Article(id=1190310110992892323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1378.2024.1218, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697990400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1721318400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-19, onlineDate=1761721645352, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761721645352, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761721645346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761721645346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190243275249390089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='505', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761705710470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765784077922, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207349188233372409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207349188233372410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=619, endPage=631, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190310111403934126, articleId=1190310110992892323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on inflammatory status and targeted microbiota intervention strategies in chronic kidney disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The inflammatory status in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is closely associated with cardiovascular events, infections, and other complications, and is a powerful indicator for prognosis assessment. The core view of the "gut-kidney axis" theory reveals the relationship among inflammatory state, microbiota dysbiosis, and deterioration of renal function. The microbiota alters the microenvironment through structural changes and metabolites with different properties, subsequently leading to microbiota translocation, inducing inflammatory lesions, and damaging the kidneys. Recent studies have proposed that targeted microbiota intervention strategies such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can modulate the microbiota structure, regulate the microenvironment, relieve renal inflammation, and affect the progression of renal disease, representing a potentially promising research direction in the future. This review discusses the characteristics of how intestinal microbiota influence the inflammatory status in CKD, focusing on the research progress of targeted microbiota intervention, aiming to discuss the effectiveness and scientific basis of these strategies, providing a foundation for the treatment of CKD and the expansion of targeted microbiota research, as well as offering references for the clinical application of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics.
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慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者的炎症状态与心血管事件、感染等并发症密切相关,是评估预后的有力指标。“肠-肾轴”学说的核心观点揭示了炎症状态、菌群失调及肾功能恶化之间的关系。肠道菌群通过结构变化及不同属性的代谢产物改变微环境,继而造成菌群易位,诱导炎性病变,损伤肾脏。新近研究提出,益生菌、益生元及合生元等靶向菌群的干预策略可整合菌群结构,调节微环境,缓解肾脏炎症,并能影响肾疾病的进展,是未来具有潜力的研究方向。本文综述了肠道菌群影响CKD炎症状态的特点,重点梳理靶向菌群干预策略的研究进展,旨在探讨菌群干预策略的有效性及科学性,以期为CKD的治疗及靶向菌群研究的扩展提供一定依据,为益生菌、益生元及合生元的临床应用提供参考。
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1Department of Hepatology, Hospital of Shaanxi Provincial of TCM, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190330465543357022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, companyId=1190330465530774108, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Interaction effect between gut microbiota and inflammation of chronic kidney disease (CKD), figureFileSmall=FRds/SdUZNgoFGfivVgLjw==, figureFileBig=pkarIXtOeohhFom3pl3QFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330468886217354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
肠道菌群与慢性肾脏病(CKD)炎症的交互作用IgA. 免疫球蛋白A;LPS. 脂多糖;PCS. 硫酸对甲酚;TMAO. 氧化三甲胺;miRNA. 微RNA;SCFA. 短链脂肪酸;GLP-1/2. 胰高血糖素样肽-1/2;PYY. 酪酪肽;Tregs. 调节性T细胞;Th17/Treg比例. 辅助性T17细胞/调节性T细胞比例;GABA. γ-氨基丁酸;Ach. 乙酰胆碱;NE. 去甲肾上腺素;DA. 多巴胺;CKD. 慢性肾脏病
, figureFileSmall=FRds/SdUZNgoFGfivVgLjw==, figureFileBig=pkarIXtOeohhFom3pl3QFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330468982686347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulating inflammation in chronic kidney disease, figureFileSmall=7j3czGvHx9uA0GlYJB27pQ==, figureFileBig=nSiTC1a3s/P0Jgb77iaXYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330469058183820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
益生菌、益生元及合生元调节慢性肾脏病炎症的可能机制Occludin. 闭锁蛋白;ZO-1. 闭锁小带蛋白-1;Claudin. 闭合蛋白;SCFAs. 短链脂肪酸;PCS. 硫酸对甲酚;IS. 硫酸吲哚酚;TMAO. 氧化三甲胺;LPS. 脂多糖;IAA. 吲哚乙酸;CD4+ T cell. CD4+ T淋巴细胞;CD8+ T cell. CD8+ T淋巴细胞;Foxp3+. Foxp3+调节性T细胞;GPR. G蛋白偶联受体;iNOS. 一氧化氮合酶;IL. 白介素;TNF-α. 肿瘤坏死因子-α;TGF-β. 转化生长因子;NF-κB. 核转录因子;Th. 辅助性T细胞;SIgA. 分泌型免疫球蛋白A
, figureFileSmall=7j3czGvHx9uA0GlYJB27pQ==, figureFileBig=nSiTC1a3s/P0Jgb77iaXYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330469142069901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Effects of probiotics on inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| CKD模型 | 饮食及分组处理 | 周期 | 结果 | 结论 | 国家/地区 | 年度 | 文献 |
|---|
| 动物研究 |
| 乳酸菌混合物对5/6肾切除小鼠肠道屏障和纤维化的影响 | CKD模型组vs. 益生菌组 | 8周 | 上升:乳酸杆菌属多样性及种类、IL-10 下降:热休克蛋白70、Claudin-1、Claudin-2、TNF-α、MCP-1、IL-6 | 益生菌部分恢复CKD小鼠的肠道生态失衡,明显改善全身炎症和肾脏纤维化 | 韩国 | 2019 | [44] |
| 罗伊乳杆菌联合丁酸梭菌顺铂肾损伤大鼠菌群和肾脏炎症的影响 | 对照组vs. 顺铂组 vs. 顺铂+丁酸梭菌联合罗伊乳杆菌组 vs. 丁酸梭菌联合罗伊乳杆菌组 | 24 d | 上升:ZO-1 mRNA、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶 下降:双歧杆菌、瘤胃梭菌属_9、瘤胃菌科、Scr、BUN、CysC、IgA、IS、MDA、Caspase-3阳性凋亡细胞、KIM-1、炎性细胞浸润、Ⅳ型胶原阳性细胞、β-连环蛋白、黏蛋白、血清内毒素 无变化:过氧化氢酶、GPx活性、IL-10、pH值 | 二者的作用部分是通过增强抗炎效应以及维持肠道屏障的完整性来介导的 | 中国台湾 | 2021 | [45] |
| 益生菌副干酪乳杆菌对胰岛素抵抗性肾损伤的影响 | 常规饮食vs. 添加益生菌的常规饮食 vs. 高脂饮食vs. 添加益生菌的高脂饮食 | 12周 | 上升:有机阴离子转运蛋白-3 下降:INS、HOMA-IR、三酰甘油、LDL-C、尿微量白蛋白、LPS、葡萄糖调节蛋白78、Caspase-12、促凋亡蛋白(Bax、Cleaved caspase-3) 无变化:体重、FPG、肾脏指数、尿量、Scr、环氧合酶-2、SGLT1、SGLT2 | 副干酪乳杆菌可改善肥胖伴胰岛素抵抗大鼠的内毒素血症、胰岛素抵抗和高脂血症,恢复肾功能,改善肥胖相关炎症 | 泰国 | 2018 | [46] |
| 益生菌对肾缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)大鼠的影响 | VSL#3+I/R vs. VSL#3+I/R+IL-10抗体 vs. VSL#3+I/R+GSK-3β抑制剂 vs. VSL#3+I/R+PTEN抑制剂 | 2周 | 上升:肌酐清除率、ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-1、重组蛋白(CD163、CD206) 下降:BUN、Scr、CysC、尿蛋白、iNOS、NGAL、IL-1β、 TNF-α、IL-6 | VSL#3可调节IRI炎症指标,保护肾功能,保持肠道有益菌数量,抑制有害菌生长 | 中国 | 2019 | [47] |
| 植物乳杆菌和瑞士乳杆菌对果糖代谢综合征大鼠肾损伤的影响 | 对照组vs. 果糖组vs. 果糖+植物乳杆菌组 vs. 果糖+瑞士乳杆菌组 | 6周 | 下降:植物乳杆菌、TNF-α、 IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10 下降:瑞士乳杆菌、IL-6 无变化:NF-κB | 益生菌可降低果糖诱导的大鼠肾组织损伤的炎症标志物水平,减轻胰岛素信号通路的抑制和SGLT2上调 | 土耳其 | 2019 | [48] |
| 乳杆菌对5/6肾切除自发性高血压大鼠肾功能衰竭的影响 | 模型组 vs. 假手术组 | 12周 | 上升:拟杆菌属 下降:乳杆菌属(其与尿蛋白排泄明显相关) | 乳杆菌可降低尿毒症毒素水平,改善炎症,升高紧密连接蛋白及TLR2的表达水平,对CKD进展发挥保护作用 | 日本 | 2016 | [49] |
| 模型组 vs. 假手术组vs. 益生菌治疗组 | 24 h | 上升:紧密连接蛋白、TLR2 下降:LPS、IL-6、CRP、IS、PCS、BUN 无变化:Scr、纤维化指数 |
| 临床研究 |
| 透析患者口服益生菌(RD、DB、PC) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 麦芽糊精胶囊 | 6个月 | 上升:IL-10 下降:INF-γ、TNF-α、IL-5、 IL-6、IL-17 | 益生菌可降低血清内毒素、促炎细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-6)、IL-5水平,升高抗炎细胞因子(IL-10)水平,保留残余肾功 | 中国 | 2012 | [49] |
| 3或4期CKD患者益生菌膳食补充(DB、PC、RCT) | KB益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊 | 6个月 | 上升:乳杆菌、链球菌、QOL 下降:BUN、UA、CRP 无变化:Scr | 选择用于代谢含氮废物的口服益生菌可耐受长达6个月 | 加拿大 | 2009 | [50] |
| 透析患者口服特异性益生菌Renady l制剂(DB、RD、PC) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(CKD 4期) | 6个月 | 下降:WBC、CRP 无变化:尿毒症毒素水平、QOL | Renady l对血透患者安全,可降低炎性标志物水平 | 美国 | 2011 | [51] |
| 补充益生菌对血液透析患者的影响(RD、DB、PC、RCT) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊 | 12周 | 上升:TAC、QUICKI 下降:FPG、INS、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β、HbA1c、hs-CRP、MDA、SGA评分、TIBC | 糖尿病血液透析患者补充益生菌对葡萄糖稳态参数及炎症和氧化应激生物标志物有积极作用 | 伊朗 | 2016 | [52] |
| 益生菌补充剂对非透析患者炎症标志物和尿毒症毒素的影响(RD、DB、PC) | 含革兰阳性菌的益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊 | 3个月 | 上升:IL-6 无变化:CRP、LPS、尿素、Scr、UA、PCS、IS、IAA | TMAO水平与CRP呈正相关,益生菌干预未减轻尿毒症毒素水平,补充益生菌对炎症标志物无益 | 德国 | 2014 | [53] |
| 补充益生菌对血液透析患者炎症标志物和菌群的影响(RD、DB、PC) | 含3种益生菌的胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊 | 3个月 | 上升:钾、尿素、IS 下降:粪便pH值 无变化:炎症指标 | 益生菌未能减少尿毒症毒素和炎症标志物,血透患者应谨慎选择 | 巴西 | 2017 | [54] |
| 益生菌对血透患者肠道菌群的影响(单中心、RD、BD) | 双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(只含预胶凝淀粉和乳糖) | 6个月 | 下降:肠球菌 上升:瘤胃球菌科消化链球菌属、血清内毒素 无变化:炎症指标(IL-6、TNF-α、CRP)、内皮激活标志物、白蛋白 | 益生菌有助于在门水平上恢复菌群组成,但不能显著缓解炎症水平 | 中国 | 2020 | [55] |
| 益生菌对腹膜透析患者营养不良和健康相关生活质量的影响(RCT) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 麦芽糊精胶囊 | 2个月 | 上升:白蛋白、上臂周长、三头肌皮褶厚度 下降:三酰甘油、LDL-C、IL-6、hs-CRP 无变化:BMI、血红蛋白、HDL-C | 益生菌补充剂可降低腹透患者炎症水平,改善营养不良状态和生活质量 | 中国 | 2020 | [7] |
| 添加益生菌的豆浆对DKD患者肾功能的影响 | 添加益生菌的豆浆vs. 常规豆浆 | 8周 | 上升:eGFR 下降:Scr、IL-18、蛋白尿、尿白蛋白/肌酐 无变化:体重、BMI、腰臀比 | 益生菌摄入可能对减少促炎细胞因子有独立影响,但对系统炎症的重要性仍未知 | 伊朗 | 2017 | [56] |
| 益生菌补充对腹透患者血红蛋白的影响(DB、RCT) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(淀粉) | 12周 | 上升:血红蛋白有上升趋势 无变化:CRP | 补充益生菌可减少血红蛋白波动,但炎性因子的表达无显著改善 | 伊朗 | 2014 | [57] |
| CKD患者益生菌研究(开放标签、随机、安慰剂对照、RCT) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(CKD患者3a期) | a:1周 b:2周 c:3个月 | 上升:乳杆菌目、双歧杆菌、血清铁 下降:CRP、三酰甘油、β2-微球蛋白、总胆固醇 无变化:eGFR、血红蛋白 | 补充益生菌可减少炎性因子表达,改善微生物失衡。在“顺序”益生菌给药方案中使用粪便大肠杆菌,为益生菌植入创造了有利的肠道环境,可发挥抗炎作用 | 意大利 | 2016 | [58] |
| 益生菌共生凝胶对血透患者胃肠道症状的影响(DB、PC、RCT) | 干预组(共生凝胶) vs. 对照组(安慰剂) | 2个月 | 上升:钠、LDL-C、HDL-C 下降:胃肠道症状、SGA评分、CRP 无变化:IL-6、TNF-α | 共生补充和营养咨询显著降低了常见胃肠道症状、每月发作次数和严重程度,并显示出减少炎症的趋势 | 墨西哥 | 2014 | [59] |
| 益生菌摄入与炎症关系的队列研究(CKD 3-5期) | 不加酸奶 vs. 偶尔加酸奶 vs. 偶尔加益生 vs. 每天加酸奶 vs. 每天加益生菌 | 5年 | 未将具体指标作为主要评价标准,观察炎症相关CRP阈值与不同干预方法间的关系 | CRP阈值>6 mg/L或>7 mg/L,摄入普通酸奶与炎症风险降低有关。食用酸奶和益生菌的有益作用仅对高水平炎症具有明显意义(CRP>6 mg/L) | 法国 | 2017 | [60] |
| 补充益生菌对糖尿病肾病患者的代谢和遗传反应(RD、BD、PC) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(淀粉) | 12周 | 上升:QUICKI、HDL-C、总谷胱甘肽 下降:hs-CRP、FPG、INS、HOMA-IR、三酰甘油、MDA、AGEs、BUN、Scr | 补充益生菌有益于糖尿病肾病患者的心脏代谢风险标志物,应进一步评估与其他炎症标志物和氧化应激关系 | 伊朗 | 2018 | [61] |
| 补充益生菌对血透患者血浆TMAO的影响 | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊 | 3个月 | 上升:血浆甜菜碱水平 下降:血浆胆碱水平 无变化:TMAO | 补充益生菌患者的CRP无明显改善,TMAO水平也未见降低,需要长期研究来确定益生菌是否会影响CKD患者TMAO的产生 | 巴西 | 2018 | [62] |
| 高粱早餐谷物与未发酵的益生菌牛奶联合应用对血透患者的影响 | 两种食品包 | 7周 | 上升:TAC、超氧化物歧化酶 下降:CRP、MDA、TNF-α、IL-10 | 补充高粱早餐谷物(酚类化合物的来源)和未发酵益生菌牛奶可改善炎症进展及氧化应激反应 | 巴西 | 2017 | [63] |
), ArticleFig(id=1190330469225955982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
益生菌干预慢性肾脏病(CKD)炎症的相关研究
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| CKD模型 | 饮食及分组处理 | 周期 | 结果 | 结论 | 国家/地区 | 年度 | 文献 |
|---|
| 动物研究 |
| 乳酸菌混合物对5/6肾切除小鼠肠道屏障和纤维化的影响 | CKD模型组vs. 益生菌组 | 8周 | 上升:乳酸杆菌属多样性及种类、IL-10 下降:热休克蛋白70、Claudin-1、Claudin-2、TNF-α、MCP-1、IL-6 | 益生菌部分恢复CKD小鼠的肠道生态失衡,明显改善全身炎症和肾脏纤维化 | 韩国 | 2019 | [44] |
| 罗伊乳杆菌联合丁酸梭菌顺铂肾损伤大鼠菌群和肾脏炎症的影响 | 对照组vs. 顺铂组 vs. 顺铂+丁酸梭菌联合罗伊乳杆菌组 vs. 丁酸梭菌联合罗伊乳杆菌组 | 24 d | 上升:ZO-1 mRNA、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶 下降:双歧杆菌、瘤胃梭菌属_9、瘤胃菌科、Scr、BUN、CysC、IgA、IS、MDA、Caspase-3阳性凋亡细胞、KIM-1、炎性细胞浸润、Ⅳ型胶原阳性细胞、β-连环蛋白、黏蛋白、血清内毒素 无变化:过氧化氢酶、GPx活性、IL-10、pH值 | 二者的作用部分是通过增强抗炎效应以及维持肠道屏障的完整性来介导的 | 中国台湾 | 2021 | [45] |
| 益生菌副干酪乳杆菌对胰岛素抵抗性肾损伤的影响 | 常规饮食vs. 添加益生菌的常规饮食 vs. 高脂饮食vs. 添加益生菌的高脂饮食 | 12周 | 上升:有机阴离子转运蛋白-3 下降:INS、HOMA-IR、三酰甘油、LDL-C、尿微量白蛋白、LPS、葡萄糖调节蛋白78、Caspase-12、促凋亡蛋白(Bax、Cleaved caspase-3) 无变化:体重、FPG、肾脏指数、尿量、Scr、环氧合酶-2、SGLT1、SGLT2 | 副干酪乳杆菌可改善肥胖伴胰岛素抵抗大鼠的内毒素血症、胰岛素抵抗和高脂血症,恢复肾功能,改善肥胖相关炎症 | 泰国 | 2018 | [46] |
| 益生菌对肾缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)大鼠的影响 | VSL#3+I/R vs. VSL#3+I/R+IL-10抗体 vs. VSL#3+I/R+GSK-3β抑制剂 vs. VSL#3+I/R+PTEN抑制剂 | 2周 | 上升:肌酐清除率、ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-1、重组蛋白(CD163、CD206) 下降:BUN、Scr、CysC、尿蛋白、iNOS、NGAL、IL-1β、 TNF-α、IL-6 | VSL#3可调节IRI炎症指标,保护肾功能,保持肠道有益菌数量,抑制有害菌生长 | 中国 | 2019 | [47] |
| 植物乳杆菌和瑞士乳杆菌对果糖代谢综合征大鼠肾损伤的影响 | 对照组vs. 果糖组vs. 果糖+植物乳杆菌组 vs. 果糖+瑞士乳杆菌组 | 6周 | 下降:植物乳杆菌、TNF-α、 IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10 下降:瑞士乳杆菌、IL-6 无变化:NF-κB | 益生菌可降低果糖诱导的大鼠肾组织损伤的炎症标志物水平,减轻胰岛素信号通路的抑制和SGLT2上调 | 土耳其 | 2019 | [48] |
| 乳杆菌对5/6肾切除自发性高血压大鼠肾功能衰竭的影响 | 模型组 vs. 假手术组 | 12周 | 上升:拟杆菌属 下降:乳杆菌属(其与尿蛋白排泄明显相关) | 乳杆菌可降低尿毒症毒素水平,改善炎症,升高紧密连接蛋白及TLR2的表达水平,对CKD进展发挥保护作用 | 日本 | 2016 | [49] |
| 模型组 vs. 假手术组vs. 益生菌治疗组 | 24 h | 上升:紧密连接蛋白、TLR2 下降:LPS、IL-6、CRP、IS、PCS、BUN 无变化:Scr、纤维化指数 |
| 临床研究 |
| 透析患者口服益生菌(RD、DB、PC) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 麦芽糊精胶囊 | 6个月 | 上升:IL-10 下降:INF-γ、TNF-α、IL-5、 IL-6、IL-17 | 益生菌可降低血清内毒素、促炎细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-6)、IL-5水平,升高抗炎细胞因子(IL-10)水平,保留残余肾功 | 中国 | 2012 | [49] |
| 3或4期CKD患者益生菌膳食补充(DB、PC、RCT) | KB益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊 | 6个月 | 上升:乳杆菌、链球菌、QOL 下降:BUN、UA、CRP 无变化:Scr | 选择用于代谢含氮废物的口服益生菌可耐受长达6个月 | 加拿大 | 2009 | [50] |
| 透析患者口服特异性益生菌Renady l制剂(DB、RD、PC) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(CKD 4期) | 6个月 | 下降:WBC、CRP 无变化:尿毒症毒素水平、QOL | Renady l对血透患者安全,可降低炎性标志物水平 | 美国 | 2011 | [51] |
| 补充益生菌对血液透析患者的影响(RD、DB、PC、RCT) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊 | 12周 | 上升:TAC、QUICKI 下降:FPG、INS、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β、HbA1c、hs-CRP、MDA、SGA评分、TIBC | 糖尿病血液透析患者补充益生菌对葡萄糖稳态参数及炎症和氧化应激生物标志物有积极作用 | 伊朗 | 2016 | [52] |
| 益生菌补充剂对非透析患者炎症标志物和尿毒症毒素的影响(RD、DB、PC) | 含革兰阳性菌的益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊 | 3个月 | 上升:IL-6 无变化:CRP、LPS、尿素、Scr、UA、PCS、IS、IAA | TMAO水平与CRP呈正相关,益生菌干预未减轻尿毒症毒素水平,补充益生菌对炎症标志物无益 | 德国 | 2014 | [53] |
| 补充益生菌对血液透析患者炎症标志物和菌群的影响(RD、DB、PC) | 含3种益生菌的胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊 | 3个月 | 上升:钾、尿素、IS 下降:粪便pH值 无变化:炎症指标 | 益生菌未能减少尿毒症毒素和炎症标志物,血透患者应谨慎选择 | 巴西 | 2017 | [54] |
| 益生菌对血透患者肠道菌群的影响(单中心、RD、BD) | 双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(只含预胶凝淀粉和乳糖) | 6个月 | 下降:肠球菌 上升:瘤胃球菌科消化链球菌属、血清内毒素 无变化:炎症指标(IL-6、TNF-α、CRP)、内皮激活标志物、白蛋白 | 益生菌有助于在门水平上恢复菌群组成,但不能显著缓解炎症水平 | 中国 | 2020 | [55] |
| 益生菌对腹膜透析患者营养不良和健康相关生活质量的影响(RCT) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 麦芽糊精胶囊 | 2个月 | 上升:白蛋白、上臂周长、三头肌皮褶厚度 下降:三酰甘油、LDL-C、IL-6、hs-CRP 无变化:BMI、血红蛋白、HDL-C | 益生菌补充剂可降低腹透患者炎症水平,改善营养不良状态和生活质量 | 中国 | 2020 | [7] |
| 添加益生菌的豆浆对DKD患者肾功能的影响 | 添加益生菌的豆浆vs. 常规豆浆 | 8周 | 上升:eGFR 下降:Scr、IL-18、蛋白尿、尿白蛋白/肌酐 无变化:体重、BMI、腰臀比 | 益生菌摄入可能对减少促炎细胞因子有独立影响,但对系统炎症的重要性仍未知 | 伊朗 | 2017 | [56] |
| 益生菌补充对腹透患者血红蛋白的影响(DB、RCT) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(淀粉) | 12周 | 上升:血红蛋白有上升趋势 无变化:CRP | 补充益生菌可减少血红蛋白波动,但炎性因子的表达无显著改善 | 伊朗 | 2014 | [57] |
| CKD患者益生菌研究(开放标签、随机、安慰剂对照、RCT) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(CKD患者3a期) | a:1周 b:2周 c:3个月 | 上升:乳杆菌目、双歧杆菌、血清铁 下降:CRP、三酰甘油、β2-微球蛋白、总胆固醇 无变化:eGFR、血红蛋白 | 补充益生菌可减少炎性因子表达,改善微生物失衡。在“顺序”益生菌给药方案中使用粪便大肠杆菌,为益生菌植入创造了有利的肠道环境,可发挥抗炎作用 | 意大利 | 2016 | [58] |
| 益生菌共生凝胶对血透患者胃肠道症状的影响(DB、PC、RCT) | 干预组(共生凝胶) vs. 对照组(安慰剂) | 2个月 | 上升:钠、LDL-C、HDL-C 下降:胃肠道症状、SGA评分、CRP 无变化:IL-6、TNF-α | 共生补充和营养咨询显著降低了常见胃肠道症状、每月发作次数和严重程度,并显示出减少炎症的趋势 | 墨西哥 | 2014 | [59] |
| 益生菌摄入与炎症关系的队列研究(CKD 3-5期) | 不加酸奶 vs. 偶尔加酸奶 vs. 偶尔加益生 vs. 每天加酸奶 vs. 每天加益生菌 | 5年 | 未将具体指标作为主要评价标准,观察炎症相关CRP阈值与不同干预方法间的关系 | CRP阈值>6 mg/L或>7 mg/L,摄入普通酸奶与炎症风险降低有关。食用酸奶和益生菌的有益作用仅对高水平炎症具有明显意义(CRP>6 mg/L) | 法国 | 2017 | [60] |
| 补充益生菌对糖尿病肾病患者的代谢和遗传反应(RD、BD、PC) | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(淀粉) | 12周 | 上升:QUICKI、HDL-C、总谷胱甘肽 下降:hs-CRP、FPG、INS、HOMA-IR、三酰甘油、MDA、AGEs、BUN、Scr | 补充益生菌有益于糖尿病肾病患者的心脏代谢风险标志物,应进一步评估与其他炎症标志物和氧化应激关系 | 伊朗 | 2018 | [61] |
| 补充益生菌对血透患者血浆TMAO的影响 | 复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊 | 3个月 | 上升:血浆甜菜碱水平 下降:血浆胆碱水平 无变化:TMAO | 补充益生菌患者的CRP无明显改善,TMAO水平也未见降低,需要长期研究来确定益生菌是否会影响CKD患者TMAO的产生 | 巴西 | 2018 | [62] |
| 高粱早餐谷物与未发酵的益生菌牛奶联合应用对血透患者的影响 | 两种食品包 | 7周 | 上升:TAC、超氧化物歧化酶 下降:CRP、MDA、TNF-α、IL-10 | 补充高粱早餐谷物(酚类化合物的来源)和未发酵益生菌牛奶可改善炎症进展及氧化应激反应 | 巴西 | 2017 | [63] |
), ArticleFig(id=1190330469309842063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Effects of prebiotics on inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| CKD模型 | 饮食及分组处理 | 周期 | 结果 | 结论 | 国家 | 年度 | 文献 |
|---|
| 动物研究 |
| 0.7%腺嘌呤饲料喂养2周雄性SD大鼠 | 支链淀粉(低纤维对照组) vs. 直链玉米抗性淀粉(高纤维饮食HAMRS2) | 3周 | 上升:SCFA、内源性抗氧化剂(过氧化氢酶、GPx)、紧密连接蛋白(Occludin、Claudin-1) 下降:PCS、IS、炎性介质、Nrf2、肾脏损伤和功能障碍 无变化:体重 | 可发酵膳食纤维HAM-RS2能减轻炎症细胞浸润、肾小管损伤和肾间质纤维化的严重程度,缓解肾脏异常 | 美国 | 2014 | [71] |
| 5/6肾切术雄性SD大鼠 | 对照组饮食(AIN‐93G) vs. GOS饮食 | 2周 | 下降:IS、浸润性巨噬细胞、肾小管间质损伤 无变化:体重、食品消耗、BUN、Scr、尿蛋白/肌酐 | GOS可减轻肾切除大鼠肾损伤并改变肠道微生物群 | 日本 | 2014 | [72] |
| 0.7%腺嘌呤饲料喂养2周雄性SD大鼠 | 低纤维饮食 vs. 高纤维饮食(HAMRS2) | 3周 | 上升:拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比例(F/B)、血清草酸 下降:肠道pH值、菌群多样性、肠道氨基酸含量 | 抗性淀粉相关表型部分源于肠道微生物的变化,从而改变氮和水平衡及肠道pH值,并通过保护肠道上皮屏障将炎症降至最低。它可为现有的临床策略提供实用的饮食辅助,以延缓CKD进展及相关的全身炎症 | 美国 | 2016 | [73] |
| STZ干预的雄性SD大鼠 | 抗性淀粉 vs. 5%抗性淀粉 vs. 10%抗性淀粉 vs. 20%抗性淀粉 | 4周 | 上升:IL-6 下降:尿液25D-维生素D结合蛋白(DBP)值 无变化:FBG、HbA1c、INS、TNF-α、维生素D | 虽然抗性淀粉对血糖和维生素D平衡无影响,但能以剂量依赖的方式使1型糖尿病大鼠的生长模式正常化 | 美国 | 2016 | [74] |
| 腺嘌呤诱导的CB5L/6J小鼠CKD模型 | 对照组vs. 对照组+2%XOS vs.对照组+7%XOS vs. CKD模型组vs. CKD模型+2%XOS vs. CKD模型+7%XOS | 3周 | 上升:SCFA、肾小管再生 下降:肾功能(Scr、BUN)、间质纤维化(COL1A1、CTGF)、炎性细胞因子(IL-6)、M2巨噬细胞(Fizz-1)、菌群α多样性、IS、PCS、防御素α5 无变化:体重、PlA2G2A、Reg3γ | 低剂量XOS可降低炎性细胞因子和M2巨噬细胞活性,改善肾纤维化,提高SCFA浓度,降低尿毒症毒素水平 | 中国 | 2018 | [75] |
| STZ诱导的小鼠和缺乏G蛋白偶联受体GPR43或GPR109A编码基因的基因敲除小鼠 | 抗性淀粉(RS)饮食(SF11-025)(63.6% RS) vs. 高纤维饮食[瓜尔胶和纤维素(35%粗纤维)] vs. 普通饮食 vs. 零纤维饮食 | 12周 | 上升:SCFA(普雷沃氏菌属、双歧杆菌属) 下降:阿克曼氏菌、炎性细胞因子、趋化因子、促纤维化蛋白 无变化:血糖 | 激活SCFA传感受体可重塑肠道微生物群,有益于预防肾脏疾病 | 澳大利亚 | 2020 | [23] |
| 腺嘌呤诱导的雄性SD大鼠CKD模型 | 正常饮食CKD大鼠 vs. 益生元饮食CKD大鼠 vs. 正常饮食对照组大鼠 vs. 益生元饮食对照组大鼠 | 4周 | 下降:GPx、超氧化物歧化酶 上升:PCS、血清尿素浓度、IL-6 无变化:体重、Scr、IS、 IL-10、Occludin、Claudin-1 | 富含益生元的FOS补充剂可减少尿毒症毒素和炎性因子的表达,增强肾组织抗炎和抗氧化活性,以保护肾脏 | 土耳其 | 2021 | [9] |
| 临床研究 |
| 增加膳食纤维对血液透析患者的影响(n=56) | 抗性淀粉 vs. 对照组 | 4周 | 下降:IS 无变化:CRP、PCS | 血透患者增加膳食纤维会降低IS和PCS水平,没有必要加强透析治疗,仍需进一步研究确定这种减少是否具有临床益处 | 美国 | 2014 | [76] |
| AXOS对CKD患者尿毒症毒素分子的影响(n=40,DB、RCT) | AXOS vs. 麦芽糊精 (10 g/d) | 4周 | 下降:TMAO 无变化:CRP、PCS、IS、HOMA-IR、INS、血糖 | AXOS对未接受透析的CKD患者尿毒症毒素及胰岛素抵抗的影响尚不明确 | 比利时 | 2016 | [77] |
| 血透患者补充高直链淀粉抗性淀粉(HAM-RS2)的疗效(n=20,RCT) | HAM-RS2饼干 vs. 安慰剂(小麦粉饼干)(第 1个月20 g/d,第2个月25 g/d) | 2个月 | 下降:TNF-α、IL-6、MDA、BUN、Scr 无变化:IL-1β、hs-CRP、总抗氧化活性 | 服用HAM-RS2可明显降低血透患者炎症和氧化标志物水平,缓解便秘,但需进行长期试验,以探索其对终末期肾病患者的临床疗效 | 伊朗 | 2018 | [67] |
| 益生元对血透患者炎症和氧化应激影响的初步研究(n=31,DB、PC、RCT) | 抗性淀粉(16 g Hi-Maize®260) vs. 安慰剂(木薯粉)(饼干在透析日,粉状在非透析日,隔日) | 4周 | 下降:IL-6、IS、蛋白质羰基化水平 无变化:PCS | 补充益生元抗性淀粉可能通过调节肠道微生物群来改善血透CKD患者的炎症和氧化应激状态 | 美国 | 2018 | [68] |
| 补充抗直链淀粉对终末期肾病患者的影响(n=20,RCT) | 含HAM-RS2的饼干 vs. 安慰剂(小麦粉饼干)(第1个月20 g/d,第 2个月25 g/d) | 2个月 | 上升:粪杆菌属 下降:BUN、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA 无变化:双歧杆菌、普雷沃菌属、约氏副拟杆菌、瘤胃球菌属 | 补充抗直链淀粉可增加普拉梭菌丰度,这可能是减轻CKD患者炎症的核心机制 | 伊朗 | 2019 | [66] |
| FOS对非透析依赖性CKD患者的影响(n=50,DB、PC、RCT) | FOS vs. 麦芽糊精 (12 g/d) | 3个月 | 下降:PCS、HDL-C 无变化:IS、IAA、肠通透性(zonulin)、肠道营养因子(EGF、GLP-2)、hs-CRP、IL-6、肾功、HOMA-IR、血脂 | FOS可降低非透析患者PCS,但未显示出预期效果,可能与样本量及剂量不足有关 | 巴西 | 2019 | [78] |
| 低蛋白饮食和菊粉对CKD患者的影响(n=16,纵向、前瞻、对照研究) | 低蛋白饮食 vs. 低蛋白饮食+菊粉 | 6个月 | 上升:双歧杆菌科 下降:肠杆菌科、CRP、TNF-α、NOX2、血清尿酸 | 低蛋白饮食+菊粉益生元治疗策略可下调CRP和TNF-α水平,抑制iNOS诱导,提高CKD患者的生活质量 | 意大利 | 2019 | [79] |
| 添加抗性淀粉饼干对血透患者尿毒症毒素和炎症的影响(n=43,DB、RCT) | 抗性淀粉(16 g Hi-Maize®260) vs. 安慰剂(木薯粉:饼干+面粉) | 12周 | 上升:Nrf2、NQO-1 下降:IS | 血透患者补充抗性淀粉可增加核转录因子(Nrf2 mRNA)和靶基因(NQO1)的表达,降低IS水平。抗性淀粉似乎是血透中减少CKD患者尿毒症毒素和炎症的一种很有前途的干预措施 | 巴西 | 2020 | [11] |
), ArticleFig(id=1190330469385339536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
益生元干预慢性肾脏病(CKD)炎症的相关研究
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| CKD模型 | 饮食及分组处理 | 周期 | 结果 | 结论 | 国家 | 年度 | 文献 |
|---|
| 动物研究 |
| 0.7%腺嘌呤饲料喂养2周雄性SD大鼠 | 支链淀粉(低纤维对照组) vs. 直链玉米抗性淀粉(高纤维饮食HAMRS2) | 3周 | 上升:SCFA、内源性抗氧化剂(过氧化氢酶、GPx)、紧密连接蛋白(Occludin、Claudin-1) 下降:PCS、IS、炎性介质、Nrf2、肾脏损伤和功能障碍 无变化:体重 | 可发酵膳食纤维HAM-RS2能减轻炎症细胞浸润、肾小管损伤和肾间质纤维化的严重程度,缓解肾脏异常 | 美国 | 2014 | [71] |
| 5/6肾切术雄性SD大鼠 | 对照组饮食(AIN‐93G) vs. GOS饮食 | 2周 | 下降:IS、浸润性巨噬细胞、肾小管间质损伤 无变化:体重、食品消耗、BUN、Scr、尿蛋白/肌酐 | GOS可减轻肾切除大鼠肾损伤并改变肠道微生物群 | 日本 | 2014 | [72] |
| 0.7%腺嘌呤饲料喂养2周雄性SD大鼠 | 低纤维饮食 vs. 高纤维饮食(HAMRS2) | 3周 | 上升:拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比例(F/B)、血清草酸 下降:肠道pH值、菌群多样性、肠道氨基酸含量 | 抗性淀粉相关表型部分源于肠道微生物的变化,从而改变氮和水平衡及肠道pH值,并通过保护肠道上皮屏障将炎症降至最低。它可为现有的临床策略提供实用的饮食辅助,以延缓CKD进展及相关的全身炎症 | 美国 | 2016 | [73] |
| STZ干预的雄性SD大鼠 | 抗性淀粉 vs. 5%抗性淀粉 vs. 10%抗性淀粉 vs. 20%抗性淀粉 | 4周 | 上升:IL-6 下降:尿液25D-维生素D结合蛋白(DBP)值 无变化:FBG、HbA1c、INS、TNF-α、维生素D | 虽然抗性淀粉对血糖和维生素D平衡无影响,但能以剂量依赖的方式使1型糖尿病大鼠的生长模式正常化 | 美国 | 2016 | [74] |
| 腺嘌呤诱导的CB5L/6J小鼠CKD模型 | 对照组vs. 对照组+2%XOS vs.对照组+7%XOS vs. CKD模型组vs. CKD模型+2%XOS vs. CKD模型+7%XOS | 3周 | 上升:SCFA、肾小管再生 下降:肾功能(Scr、BUN)、间质纤维化(COL1A1、CTGF)、炎性细胞因子(IL-6)、M2巨噬细胞(Fizz-1)、菌群α多样性、IS、PCS、防御素α5 无变化:体重、PlA2G2A、Reg3γ | 低剂量XOS可降低炎性细胞因子和M2巨噬细胞活性,改善肾纤维化,提高SCFA浓度,降低尿毒症毒素水平 | 中国 | 2018 | [75] |
| STZ诱导的小鼠和缺乏G蛋白偶联受体GPR43或GPR109A编码基因的基因敲除小鼠 | 抗性淀粉(RS)饮食(SF11-025)(63.6% RS) vs. 高纤维饮食[瓜尔胶和纤维素(35%粗纤维)] vs. 普通饮食 vs. 零纤维饮食 | 12周 | 上升:SCFA(普雷沃氏菌属、双歧杆菌属) 下降:阿克曼氏菌、炎性细胞因子、趋化因子、促纤维化蛋白 无变化:血糖 | 激活SCFA传感受体可重塑肠道微生物群,有益于预防肾脏疾病 | 澳大利亚 | 2020 | [23] |
| 腺嘌呤诱导的雄性SD大鼠CKD模型 | 正常饮食CKD大鼠 vs. 益生元饮食CKD大鼠 vs. 正常饮食对照组大鼠 vs. 益生元饮食对照组大鼠 | 4周 | 下降:GPx、超氧化物歧化酶 上升:PCS、血清尿素浓度、IL-6 无变化:体重、Scr、IS、 IL-10、Occludin、Claudin-1 | 富含益生元的FOS补充剂可减少尿毒症毒素和炎性因子的表达,增强肾组织抗炎和抗氧化活性,以保护肾脏 | 土耳其 | 2021 | [9] |
| 临床研究 |
| 增加膳食纤维对血液透析患者的影响(n=56) | 抗性淀粉 vs. 对照组 | 4周 | 下降:IS 无变化:CRP、PCS | 血透患者增加膳食纤维会降低IS和PCS水平,没有必要加强透析治疗,仍需进一步研究确定这种减少是否具有临床益处 | 美国 | 2014 | [76] |
| AXOS对CKD患者尿毒症毒素分子的影响(n=40,DB、RCT) | AXOS vs. 麦芽糊精 (10 g/d) | 4周 | 下降:TMAO 无变化:CRP、PCS、IS、HOMA-IR、INS、血糖 | AXOS对未接受透析的CKD患者尿毒症毒素及胰岛素抵抗的影响尚不明确 | 比利时 | 2016 | [77] |
| 血透患者补充高直链淀粉抗性淀粉(HAM-RS2)的疗效(n=20,RCT) | HAM-RS2饼干 vs. 安慰剂(小麦粉饼干)(第 1个月20 g/d,第2个月25 g/d) | 2个月 | 下降:TNF-α、IL-6、MDA、BUN、Scr 无变化:IL-1β、hs-CRP、总抗氧化活性 | 服用HAM-RS2可明显降低血透患者炎症和氧化标志物水平,缓解便秘,但需进行长期试验,以探索其对终末期肾病患者的临床疗效 | 伊朗 | 2018 | [67] |
| 益生元对血透患者炎症和氧化应激影响的初步研究(n=31,DB、PC、RCT) | 抗性淀粉(16 g Hi-Maize®260) vs. 安慰剂(木薯粉)(饼干在透析日,粉状在非透析日,隔日) | 4周 | 下降:IL-6、IS、蛋白质羰基化水平 无变化:PCS | 补充益生元抗性淀粉可能通过调节肠道微生物群来改善血透CKD患者的炎症和氧化应激状态 | 美国 | 2018 | [68] |
| 补充抗直链淀粉对终末期肾病患者的影响(n=20,RCT) | 含HAM-RS2的饼干 vs. 安慰剂(小麦粉饼干)(第1个月20 g/d,第 2个月25 g/d) | 2个月 | 上升:粪杆菌属 下降:BUN、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA 无变化:双歧杆菌、普雷沃菌属、约氏副拟杆菌、瘤胃球菌属 | 补充抗直链淀粉可增加普拉梭菌丰度,这可能是减轻CKD患者炎症的核心机制 | 伊朗 | 2019 | [66] |
| FOS对非透析依赖性CKD患者的影响(n=50,DB、PC、RCT) | FOS vs. 麦芽糊精 (12 g/d) | 3个月 | 下降:PCS、HDL-C 无变化:IS、IAA、肠通透性(zonulin)、肠道营养因子(EGF、GLP-2)、hs-CRP、IL-6、肾功、HOMA-IR、血脂 | FOS可降低非透析患者PCS,但未显示出预期效果,可能与样本量及剂量不足有关 | 巴西 | 2019 | [78] |
| 低蛋白饮食和菊粉对CKD患者的影响(n=16,纵向、前瞻、对照研究) | 低蛋白饮食 vs. 低蛋白饮食+菊粉 | 6个月 | 上升:双歧杆菌科 下降:肠杆菌科、CRP、TNF-α、NOX2、血清尿酸 | 低蛋白饮食+菊粉益生元治疗策略可下调CRP和TNF-α水平,抑制iNOS诱导,提高CKD患者的生活质量 | 意大利 | 2019 | [79] |
| 添加抗性淀粉饼干对血透患者尿毒症毒素和炎症的影响(n=43,DB、RCT) | 抗性淀粉(16 g Hi-Maize®260) vs. 安慰剂(木薯粉:饼干+面粉) | 12周 | 上升:Nrf2、NQO-1 下降:IS | 血透患者补充抗性淀粉可增加核转录因子(Nrf2 mRNA)和靶基因(NQO1)的表达,降低IS水平。抗性淀粉似乎是血透中减少CKD患者尿毒症毒素和炎症的一种很有前途的干预措施 | 巴西 | 2020 | [11] |
), ArticleFig(id=1190330469481808529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Effects of synbiotics on inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD)
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| CKD模型 | 饮食及分组处理 | 周期 | 结果 | 结论 | 国家 | 年度 | 文献 |
|---|
| 共生凝胶对血液透析患者胃肠道的影响(42例血液透析患者) | 营养咨询+共生凝胶(嗜酸乳杆菌+乳双歧杆菌+菊粉) vs. 营养咨询+安慰剂 | 2个月 | 下降:TNF-α、IL-6 | 合生元结合营养咨询可明显减轻胃肠道症状及炎症,保持营养状态和饮食摄入 | 墨西哥 | 2014 | [59] |
| 合生元改善肠道微生物、缓解肾衰竭(37例4或5期CKD非透析患者) | 合生元补充剂(高分子量菊粉、FOS、GOS,乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、链球菌属等9种菌属) vs. 安慰剂(麦芽糊精) | 6周,剂量递增 | 上升:Alb 下降:PCS 无变化:IS、IL-β、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10 | 合生元未明显改善炎症指标,但能有效降低中、重度CKD患者的血清PCS浓度 | 澳大利亚 | 2022 | [81] |
| 合生元干预对CKD患者炎症和肠道微生物的影响(34例非透析患者) | 合生元补充剂(嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、乳双歧杆菌) vs. 安慰剂 | 12周 | 上升:eGFR、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、罕见小球菌属 下降:IS、hs-CRP | 合生元是安全有效的日常治疗策略,可降低CKD患者的尿毒症毒素及微炎症水平 | 塞尔维亚 | 2023 | [12] |
), ArticleFig(id=1190330469553111698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
合生元干预慢性肾脏病(CKD)炎症的相关研究
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| CKD模型 | 饮食及分组处理 | 周期 | 结果 | 结论 | 国家 | 年度 | 文献 |
|---|
| 共生凝胶对血液透析患者胃肠道的影响(42例血液透析患者) | 营养咨询+共生凝胶(嗜酸乳杆菌+乳双歧杆菌+菊粉) vs. 营养咨询+安慰剂 | 2个月 | 下降:TNF-α、IL-6 | 合生元结合营养咨询可明显减轻胃肠道症状及炎症,保持营养状态和饮食摄入 | 墨西哥 | 2014 | [59] |
| 合生元改善肠道微生物、缓解肾衰竭(37例4或5期CKD非透析患者) | 合生元补充剂(高分子量菊粉、FOS、GOS,乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、链球菌属等9种菌属) vs. 安慰剂(麦芽糊精) | 6周,剂量递增 | 上升:Alb 下降:PCS 无变化:IS、IL-β、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10 | 合生元未明显改善炎症指标,但能有效降低中、重度CKD患者的血清PCS浓度 | 澳大利亚 | 2022 | [81] |
| 合生元干预对CKD患者炎症和肠道微生物的影响(34例非透析患者) | 合生元补充剂(嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、乳双歧杆菌) vs. 安慰剂 | 12周 | 上升:eGFR、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、罕见小球菌属 下降:IS、hs-CRP | 合生元是安全有效的日常治疗策略,可降低CKD患者的尿毒症毒素及微炎症水平 | 塞尔维亚 | 2023 | [12] |
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