Article(id=1190310110992892323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1378.2024.1218, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697990400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1721318400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-19, onlineDate=1761721645352, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761721645352, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761721645346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761721645346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190243275249390089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='505', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761705710470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765784077922, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207349188233372409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207349188233372410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=619, endPage=631, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190310111403934126, articleId=1190310110992892323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on inflammatory status and targeted microbiota intervention strategies in chronic kidney disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The inflammatory status in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is closely associated with cardiovascular events, infections, and other complications, and is a powerful indicator for prognosis assessment. The core view of the "gut-kidney axis" theory reveals the relationship among inflammatory state, microbiota dysbiosis, and deterioration of renal function. The microbiota alters the microenvironment through structural changes and metabolites with different properties, subsequently leading to microbiota translocation, inducing inflammatory lesions, and damaging the kidneys. Recent studies have proposed that targeted microbiota intervention strategies such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can modulate the microbiota structure, regulate the microenvironment, relieve renal inflammation, and affect the progression of renal disease, representing a potentially promising research direction in the future. This review discusses the characteristics of how intestinal microbiota influence the inflammatory status in CKD, focusing on the research progress of targeted microbiota intervention, aiming to discuss the effectiveness and scientific basis of these strategies, providing a foundation for the treatment of CKD and the expansion of targeted microbiota research, as well as offering references for the clinical application of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Lin Bai, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者的炎症状态与心血管事件、感染等并发症密切相关,是评估预后的有力指标。“肠-肾轴”学说的核心观点揭示了炎症状态、菌群失调及肾功能恶化之间的关系。肠道菌群通过结构变化及不同属性的代谢产物改变微环境,继而造成菌群易位,诱导炎性病变,损伤肾脏。新近研究提出,益生菌、益生元及合生元等靶向菌群的干预策略可整合菌群结构,调节微环境,缓解肾脏炎症,并能影响肾疾病的进展,是未来具有潜力的研究方向。本文综述了肠道菌群影响CKD炎症状态的特点,重点梳理靶向菌群干预策略的研究进展,旨在探讨菌群干预策略的有效性及科学性,以期为CKD的治疗及靶向菌群研究的扩展提供一定依据,为益生菌、益生元及合生元的临床应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=白小林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
白小林,E-mail:
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寇少杰,主治医师,主要从事中医药治疗感染性疾病及慢性病的临床和实验研究

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寇少杰,主治医师,主要从事中医药治疗感染性疾病及慢性病的临床和实验研究

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寇少杰,主治医师,主要从事中医药治疗感染性疾病及慢性病的临床和实验研究

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IgA. 免疫球蛋白A;LPS. 脂多糖;PCS. 硫酸对甲酚;TMAO. 氧化三甲胺;miRNA. 微RNA;SCFA. 短链脂肪酸;GLP-1/2. 胰高血糖素样肽-1/2;PYY. 酪酪肽;Tregs. 调节性T细胞;Th17/Treg比例. 辅助性T17细胞/调节性T细胞比例;GABA. γ-氨基丁酸;Ach. 乙酰胆碱;NE. 去甲肾上腺素;DA. 多巴胺;CKD. 慢性肾脏病

, figureFileSmall=FRds/SdUZNgoFGfivVgLjw==, figureFileBig=pkarIXtOeohhFom3pl3QFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330468982686347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulating inflammation in chronic kidney disease, figureFileSmall=7j3czGvHx9uA0GlYJB27pQ==, figureFileBig=nSiTC1a3s/P0Jgb77iaXYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330469058183820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=CN, label=图2, caption=益生菌、益生元及合生元调节慢性肾脏病炎症的可能机制

Occludin. 闭锁蛋白;ZO-1. 闭锁小带蛋白-1;Claudin. 闭合蛋白;SCFAs. 短链脂肪酸;PCS. 硫酸对甲酚;IS. 硫酸吲哚酚;TMAO. 氧化三甲胺;LPS. 脂多糖;IAA. 吲哚乙酸;CD4+ T cell. CD4+ T淋巴细胞;CD8+ T cell. CD8+ T淋巴细胞;Foxp3+. Foxp3+调节性T细胞;GPR. G蛋白偶联受体;iNOS. 一氧化氮合酶;IL. 白介素;TNF-α. 肿瘤坏死因子-α;TGF-β. 转化生长因子;NF-κB. 核转录因子;Th. 辅助性T细胞;SIgA. 分泌型免疫球蛋白A

, figureFileSmall=7j3czGvHx9uA0GlYJB27pQ==, figureFileBig=nSiTC1a3s/P0Jgb77iaXYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330469142069901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Effects of probiotics on inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CKD模型饮食及分组处理周期结果结论国家/地区年度文献
动物研究
乳酸菌混合物对5/6肾切除小鼠肠道屏障和纤维化的影响CKD模型组vs. 益生菌组8周

上升:乳酸杆菌属多样性及种类IL-10

下降:热休克蛋白70、Claudin-1、Claudin-2、TNF-α、MCP-1、IL-6

益生菌部分恢复CKD小鼠的肠道生态失衡,明显改善全身炎症和肾脏纤维化韩国2019[44]
罗伊乳杆菌联合丁酸梭菌顺铂肾损伤大鼠菌群和肾脏炎症的影响对照组vs. 顺铂组 vs. 顺铂+丁酸梭菌联合罗伊乳杆菌组 vs. 丁酸梭菌联合罗伊乳杆菌组24 d

上升:ZO-1 mRNA、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶

下降:双歧杆菌、瘤胃梭菌属_9、瘤胃菌科、Scr、BUN、CysC、IgA、IS、MDA、Caspase-3阳性凋亡细胞、KIM-1、炎性细胞浸润、Ⅳ型胶原阳性细胞、β-连环蛋白、黏蛋白、血清内毒素

无变化:过氧化氢酶、GPx活性、IL-10、pH值

二者的作用部分是通过增强抗炎效应以及维持肠道屏障的完整性来介导的中国台湾2021[45]
益生菌副干酪乳杆菌对胰岛素抵抗性肾损伤的影响常规饮食vs. 添加益生菌的常规饮食 vs. 高脂饮食vs. 添加益生菌的高脂饮食12周

上升:有机阴离子转运蛋白-3

下降:INS、HOMA-IR、三酰甘油、LDL-C、尿微量白蛋白、LPS、葡萄糖调节蛋白78、Caspase-12、促凋亡蛋白(Bax、Cleaved caspase-3)

无变化:体重、FPG、肾脏指数、尿量、Scr、环氧合酶-2、SGLT1、SGLT2

副干酪乳杆菌可改善肥胖伴胰岛素抵抗大鼠的内毒素血症、胰岛素抵抗和高脂血症,恢复肾功能,改善肥胖相关炎症泰国2018[46]
益生菌对肾缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)大鼠的影响VSL#3+I/R vs. VSL#3+I/R+IL-10抗体 vs. VSL#3+I/R+GSK-3β抑制剂 vs. VSL#3+I/R+PTEN抑制剂2周

上升:肌酐清除率、ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-1、重组蛋白(CD163、CD206)

下降:BUN、Scr、CysC、尿蛋白、iNOS、NGAL、IL-1β、

TNF-α、IL-6

VSL#3可调节IRI炎症指标,保护肾功能,保持肠道有益菌数量,抑制有害菌生长中国2019[47]
植物乳杆菌和瑞士乳杆菌对果糖代谢综合征大鼠肾损伤的影响对照组vs. 果糖组vs. 果糖+植物乳杆菌组 vs. 果糖+瑞士乳杆菌组6周

下降:植物乳杆菌、TNF-α、

IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10

下降:瑞士乳杆菌、IL-6

无变化:NF-κB

益生菌可降低果糖诱导的大鼠肾组织损伤的炎症标志物水平,减轻胰岛素信号通路的抑制和SGLT2上调土耳其2019[48]
乳杆菌对5/6肾切除自发性高血压大鼠肾功能衰竭的影响模型组 vs. 假手术组12周

上升:拟杆菌属

下降:乳杆菌属(其与尿蛋白排泄明显相关)

乳杆菌可降低尿毒症毒素水平,改善炎症,升高紧密连接蛋白及TLR2的表达水平,对CKD进展发挥保护作用日本2016[49]
模型组 vs. 假手术组vs. 益生菌治疗组24 h

上升:紧密连接蛋白、TLR2

下降:LPS、IL-6、CRP、IS、PCS、BUN

无变化:Scr、纤维化指数

临床研究
透析患者口服益生菌(RD、DB、PC)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 麦芽糊精胶囊6个月

上升:IL-10

下降:INF-γ、TNF-α、IL-5、

IL-6、IL-17

益生菌可降低血清内毒素、促炎细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-6)、IL-5水平,升高抗炎细胞因子(IL-10)水平,保留残余肾功中国2012[49]
3或4期CKD患者益生菌膳食补充(DB、PC、RCT)KB益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊6个月

上升:乳杆菌、链球菌、QOL

下降:BUN、UA、CRP

无变化:Scr

选择用于代谢含氮废物的口服益生菌可耐受长达6个月加拿大2009[50]
透析患者口服特异性益生菌Renady l制剂(DB、RD、PC)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(CKD 4期)6个月

下降:WBC、CRP

无变化:尿毒症毒素水平、QOL

Renady l对血透患者安全,可降低炎性标志物水平美国2011[51]
补充益生菌对血液透析患者的影响(RD、DB、PC、RCT)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊12周

上升:TAC、QUICKI

下降:FPG、INS、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β、HbA1c、hs-CRP、MDA、SGA评分、TIBC

糖尿病血液透析患者补充益生菌对葡萄糖稳态参数及炎症和氧化应激生物标志物有积极作用伊朗2016[52]
益生菌补充剂对非透析患者炎症标志物和尿毒症毒素的影响(RD、DB、PC)含革兰阳性菌的益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊3个月

上升:IL-6

无变化:CRP、LPS、尿素、Scr、UA、PCS、IS、IAA

TMAO水平与CRP呈正相关,益生菌干预未减轻尿毒症毒素水平,补充益生菌对炎症标志物无益德国2014[53]
补充益生菌对血液透析患者炎症标志物和菌群的影响(RD、DB、PC)含3种益生菌的胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊3个月

上升:钾、尿素、IS

下降:粪便pH值

无变化:炎症指标

益生菌未能减少尿毒症毒素和炎症标志物,血透患者应谨慎选择巴西2017[54]
益生菌对血透患者肠道菌群的影响(单中心、RD、BD)双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(只含预胶凝淀粉和乳糖)6个月

下降:肠球菌

上升:瘤胃球菌科消化链球菌属、血清内毒素

无变化:炎症指标(IL-6、TNF-α、CRP)、内皮激活标志物、白蛋白

益生菌有助于在门水平上恢复菌群组成,但不能显著缓解炎症水平中国2020[55]
益生菌对腹膜透析患者营养不良和健康相关生活质量的影响(RCT)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 麦芽糊精胶囊2个月

上升:白蛋白、上臂周长、三头肌皮褶厚度

下降:三酰甘油、LDL-C、IL-6、hs-CRP

无变化:BMI、血红蛋白、HDL-C

益生菌补充剂可降低腹透患者炎症水平,改善营养不良状态和生活质量中国2020[7]
添加益生菌的豆浆对DKD患者肾功能的影响添加益生菌的豆浆vs. 常规豆浆8周

上升:eGFR

下降:Scr、IL-18、蛋白尿、尿白蛋白/肌酐

无变化:体重、BMI、腰臀比

益生菌摄入可能对减少促炎细胞因子有独立影响,但对系统炎症的重要性仍未知伊朗2017[56]
益生菌补充对腹透患者血红蛋白的影响(DB、RCT)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(淀粉)12周

上升:血红蛋白有上升趋势

无变化:CRP

补充益生菌可减少血红蛋白波动,但炎性因子的表达无显著改善伊朗2014[57]
CKD患者益生菌研究(开放标签、随机、安慰剂对照、RCT)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(CKD患者3a期)

a:1周

b:2周

c:3个月

上升:乳杆菌目、双歧杆菌、血清铁

下降:CRP、三酰甘油、β2-微球蛋白、总胆固醇

无变化:eGFR、血红蛋白

补充益生菌可减少炎性因子表达,改善微生物失衡。在“顺序”益生菌给药方案中使用粪便大肠杆菌,为益生菌植入创造了有利的肠道环境,可发挥抗炎作用意大利2016[58]
益生菌共生凝胶对血透患者胃肠道症状的影响(DB、PC、RCT)干预组(共生凝胶) vs. 对照组(安慰剂)2个月

上升:钠、LDL-C、HDL-C

下降:胃肠道症状、SGA评分、CRP

无变化:IL-6、TNF-α

共生补充和营养咨询显著降低了常见胃肠道症状、每月发作次数和严重程度,并显示出减少炎症的趋势墨西哥2014[59]
益生菌摄入与炎症关系的队列研究(CKD 3-5期)不加酸奶 vs. 偶尔加酸奶 vs. 偶尔加益生 vs. 每天加酸奶 vs. 每天加益生菌5年未将具体指标作为主要评价标准,观察炎症相关CRP阈值与不同干预方法间的关系CRP阈值>6 mg/L或>7 mg/L,摄入普通酸奶与炎症风险降低有关。食用酸奶和益生菌的有益作用仅对高水平炎症具有明显意义(CRP>6 mg/L)法国2017[60]
补充益生菌对糖尿病肾病患者的代谢和遗传反应(RD、BD、PC)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(淀粉)12周

上升:QUICKI、HDL-C、总谷胱甘肽

下降:hs-CRP、FPG、INS、HOMA-IR、三酰甘油、MDA、AGEs、BUN、Scr

补充益生菌有益于糖尿病肾病患者的心脏代谢风险标志物,应进一步评估与其他炎症标志物和氧化应激关系伊朗2018[61]
补充益生菌对血透患者血浆TMAO的影响复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊3个月

上升:血浆甜菜碱水平

下降:血浆胆碱水平

无变化:TMAO

补充益生菌患者的CRP无明显改善,TMAO水平也未见降低,需要长期研究来确定益生菌是否会影响CKD患者TMAO的产生巴西2018[62]
高粱早餐谷物与未发酵的益生菌牛奶联合应用对血透患者的影响两种食品包7周

上升:TAC、超氧化物歧化酶

下降:CRP、MDA、TNF-α、IL-10

补充高粱早餐谷物(酚类化合物的来源)和未发酵益生菌牛奶可改善炎症进展及氧化应激反应巴西2017[63]
), ArticleFig(id=1190330469225955982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

益生菌干预慢性肾脏病(CKD)炎症的相关研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CKD模型饮食及分组处理周期结果结论国家/地区年度文献
动物研究
乳酸菌混合物对5/6肾切除小鼠肠道屏障和纤维化的影响CKD模型组vs. 益生菌组8周

上升:乳酸杆菌属多样性及种类IL-10

下降:热休克蛋白70、Claudin-1、Claudin-2、TNF-α、MCP-1、IL-6

益生菌部分恢复CKD小鼠的肠道生态失衡,明显改善全身炎症和肾脏纤维化韩国2019[44]
罗伊乳杆菌联合丁酸梭菌顺铂肾损伤大鼠菌群和肾脏炎症的影响对照组vs. 顺铂组 vs. 顺铂+丁酸梭菌联合罗伊乳杆菌组 vs. 丁酸梭菌联合罗伊乳杆菌组24 d

上升:ZO-1 mRNA、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶

下降:双歧杆菌、瘤胃梭菌属_9、瘤胃菌科、Scr、BUN、CysC、IgA、IS、MDA、Caspase-3阳性凋亡细胞、KIM-1、炎性细胞浸润、Ⅳ型胶原阳性细胞、β-连环蛋白、黏蛋白、血清内毒素

无变化:过氧化氢酶、GPx活性、IL-10、pH值

二者的作用部分是通过增强抗炎效应以及维持肠道屏障的完整性来介导的中国台湾2021[45]
益生菌副干酪乳杆菌对胰岛素抵抗性肾损伤的影响常规饮食vs. 添加益生菌的常规饮食 vs. 高脂饮食vs. 添加益生菌的高脂饮食12周

上升:有机阴离子转运蛋白-3

下降:INS、HOMA-IR、三酰甘油、LDL-C、尿微量白蛋白、LPS、葡萄糖调节蛋白78、Caspase-12、促凋亡蛋白(Bax、Cleaved caspase-3)

无变化:体重、FPG、肾脏指数、尿量、Scr、环氧合酶-2、SGLT1、SGLT2

副干酪乳杆菌可改善肥胖伴胰岛素抵抗大鼠的内毒素血症、胰岛素抵抗和高脂血症,恢复肾功能,改善肥胖相关炎症泰国2018[46]
益生菌对肾缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)大鼠的影响VSL#3+I/R vs. VSL#3+I/R+IL-10抗体 vs. VSL#3+I/R+GSK-3β抑制剂 vs. VSL#3+I/R+PTEN抑制剂2周

上升:肌酐清除率、ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-1、重组蛋白(CD163、CD206)

下降:BUN、Scr、CysC、尿蛋白、iNOS、NGAL、IL-1β、

TNF-α、IL-6

VSL#3可调节IRI炎症指标,保护肾功能,保持肠道有益菌数量,抑制有害菌生长中国2019[47]
植物乳杆菌和瑞士乳杆菌对果糖代谢综合征大鼠肾损伤的影响对照组vs. 果糖组vs. 果糖+植物乳杆菌组 vs. 果糖+瑞士乳杆菌组6周

下降:植物乳杆菌、TNF-α、

IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10

下降:瑞士乳杆菌、IL-6

无变化:NF-κB

益生菌可降低果糖诱导的大鼠肾组织损伤的炎症标志物水平,减轻胰岛素信号通路的抑制和SGLT2上调土耳其2019[48]
乳杆菌对5/6肾切除自发性高血压大鼠肾功能衰竭的影响模型组 vs. 假手术组12周

上升:拟杆菌属

下降:乳杆菌属(其与尿蛋白排泄明显相关)

乳杆菌可降低尿毒症毒素水平,改善炎症,升高紧密连接蛋白及TLR2的表达水平,对CKD进展发挥保护作用日本2016[49]
模型组 vs. 假手术组vs. 益生菌治疗组24 h

上升:紧密连接蛋白、TLR2

下降:LPS、IL-6、CRP、IS、PCS、BUN

无变化:Scr、纤维化指数

临床研究
透析患者口服益生菌(RD、DB、PC)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 麦芽糊精胶囊6个月

上升:IL-10

下降:INF-γ、TNF-α、IL-5、

IL-6、IL-17

益生菌可降低血清内毒素、促炎细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-6)、IL-5水平,升高抗炎细胞因子(IL-10)水平,保留残余肾功中国2012[49]
3或4期CKD患者益生菌膳食补充(DB、PC、RCT)KB益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊6个月

上升:乳杆菌、链球菌、QOL

下降:BUN、UA、CRP

无变化:Scr

选择用于代谢含氮废物的口服益生菌可耐受长达6个月加拿大2009[50]
透析患者口服特异性益生菌Renady l制剂(DB、RD、PC)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(CKD 4期)6个月

下降:WBC、CRP

无变化:尿毒症毒素水平、QOL

Renady l对血透患者安全,可降低炎性标志物水平美国2011[51]
补充益生菌对血液透析患者的影响(RD、DB、PC、RCT)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊12周

上升:TAC、QUICKI

下降:FPG、INS、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β、HbA1c、hs-CRP、MDA、SGA评分、TIBC

糖尿病血液透析患者补充益生菌对葡萄糖稳态参数及炎症和氧化应激生物标志物有积极作用伊朗2016[52]
益生菌补充剂对非透析患者炎症标志物和尿毒症毒素的影响(RD、DB、PC)含革兰阳性菌的益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊3个月

上升:IL-6

无变化:CRP、LPS、尿素、Scr、UA、PCS、IS、IAA

TMAO水平与CRP呈正相关,益生菌干预未减轻尿毒症毒素水平,补充益生菌对炎症标志物无益德国2014[53]
补充益生菌对血液透析患者炎症标志物和菌群的影响(RD、DB、PC)含3种益生菌的胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊3个月

上升:钾、尿素、IS

下降:粪便pH值

无变化:炎症指标

益生菌未能减少尿毒症毒素和炎症标志物,血透患者应谨慎选择巴西2017[54]
益生菌对血透患者肠道菌群的影响(单中心、RD、BD)双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(只含预胶凝淀粉和乳糖)6个月

下降:肠球菌

上升:瘤胃球菌科消化链球菌属、血清内毒素

无变化:炎症指标(IL-6、TNF-α、CRP)、内皮激活标志物、白蛋白

益生菌有助于在门水平上恢复菌群组成,但不能显著缓解炎症水平中国2020[55]
益生菌对腹膜透析患者营养不良和健康相关生活质量的影响(RCT)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 麦芽糊精胶囊2个月

上升:白蛋白、上臂周长、三头肌皮褶厚度

下降:三酰甘油、LDL-C、IL-6、hs-CRP

无变化:BMI、血红蛋白、HDL-C

益生菌补充剂可降低腹透患者炎症水平,改善营养不良状态和生活质量中国2020[7]
添加益生菌的豆浆对DKD患者肾功能的影响添加益生菌的豆浆vs. 常规豆浆8周

上升:eGFR

下降:Scr、IL-18、蛋白尿、尿白蛋白/肌酐

无变化:体重、BMI、腰臀比

益生菌摄入可能对减少促炎细胞因子有独立影响,但对系统炎症的重要性仍未知伊朗2017[56]
益生菌补充对腹透患者血红蛋白的影响(DB、RCT)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(淀粉)12周

上升:血红蛋白有上升趋势

无变化:CRP

补充益生菌可减少血红蛋白波动,但炎性因子的表达无显著改善伊朗2014[57]
CKD患者益生菌研究(开放标签、随机、安慰剂对照、RCT)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(CKD患者3a期)

a:1周

b:2周

c:3个月

上升:乳杆菌目、双歧杆菌、血清铁

下降:CRP、三酰甘油、β2-微球蛋白、总胆固醇

无变化:eGFR、血红蛋白

补充益生菌可减少炎性因子表达,改善微生物失衡。在“顺序”益生菌给药方案中使用粪便大肠杆菌,为益生菌植入创造了有利的肠道环境,可发挥抗炎作用意大利2016[58]
益生菌共生凝胶对血透患者胃肠道症状的影响(DB、PC、RCT)干预组(共生凝胶) vs. 对照组(安慰剂)2个月

上升:钠、LDL-C、HDL-C

下降:胃肠道症状、SGA评分、CRP

无变化:IL-6、TNF-α

共生补充和营养咨询显著降低了常见胃肠道症状、每月发作次数和严重程度,并显示出减少炎症的趋势墨西哥2014[59]
益生菌摄入与炎症关系的队列研究(CKD 3-5期)不加酸奶 vs. 偶尔加酸奶 vs. 偶尔加益生 vs. 每天加酸奶 vs. 每天加益生菌5年未将具体指标作为主要评价标准,观察炎症相关CRP阈值与不同干预方法间的关系CRP阈值>6 mg/L或>7 mg/L,摄入普通酸奶与炎症风险降低有关。食用酸奶和益生菌的有益作用仅对高水平炎症具有明显意义(CRP>6 mg/L)法国2017[60]
补充益生菌对糖尿病肾病患者的代谢和遗传反应(RD、BD、PC)复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊(淀粉)12周

上升:QUICKI、HDL-C、总谷胱甘肽

下降:hs-CRP、FPG、INS、HOMA-IR、三酰甘油、MDA、AGEs、BUN、Scr

补充益生菌有益于糖尿病肾病患者的心脏代谢风险标志物,应进一步评估与其他炎症标志物和氧化应激关系伊朗2018[61]
补充益生菌对血透患者血浆TMAO的影响复合益生菌胶囊 vs. 安慰剂胶囊3个月

上升:血浆甜菜碱水平

下降:血浆胆碱水平

无变化:TMAO

补充益生菌患者的CRP无明显改善,TMAO水平也未见降低,需要长期研究来确定益生菌是否会影响CKD患者TMAO的产生巴西2018[62]
高粱早餐谷物与未发酵的益生菌牛奶联合应用对血透患者的影响两种食品包7周

上升:TAC、超氧化物歧化酶

下降:CRP、MDA、TNF-α、IL-10

补充高粱早餐谷物(酚类化合物的来源)和未发酵益生菌牛奶可改善炎症进展及氧化应激反应巴西2017[63]
), ArticleFig(id=1190330469309842063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Effects of prebiotics on inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CKD模型饮食及分组处理周期结果结论国家年度文献
动物研究
0.7%腺嘌呤饲料喂养2周雄性SD大鼠支链淀粉(低纤维对照组) vs. 直链玉米抗性淀粉(高纤维饮食HAMRS2)3周

上升:SCFA、内源性抗氧化剂(过氧化氢酶、GPx)、紧密连接蛋白(Occludin、Claudin-1)

下降:PCS、IS、炎性介质、Nrf2、肾脏损伤和功能障碍

无变化:体重

可发酵膳食纤维HAM-RS2能减轻炎症细胞浸润、肾小管损伤和肾间质纤维化的严重程度,缓解肾脏异常美国2014[71]
5/6肾切术雄性SD大鼠对照组饮食(AIN‐93G) vs. GOS饮食2周

下降:IS、浸润性巨噬细胞、肾小管间质损伤

无变化:体重、食品消耗、BUN、Scr、尿蛋白/肌酐

GOS可减轻肾切除大鼠肾损伤并改变肠道微生物群日本2014[72]
0.7%腺嘌呤饲料喂养2周雄性SD大鼠低纤维饮食 vs. 高纤维饮食(HAMRS2)3周

上升:拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比例(F/B)、血清草酸

下降:肠道pH值、菌群多样性、肠道氨基酸含量

抗性淀粉相关表型部分源于肠道微生物的变化,从而改变氮和水平衡及肠道pH值,并通过保护肠道上皮屏障将炎症降至最低。它可为现有的临床策略提供实用的饮食辅助,以延缓CKD进展及相关的全身炎症美国201673
STZ干预的雄性SD大鼠抗性淀粉 vs. 5%抗性淀粉 vs. 10%抗性淀粉 vs. 20%抗性淀粉4周

上升:IL-6

下降:尿液25D-维生素D结合蛋白(DBP)值

无变化:FBG、HbA1c、INS、TNF-α、维生素D

虽然抗性淀粉对血糖和维生素D平衡无影响,但能以剂量依赖的方式使1型糖尿病大鼠的生长模式正常化美国201674
腺嘌呤诱导的CB5L/6J小鼠CKD模型对照组vs. 对照组+2%XOS vs.对照组+7%XOS vs. CKD模型组vs. CKD模型+2%XOS vs. CKD模型+7%XOS3周

上升:SCFA、肾小管再生

下降:肾功能(Scr、BUN)、间质纤维化(COL1A1、CTGF)、炎性细胞因子(IL-6)、M2巨噬细胞(Fizz-1)、菌群α多样性、IS、PCS、防御素α5

无变化:体重、PlA2G2A、Reg3γ

低剂量XOS可降低炎性细胞因子和M2巨噬细胞活性,改善肾纤维化,提高SCFA浓度,降低尿毒症毒素水平中国201875
STZ诱导的小鼠和缺乏G蛋白偶联受体GPR43或GPR109A编码基因的基因敲除小鼠抗性淀粉(RS)饮食(SF11-025)(63.6% RS) vs. 高纤维饮食[瓜尔胶和纤维素(35%粗纤维)] vs. 普通饮食 vs. 零纤维饮食12周

上升:SCFA(普雷沃氏菌属、双歧杆菌属)

下降:阿克曼氏菌、炎性细胞因子、趋化因子、促纤维化蛋白

无变化:血糖

激活SCFA传感受体可重塑肠道微生物群,有益于预防肾脏疾病澳大利亚202023
腺嘌呤诱导的雄性SD大鼠CKD模型正常饮食CKD大鼠 vs. 益生元饮食CKD大鼠 vs. 正常饮食对照组大鼠 vs. 益生元饮食对照组大鼠4周

下降:GPx、超氧化物歧化酶

上升:PCS、血清尿素浓度、IL-6

无变化:体重、Scr、IS、

IL-10、Occludin、Claudin-1

富含益生元的FOS补充剂可减少尿毒症毒素和炎性因子的表达,增强肾组织抗炎和抗氧化活性,以保护肾脏土耳其20219
临床研究
增加膳食纤维对血液透析患者的影响(n=56)抗性淀粉 vs. 对照组4周

下降:IS

无变化:CRP、PCS

血透患者增加膳食纤维会降低IS和PCS水平,没有必要加强透析治疗,仍需进一步研究确定这种减少是否具有临床益处美国201476
AXOS对CKD患者尿毒症毒素分子的影响(n=40,DB、RCT)

AXOS vs. 麦芽糊精

(10 g/d)

4周

下降:TMAO

无变化:CRP、PCS、IS、HOMA-IR、INS、血糖

AXOS对未接受透析的CKD患者尿毒症毒素及胰岛素抵抗的影响尚不明确比利时201677
血透患者补充高直链淀粉抗性淀粉(HAM-RS2)的疗效(n=20,RCT)

HAM-RS2饼干 vs. 安慰剂(小麦粉饼干)(第

1个月20 g/d,第2个月25 g/d)

2个月

下降:TNF-α、IL-6、MDA、BUN、Scr

无变化:IL-1β、hs-CRP、总抗氧化活性

服用HAM-RS2可明显降低血透患者炎症和氧化标志物水平,缓解便秘,但需进行长期试验,以探索其对终末期肾病患者的临床疗效伊朗201867
益生元对血透患者炎症和氧化应激影响的初步研究(n=31,DB、PC、RCT)抗性淀粉(16 g Hi-Maize®260) vs. 安慰剂(木薯粉)(饼干在透析日,粉状在非透析日,隔日)4周

下降:IL-6、IS、蛋白质羰基化水平

无变化:PCS

补充益生元抗性淀粉可能通过调节肠道微生物群来改善血透CKD患者的炎症和氧化应激状态美国2018[68]
补充抗直链淀粉对终末期肾病患者的影响(n=20,RCT)

含HAM-RS2的饼干 vs. 安慰剂(小麦粉饼干)(第1个月20 g/d,第

2个月25 g/d)

2个月

上升:粪杆菌属

下降:BUN、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA

无变化:双歧杆菌、普雷沃菌属、约氏副拟杆菌、瘤胃球菌属

补充抗直链淀粉可增加普拉梭菌丰度,这可能是减轻CKD患者炎症的核心机制伊朗2019[66]
FOS对非透析依赖性CKD患者的影响(n=50,DB、PC、RCT)

FOS vs. 麦芽糊精

(12 g/d)

3个月

下降:PCS、HDL-C

无变化:IS、IAA、肠通透性(zonulin)、肠道营养因子(EGF、GLP-2)、hs-CRP、IL-6、肾功、HOMA-IR、血脂

FOS可降低非透析患者PCS,但未显示出预期效果,可能与样本量及剂量不足有关巴西2019[78]
低蛋白饮食和菊粉对CKD患者的影响(n=16,纵向、前瞻、对照研究)低蛋白饮食 vs. 低蛋白饮食+菊粉6个月

上升:双歧杆菌科

下降:肠杆菌科、CRP、TNF-α、NOX2、血清尿酸

低蛋白饮食+菊粉益生元治疗策略可下调CRP和TNF-α水平,抑制iNOS诱导,提高CKD患者的生活质量意大利2019[79]
添加抗性淀粉饼干对血透患者尿毒症毒素和炎症的影响(n=43,DB、RCT)抗性淀粉(16 g Hi-Maize®260) vs. 安慰剂(木薯粉:饼干+面粉)12周

上升:Nrf2、NQO-1

下降:IS

血透患者补充抗性淀粉可增加核转录因子(Nrf2 mRNA)和靶基因(NQO1)的表达,降低IS水平。抗性淀粉似乎是血透中减少CKD患者尿毒症毒素和炎症的一种很有前途的干预措施巴西2020[11]
), ArticleFig(id=1190330469385339536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

益生元干预慢性肾脏病(CKD)炎症的相关研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CKD模型饮食及分组处理周期结果结论国家年度文献
动物研究
0.7%腺嘌呤饲料喂养2周雄性SD大鼠支链淀粉(低纤维对照组) vs. 直链玉米抗性淀粉(高纤维饮食HAMRS2)3周

上升:SCFA、内源性抗氧化剂(过氧化氢酶、GPx)、紧密连接蛋白(Occludin、Claudin-1)

下降:PCS、IS、炎性介质、Nrf2、肾脏损伤和功能障碍

无变化:体重

可发酵膳食纤维HAM-RS2能减轻炎症细胞浸润、肾小管损伤和肾间质纤维化的严重程度,缓解肾脏异常美国2014[71]
5/6肾切术雄性SD大鼠对照组饮食(AIN‐93G) vs. GOS饮食2周

下降:IS、浸润性巨噬细胞、肾小管间质损伤

无变化:体重、食品消耗、BUN、Scr、尿蛋白/肌酐

GOS可减轻肾切除大鼠肾损伤并改变肠道微生物群日本2014[72]
0.7%腺嘌呤饲料喂养2周雄性SD大鼠低纤维饮食 vs. 高纤维饮食(HAMRS2)3周

上升:拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比例(F/B)、血清草酸

下降:肠道pH值、菌群多样性、肠道氨基酸含量

抗性淀粉相关表型部分源于肠道微生物的变化,从而改变氮和水平衡及肠道pH值,并通过保护肠道上皮屏障将炎症降至最低。它可为现有的临床策略提供实用的饮食辅助,以延缓CKD进展及相关的全身炎症美国201673
STZ干预的雄性SD大鼠抗性淀粉 vs. 5%抗性淀粉 vs. 10%抗性淀粉 vs. 20%抗性淀粉4周

上升:IL-6

下降:尿液25D-维生素D结合蛋白(DBP)值

无变化:FBG、HbA1c、INS、TNF-α、维生素D

虽然抗性淀粉对血糖和维生素D平衡无影响,但能以剂量依赖的方式使1型糖尿病大鼠的生长模式正常化美国201674
腺嘌呤诱导的CB5L/6J小鼠CKD模型对照组vs. 对照组+2%XOS vs.对照组+7%XOS vs. CKD模型组vs. CKD模型+2%XOS vs. CKD模型+7%XOS3周

上升:SCFA、肾小管再生

下降:肾功能(Scr、BUN)、间质纤维化(COL1A1、CTGF)、炎性细胞因子(IL-6)、M2巨噬细胞(Fizz-1)、菌群α多样性、IS、PCS、防御素α5

无变化:体重、PlA2G2A、Reg3γ

低剂量XOS可降低炎性细胞因子和M2巨噬细胞活性,改善肾纤维化,提高SCFA浓度,降低尿毒症毒素水平中国201875
STZ诱导的小鼠和缺乏G蛋白偶联受体GPR43或GPR109A编码基因的基因敲除小鼠抗性淀粉(RS)饮食(SF11-025)(63.6% RS) vs. 高纤维饮食[瓜尔胶和纤维素(35%粗纤维)] vs. 普通饮食 vs. 零纤维饮食12周

上升:SCFA(普雷沃氏菌属、双歧杆菌属)

下降:阿克曼氏菌、炎性细胞因子、趋化因子、促纤维化蛋白

无变化:血糖

激活SCFA传感受体可重塑肠道微生物群,有益于预防肾脏疾病澳大利亚202023
腺嘌呤诱导的雄性SD大鼠CKD模型正常饮食CKD大鼠 vs. 益生元饮食CKD大鼠 vs. 正常饮食对照组大鼠 vs. 益生元饮食对照组大鼠4周

下降:GPx、超氧化物歧化酶

上升:PCS、血清尿素浓度、IL-6

无变化:体重、Scr、IS、

IL-10、Occludin、Claudin-1

富含益生元的FOS补充剂可减少尿毒症毒素和炎性因子的表达,增强肾组织抗炎和抗氧化活性,以保护肾脏土耳其20219
临床研究
增加膳食纤维对血液透析患者的影响(n=56)抗性淀粉 vs. 对照组4周

下降:IS

无变化:CRP、PCS

血透患者增加膳食纤维会降低IS和PCS水平,没有必要加强透析治疗,仍需进一步研究确定这种减少是否具有临床益处美国201476
AXOS对CKD患者尿毒症毒素分子的影响(n=40,DB、RCT)

AXOS vs. 麦芽糊精

(10 g/d)

4周

下降:TMAO

无变化:CRP、PCS、IS、HOMA-IR、INS、血糖

AXOS对未接受透析的CKD患者尿毒症毒素及胰岛素抵抗的影响尚不明确比利时201677
血透患者补充高直链淀粉抗性淀粉(HAM-RS2)的疗效(n=20,RCT)

HAM-RS2饼干 vs. 安慰剂(小麦粉饼干)(第

1个月20 g/d,第2个月25 g/d)

2个月

下降:TNF-α、IL-6、MDA、BUN、Scr

无变化:IL-1β、hs-CRP、总抗氧化活性

服用HAM-RS2可明显降低血透患者炎症和氧化标志物水平,缓解便秘,但需进行长期试验,以探索其对终末期肾病患者的临床疗效伊朗201867
益生元对血透患者炎症和氧化应激影响的初步研究(n=31,DB、PC、RCT)抗性淀粉(16 g Hi-Maize®260) vs. 安慰剂(木薯粉)(饼干在透析日,粉状在非透析日,隔日)4周

下降:IL-6、IS、蛋白质羰基化水平

无变化:PCS

补充益生元抗性淀粉可能通过调节肠道微生物群来改善血透CKD患者的炎症和氧化应激状态美国2018[68]
补充抗直链淀粉对终末期肾病患者的影响(n=20,RCT)

含HAM-RS2的饼干 vs. 安慰剂(小麦粉饼干)(第1个月20 g/d,第

2个月25 g/d)

2个月

上升:粪杆菌属

下降:BUN、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA

无变化:双歧杆菌、普雷沃菌属、约氏副拟杆菌、瘤胃球菌属

补充抗直链淀粉可增加普拉梭菌丰度,这可能是减轻CKD患者炎症的核心机制伊朗2019[66]
FOS对非透析依赖性CKD患者的影响(n=50,DB、PC、RCT)

FOS vs. 麦芽糊精

(12 g/d)

3个月

下降:PCS、HDL-C

无变化:IS、IAA、肠通透性(zonulin)、肠道营养因子(EGF、GLP-2)、hs-CRP、IL-6、肾功、HOMA-IR、血脂

FOS可降低非透析患者PCS,但未显示出预期效果,可能与样本量及剂量不足有关巴西2019[78]
低蛋白饮食和菊粉对CKD患者的影响(n=16,纵向、前瞻、对照研究)低蛋白饮食 vs. 低蛋白饮食+菊粉6个月

上升:双歧杆菌科

下降:肠杆菌科、CRP、TNF-α、NOX2、血清尿酸

低蛋白饮食+菊粉益生元治疗策略可下调CRP和TNF-α水平,抑制iNOS诱导,提高CKD患者的生活质量意大利2019[79]
添加抗性淀粉饼干对血透患者尿毒症毒素和炎症的影响(n=43,DB、RCT)抗性淀粉(16 g Hi-Maize®260) vs. 安慰剂(木薯粉:饼干+面粉)12周

上升:Nrf2、NQO-1

下降:IS

血透患者补充抗性淀粉可增加核转录因子(Nrf2 mRNA)和靶基因(NQO1)的表达,降低IS水平。抗性淀粉似乎是血透中减少CKD患者尿毒症毒素和炎症的一种很有前途的干预措施巴西2020[11]
), ArticleFig(id=1190330469481808529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Effects of synbiotics on inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CKD模型饮食及分组处理周期结果结论国家年度文献
共生凝胶对血液透析患者胃肠道的影响(42例血液透析患者)营养咨询+共生凝胶(嗜酸乳杆菌+乳双歧杆菌+菊粉) vs. 营养咨询+安慰剂2个月下降:TNF-‍α、IL-6合生元结合营养咨询可明显减轻胃肠道症状及炎症,保持营养状态和饮食摄入墨西哥2014[59]
合生元改善肠道微生物、缓解肾衰竭(37例4或5期CKD非透析患者)合生元补充剂(高分子量菊粉、FOS、GOS,乳杆菌、双歧杆菌链球菌属等9种菌属) vs. 安慰剂(麦芽糊精)6周,剂量递增

上升:Alb

下降:PCS

无变化:IS、IL-β、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10

合生元未明显改善炎症指标,但能有效降低中、重度CKD患者的血清PCS浓度澳大利亚2022[81]
合生元干预对CKD患者炎症和肠道微生物的影响(34例非透析患者)合生元补充剂(嗜酸乳杆菌干酪乳杆菌乳双歧杆菌) vs. 安慰剂12周

上升:eGFR、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、罕见小球菌属

下降:IS、hs‍-CRP

合生元是安全有效的日常治疗策略,可降低CKD患者的尿毒症毒素及微炎症水平塞尔维亚2023[12]
), ArticleFig(id=1190330469553111698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110992892323, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

合生元干预慢性肾脏病(CKD)炎症的相关研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CKD模型饮食及分组处理周期结果结论国家年度文献
共生凝胶对血液透析患者胃肠道的影响(42例血液透析患者)营养咨询+共生凝胶(嗜酸乳杆菌+乳双歧杆菌+菊粉) vs. 营养咨询+安慰剂2个月下降:TNF-‍α、IL-6合生元结合营养咨询可明显减轻胃肠道症状及炎症,保持营养状态和饮食摄入墨西哥2014[59]
合生元改善肠道微生物、缓解肾衰竭(37例4或5期CKD非透析患者)合生元补充剂(高分子量菊粉、FOS、GOS,乳杆菌、双歧杆菌链球菌属等9种菌属) vs. 安慰剂(麦芽糊精)6周,剂量递增

上升:Alb

下降:PCS

无变化:IS、IL-β、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10

合生元未明显改善炎症指标,但能有效降低中、重度CKD患者的血清PCS浓度澳大利亚2022[81]
合生元干预对CKD患者炎症和肠道微生物的影响(34例非透析患者)合生元补充剂(嗜酸乳杆菌干酪乳杆菌乳双歧杆菌) vs. 安慰剂12周

上升:eGFR、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、罕见小球菌属

下降:IS、hs‍-CRP

合生元是安全有效的日常治疗策略,可降低CKD患者的尿毒症毒素及微炎症水平塞尔维亚2023[12]
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慢性肾脏病炎症状态及靶向菌群干预策略的研究进展
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寇少杰 1 , 李欣 2 , 李粉萍 1 , 于小勇 1 , 白小林 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025,50(5): 619-631
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025, 50(5): 619-631
慢性肾脏病炎症状态及靶向菌群干预策略的研究进展
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寇少杰1, 李欣2, 李粉萍1, 于小勇1, 白小林2, *
作者信息
  • 1陕西省中医医院肝病科,陕西西安 710003
  • 2西安市中医医院内分泌科,陕西西安 710021
  • 寇少杰,主治医师,主要从事中医药治疗感染性疾病及慢性病的临床和实验研究

通讯作者:

白小林,E-mail:
Research progress on inflammatory status and targeted microbiota intervention strategies in chronic kidney disease
Shao-Jie Kou1, Xin Li2, Fen-Ping Li1, Xiao-Yong Yu1, Xiao-Lin Bai2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Hepatology, Hospital of Shaanxi Provincial of TCM, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
  • 2Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Hospital of TCM, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1378.2024.1218
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慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者的炎症状态与心血管事件、感染等并发症密切相关,是评估预后的有力指标。“肠-肾轴”学说的核心观点揭示了炎症状态、菌群失调及肾功能恶化之间的关系。肠道菌群通过结构变化及不同属性的代谢产物改变微环境,继而造成菌群易位,诱导炎性病变,损伤肾脏。新近研究提出,益生菌、益生元及合生元等靶向菌群的干预策略可整合菌群结构,调节微环境,缓解肾脏炎症,并能影响肾疾病的进展,是未来具有潜力的研究方向。本文综述了肠道菌群影响CKD炎症状态的特点,重点梳理靶向菌群干预策略的研究进展,旨在探讨菌群干预策略的有效性及科学性,以期为CKD的治疗及靶向菌群研究的扩展提供一定依据,为益生菌、益生元及合生元的临床应用提供参考。

慢性肾脏病  /  炎症  /  益生菌  /  益生元  /  合生元

The inflammatory status in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is closely associated with cardiovascular events, infections, and other complications, and is a powerful indicator for prognosis assessment. The core view of the "gut-kidney axis" theory reveals the relationship among inflammatory state, microbiota dysbiosis, and deterioration of renal function. The microbiota alters the microenvironment through structural changes and metabolites with different properties, subsequently leading to microbiota translocation, inducing inflammatory lesions, and damaging the kidneys. Recent studies have proposed that targeted microbiota intervention strategies such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can modulate the microbiota structure, regulate the microenvironment, relieve renal inflammation, and affect the progression of renal disease, representing a potentially promising research direction in the future. This review discusses the characteristics of how intestinal microbiota influence the inflammatory status in CKD, focusing on the research progress of targeted microbiota intervention, aiming to discuss the effectiveness and scientific basis of these strategies, providing a foundation for the treatment of CKD and the expansion of targeted microbiota research, as well as offering references for the clinical application of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics.

chronic kidney disease  /  inflammation  /  probiotics  /  prebiotics  /  synbiotics
寇少杰, 李欣, 李粉萍, 于小勇, 白小林. 慢性肾脏病炎症状态及靶向菌群干预策略的研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (5) : 619 -631 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1378.2024.1218
Shao-Jie Kou, Xin Li, Fen-Ping Li, Xiao-Yong Yu, Xiao-Lin Bai. Research progress on inflammatory status and targeted microbiota intervention strategies in chronic kidney disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (5) : 619 -631 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1378.2024.1218
慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)的发病率日益增高,已成为威胁人类健康的高发疾病。研究发现,炎症状态已成为CKD患者群体的共性特征[1-2],肠道菌群与CKD患者的炎症状态密切相关[3-5]。CKD患者不可避免地出现肠道微环境变化,有益菌减少,产生尿毒症毒素的机会致病菌增多,加速了肠道屏障的损伤,导致菌群易位及免疫稳态失调,促炎因子大量释放,激活肾内微血管,从而使肾小管发生损伤、纤维化,肾功能下降,并加速CKD及其并发症的进展,最终导致肠-肾恶性循环[6]。临床上,改善微环境的菌群调节策略主要采用以双歧杆菌、乳杆菌及链球菌为主的益生菌制剂[7-8],菊粉、抗性淀粉及低聚半乳糖为代表的益生元[9-11],此外,由益生菌与益生元结合物组成的合生元制剂也具有对抗CKD炎症的作用[12]。它们均可靶向CKD失衡的菌群,修复肠道屏障,并抑制全身炎症反应。
肠道菌群是炎症与CKD进展的交互因素[13-14]。肠道菌群参与了CKD的炎症过程,既可加速促炎环境的形成,推动病程进展,也可产生抗炎物质,修复失衡的微环境[15]。这种交互作用通过肠道黏液、肠道屏障及免疫细胞直接调控CKD炎症过程,也可通过各种介质以不局限于肠道的方式调控炎症反应。
黏液层、黏附分子、分泌型免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、抗菌肽及紧密连接蛋白等构成完整的肠黏膜屏障,可限制微生物、毒素、病原体等扩散至黏膜组织进入血液循环[16];当肠道屏障异常或缺失后可激活免疫系统并诱发慢性炎症[17]。肠道菌群主要通过3种方式实现对炎症状态的直接调控:(1)增加肠道黏液。肠道菌群可促进β-防御素、IgA及黏蛋白的生成以增加黏液分泌,也可帮助生成杯状细胞,稳定上皮细胞间紧密连接(tight junction,TJ),增强屏障功能[18]。(2)影响肠道屏障。TJ是决定黏膜屏障的重要因素,其表达与定位受肠道菌群及内在细胞因子的动态调节[16-17]。研究发现,乳酸杆菌等多菌属减少可造成TJ破坏,加剧肠道屏障破损,从而介导炎症[19]。(3)调节免疫细胞。脆弱拟杆菌和梭状芽孢杆菌可增强调节性T细胞(regulatory cell,Treg)活性,调节辅助性T细胞(Helper T cells,Th)17的免疫力,改变Th17/Treg比例,使促炎/抗炎细胞因子失衡,并促使免疫细胞调节抗炎环境[20],参与CKD的炎症进展。
上述机制可使菌群丰度、多样性、比例等发生变化[20-21],这种变化或许可直接影响慢性炎症。阿克曼氏菌与抗炎细胞因子白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-10呈负相关[3],前者是维持肠道完整性必需的黏液蛋白降解菌,其数量减少甚至缺失可导致杯状细胞功能障碍、黏膜屏障完整性丧失及炎症的发生[22-23]。乳酸菌丰度与促炎细胞因子IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α表达呈正相关,与抗炎细胞因子IL-10呈负相关[24]
肠道菌群可通过代谢介质、内分泌介质及神经介质等以不局限于肠内干预的方式间接调控CKD炎症进展。代谢介质的促炎效应与肠杆菌科、梭菌科及拟杆菌科有关,使硫酸对甲酚(P-cresol sulfate,PCS)、硫酸吲哚酚(indoxyl sulfate,IS)、氧化三甲胺(trimethylamine oxide,TMAO)及脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)等对机体发挥负反馈调节效应的炎性介质参与炎症过程[25]。LPS是革兰阴性菌细胞壁最外层的糖脂复合物,细菌从破损的肠壁处转运至血液循环并与脂多糖蛋白结合,生成重要的炎症载体,激活免疫炎症反应[26]。代谢介质抗炎效应的发挥得益于乳杆菌科及双歧杆菌科[27-28],依赖短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acid,SCFA)[29]、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)[30]及一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)[31]等对机体炎症过程发挥正反馈作用的炎性介质实现。肠道菌群产生的SCFA可刺激肠道内分泌细胞产生诸如胰高血糖素样肽-1/2(glucagon-like peptide-1/2,GLP-1/2)及酪酪肽(peptide YY,PYY)等具有抗炎特性的肠道激素。乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌可通过影响GLP-2降低肠道通透性[32],GLP-1也可改善肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)、减少钠的重吸收,并影响参与肠道屏障管理的血管生成素-2(angiopoietin-2,Ang-2)的表达[33],两者可通过类似激素的作用充当内分泌介质,改善肾功能[20]。乳杆菌科、普雷沃氏杆菌科、双歧杆菌科可增加GLP-1/2及PYY的生成,合成抗炎神经递质GABA及乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,Ach)[20]。变形菌门及厚壁菌门家族也可产生促炎神经递质血清素。此外,肠道菌群可介导多种神经递质参与内分泌活动[20],这些神经递质与激素均可参与调节肾功能。GABA可诱导利钠并参与肾交感神经活动;Ach可扩张肾血管,增加GFR[20]。肠道菌群与CKD炎症间的相互作用详见图1
适度的炎症可清除感染、保护机体,过度的炎症则会引发细胞因子风暴,造成组织器官损伤,甚至导致死亡[34]。持续的全身炎症状态被认为是CKD进展及预后不良的独立危险因素[35]。益生菌、益生元及合生元可作为载体作用于肠-肾轴[36],靶向调控肠道菌群,减少尿毒症患者的毒素蓄积,增强肠道屏障功能,调节免疫失衡,进而改善炎症状态,或许可作为尿毒症的潜在治疗手段。
益生菌是拥有足够数量的有益活性微生物,其代谢活性可在补充剂加工阶段持续维持[37],操控菌群影响宿主的健康与生理[38]。益生菌可介导废物分子的代谢,产生抑制病原菌生长的细菌素,释放生物活性物质[39],发挥修复肠黏膜屏障[40]、抗菌[41]及免疫调节[42-43]的作用,从而对抗炎性环境。益生菌干预CKD炎症的临床及动物研究见表1[7,44-63]
益生元是不可消化吸收的基质,能刺激常驻微生物或菌株活性助其生长定植,是促进宿主吸收代谢的营养素[64],包括菊粉、低聚糖、果聚糖、抗性淀粉等[64-65]。低聚果糖可降低IL-6及尿素浓度,缓解炎症反应,改善肾脏损伤[9]。抗性淀粉作为可溶性非黏性纤维,可刺激菌群(如双歧杆菌、费氏杆菌属)生长[66],调整菌群的结构及比例,减少尿毒症毒素且增加SCFA的产生[67],下调IL-6、IS水平,减少炎性因子募集,纠正CKD炎症[68]。摄入膳食纤维可使梭状芽孢杆菌对肠道菌群直接产生效应,而梭菌是调节全身与局部炎症的关键因素[69],与CKD患者的炎症风险及病死率降低相关[70],为高纤维膳食调节炎症提供了一定依据。可发酵膳食纤维能改善肾脏的结构(肾小管损伤、组织纤维化、炎性细胞浸润等组织学异常)与功能(肌酐清除率降低,尿素、尿肌酐下降),下调或逆转炎症、氧化应激及促纤维化基因的表达,恢复肠上皮紧密连接[71]。补充益生元能调节菌株活性,但需斟酌不同益生元纤维在体内的代谢状况,实现个体化的干预,从而调整菌群并缓解炎症。益生元对CKD炎症的干预研究详见表2[9,11,23,66-68,71-79]
益生菌、益生元组合形成合生元,协同作用于肠道,可减少有害菌,增加双歧杆菌等有益菌数量,弥补菌株活性难以维持等缺陷,改变碳水化合物/蛋白质比例,为争取SCFA发酵,甚至转变宿主菌群状态提供有利环境,是改善CKD炎症的潜在策略[80]。近期一项单中心、随机双盲安慰剂对照试验纳入22例患者,以嗜酸乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌及乳双歧杆菌联合菊粉干预12周,结果显示,合生元能下调hs-CRP,降低尿毒症患者的毒素水平,增加双歧杆菌等有益菌的丰度,营造良好的微生物环境,进而得出结论:合生元可能是降低CKD患者微炎症及尿毒症毒素水平的安全有效策略[12]。合生元干预CKD炎症的相关研究详见表3[12,59,81]
益生菌、益生元及合生元的潜在作用机制在于竞争性排斥病原体定植,产生SCFA有益菌,提高酶活性,降解未消化纤维及促进肠道细胞再生[79],保障肠屏障完整性及肠内环境稳定,维持菌群比例与数量(拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门),达到免疫稳态[82],限制炎症反应的过度形成。靶向菌群的干预策略的目标是帮助菌群结构趋于平衡,这不仅要求改善菌群的失衡状态,还要实现免疫增强或抑制调节,并通过内分泌调节效应,使机体产生生物活性物质,以恢复微环境稳态[83]。益生菌、益生元及合生元调节CKD炎症的可能机制见图2
微生态制剂临床干预可明显降低CRP、IL-1β等炎性指标水平[84]。有研究收集2000年1月1日-2019年5月15日发表的随机对照试验研究数据,进行系统回顾和荟萃分析,结果显示,益生菌、益生元在改善肾脏疾病炎症、氧化应激及CKD患者脂质谱方面均具有潜在作用[85]。也有研究报道了不一致的结果,通过对645项研究进行荟萃分析发现,益生菌(乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌)、益生元或合生元干预CKD管理的临床证据有限[85]。对于重症或严重免疫低下的患者,益生菌干预可加剧菌群易位[86],益生元也可能对肠道灌注带来负面影响,甚至促进器官衰竭及死亡[87]。因此针对危重患者菌群调节的空肠给药途径难以在临床应用。有研究显示,靶向菌群虽能明显下调hs-CRP水平,但对IL-6和CRP无明显改善[88],提示同菌株或合生元得到的结果可能不一致,存在争议性及异质性结论[7,54-62]
有综述文献指出,有临床研究采用多因素分析确定益生菌、益生元及合生元干预对缓解炎症存在确切作用,然而,也有部分基础研究由于有限的样本量、研究设计的变量、干预方式多样性及干预时间长短,与临床研究目标人群的内环境(自身菌群、并发症)存在固有差异及菌群门、属不同等原因,从而导致了不一致的结果[89]。结果的差异性可能与菌株不依赖相同模式识别受体,各自存在特异性抗炎方式有关[90]。如短双歧杆菌可通过Toll样受体2(TLR2)/髓样分化因子88(MyD88)信号诱导产生IL-10的Th1细胞发育以预防局部炎症[91],另外也存在整合素αE亚单位(integrin αE subunit,CD103)依赖性的益生菌抗炎方式[90],因此应谨慎分析既得的研究结果,并开展进一步分层研究。
目前的研究显示了肠道菌群的可塑性,并提示其作为治疗靶点的可行性。除与菌群结构差异相关的出生方式及年龄等先天性因素外,饮食组成、膳食习惯、抗生素等药物干预及益生菌多元化摄入等后天性因素均参与了菌群的组成及结构。因此,科学调控饮食、开展合理的抗生素治疗对胰岛素抵抗等慢性炎症疾病可产生积极的干预效果,期望能突破目前初期研究的瓶颈,开发出具有特质属性的窄谱抗生素,使之能对抗与炎性疾病相关的菌群。益生菌对肠道菌群的调控作用不容小觑,分析提取CKD患者缺失的菌种及数量,可为疾病的防治提供正向调节。此外,针对性地阻断菌群引起的肥胖相关信号通路也是可探索的干预方式。鉴于此,研发恢复宿主健康的新型益生菌、益生元及合生元具有重要意义,可能拥有较佳的效果,但其临床应用仍任重而道远。
益生菌、益生元及合生元干预是CKD炎症管理的潜在微生物调节疗法,对包括炎症在内的氧化应激、脂质代谢等机制具有理想的干预效果[84]。因为菌群的多样性及致病机制的复杂性,目前掌握的证据难以形成临床诊疗指南。多数研究集中于菌群对机体的正向调控,欠缺不同菌株对肾脏的作用,且缺乏足够的证据确定最佳菌群干预方案,未来需进一步扩大样本量,设计严谨的临床试验,构建适当的微生物靶向辅助制剂。为进一步确认菌株生存率、定植率、存活时间及抗菌效应,需要深入挖掘炎症相关的优势菌株,改进菌株资源分离技术。此外,动态评估菌株在病程进展中的变化趋势,以及干预后菌群功能及微环境的变化也尤为重要,是评价菌群临床干预实施的可能性及具体指导方案的前提。
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2025年第50卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1378.2024.1218
  • 接收时间:2023-10-23
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-23
  • 录用日期:2024-07-19
基金
Shaanxi Province TCM Academic School Inheritance Studio Construction Project ([2018] No. 40)
陕西省中医药管理局-陕西省中医学术流派传承工作室建设项目(陕中医药发[2018]40号)
2024 Scientific Research Capacity Improvement Project of Municipal TCM Hospital(SZY-NLTL-2024-18)
2024年度市级中医医院科研能力提升项目(SZY-NLTL-2024-18)
Project of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine of Clinical Medicine Research Center for Infectious Disease of Shaanxi Province(2020LCZX-02)
陕西省感染性疾病临床医学研究中心中西医结合项目(2020LCZX-02)
2018 National TCM Administration Regional TCM (Liver Disease) Treatment Center Incubation Unit ([2017] No. 39)
2018年国家中医药管理局区域中医(肝病)诊疗中心培育单位建设项目(国中医药办医政函[2017]39号)
作者信息
    1陕西省中医医院肝病科,陕西西安 710003
    2西安市中医医院内分泌科,陕西西安 710021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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