MBP患者中明显呈高表达,提示CNR1可能参与了肺腺癌MBP的急慢性痛转化过程。功能富集分析及NMUR1POMCCNR1基因的显著差异表达提示骨组织内部微环境改变,外周神经抗痛觉作用减退、内源性阿片镇痛机制功能障碍以及内源性大麻素循环数量变化介导的疼痛慢性转化可能是MBP发病机制的显著特点。
本研究从lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA网络关系得到5条ceRNA网络,根据ceRNA网络调控理论,最终得到2条ceRNA网络:MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.‍2-CCL2和NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3。首先,MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.‍2-CCL2网络中的lncRNA、miRNA和mRNA均为疼痛发生的常见调控因子,在功能上发挥着类似作用,这是构建ceRNA调控网络的前提。(1)MALAT1是肺腺癌骨转移的重要调控基因,在神经病理性疼痛中发挥重要作用。MALAT1可调控多条miRNA/mRNA轴参与神经病理性疼痛的发生[3]。近期研究发现,MALAT1可通过miR-206/ZEB2轴抑制神经炎症,从而抑制神经性疼痛的进展[24]。(2)hsa-miR-124-3p可通过调控突触足蛋白参与MBP的发生,也可通过调控增强型多聚组蛋白同源体2(Ezh2)基因参与神经病理性疼痛的发生[25]。(3)多项研究证实,MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2中的下游基因CCL2介导了MBP等多种类型疼痛的发生[26-27]。其次,MBP组lncRNA和mRNA表达均上调,表明lncRNA和mRNA的表达呈同向变化关系,符合ceRNA内部的变化规律。根据ceRNA调控理论,miRNA可通过结合mRNA对其进行负向调控,而lncRNA通过竞争性结合miRNA解除miRNA对于mRNA的抑制,因此lncRNA与mRNA变化的一致性也初步验证了本研究得到的ceRNA网络。
NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3中的lncRNA、miRNA和mRNA均为疼痛的常见调控因子。NEAT1可通过miR-381/高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)轴和miR-128-3p/水通道蛋白4(AQP4)轴参与神经病理性疼痛的发展[28]。hsa-miR-325-5p已被证实可通过调控CCL2介导大鼠腹痛的发生[29];而下游的CXCR3作为一种趋化因子受体,可与脊髓的CXCL10结合,介导小鼠MBP的发生[30]。综上,首先,该条网络中lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA在功能上与疼痛的发生关系紧密。其次,qPCR检测结果显示,NEAT1与CXCR3在肺腺癌MBP患者中的表达均上调,表明mRNA与lncRNA的表达呈正相关,提示NEAT1可能通过miR-325/CXCR3轴调控MBP的发生。
本研究的不足之处在于测序样本来源于血液而不是癌和癌旁组织。尽管血液样本常作为转录组测序的检测样本,但其中包含了较多的混杂信息,后续将采集癌和癌旁组织进行转录组分析。另外,本研究仅对实验结果进行qPCR验证,后续将在动物模型中对ceRNA网络节点进行验证。
综上所述,本研究结果显示,破骨细胞分化、NOD样受体信号转导通路、凋亡/自噬通路、趋化因子信号通路和IL-1β通路的基因差异表达可能是肺腺癌MBP发生的重要机制,其中CXCR3CCL2POMCNMUR1CNR1可能是肺腺癌MBP的关键基因,此外,骨转移患者产生疼痛差异的原因还可能与炎性相关的MALAT1-hsa-miR-124-3p.2-CCL2和NEAT1-hsa-miR-325-3p-CXCR3调控网络有关,该结果为临床治疗肺腺癌MBP提供了参考依据。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0926.2024.0731
  • 接收时间:2023-07-04
  • 首发时间:2025-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-04
  • 录用日期:2024-02-27
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    1贵州医科大学附属医院麻醉科,贵州贵阳 550004
    2中山大学附属第一医院麻醉科,广东广州 510080
    3中山大学附属第一医院呼吸科,广东广州 510080

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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