Article(id=1190310110804153133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1741.2025.0313, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730304000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1733846400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-11, onlineDate=1761721645308, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761721645308, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761721645308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761721645308, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190243275249390089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='505', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761705710470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765784077922, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207349188233372409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207349188233372410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=566, endPage=574, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190310112024695604, articleId=1190310110804153133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect of miR-185-5p targeted negative regulation of TM9SF1 on proliferation, migration and autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma cells, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect of miR-185-5p-mediated targeted negative regulation of transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1 (TM9SF1) on proliferation, migration and autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methods The expression of miR-185-5p in lung adenocarcinoma tissues was analyzed using dataset GSE51853 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Potential target proteins of miR-185-5p were predicted using online databases (miRTargetLink, miRTarbase, and DIANA-microT-CD), and autophagy-related proteins were obtained from HADb. The intersected results from these four databases was identified, and survival curves of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and TM9SF1 within the overlapping candidates were analyzed using the StarBase database. TM9SF1 3'UTR wild-type (WT) or TM9SF1 3'UTR mutant (MUT) reporter plasmids were separately co-transfected with miR-185-5p control plasmid (CON) or miR-185-5p overexpression plasmid (over-miR-185-5p) into HEK-293T cells. A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was employed to assess the binding interaction between miR-185-5p and TM9SF1 and quantify the subsequent luciferase activity. Western blotting was used to assess TM9SF1 protein expression levels in A549 cells transfected with over-miR-185-5p. A549 cells were divided into three groups: (1) CON+NC group, co-transfected with miR-185-5p control plasmid and TM9SF1 control plasmid; (2) over-miR-185-5p+NC group, co-transfected with over-miR-185-5p and TM9SF1 control plasmid; (3) over-miR-185-5p+over-TM9SF1 group, co-transfected with both miR-185-5p and TM9SF1 overexpression plasmids. EdU cell proliferation assay, wound healing assay, and Transwell migration assay were performed to validate the effects of miR-185-5p targeted binding to TM9SF1 on proliferation and migration capacities in lung adenocarcinoma. Changes in autophagic flux and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of lung adenocarcinoma cells were detected using stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3 lentivirus and JC-1 assays, respectively. Results In the GSE51853 dataset, miR-185-5p expression level was significantly lower in lung adenocarcinoma tissues compared with normal lung tissues (P<0.01). qRT-PCR analysis revealed that miR-185-5p expression was downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines NCI-H1299 and A549 compared with normal lung epithelial cells BEAS-2B (P<0.01). Bioinformatics predictions using miRTargetLink, miRTarbase, DIANA-microT-CD, and HADb databases indicated that miR-185-5p could target and regulate the autophagy-related protein TM9SF1. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and Western blotting demonstrated that miR-185-5p directly bound to the 3'UTR region of TM9SF1 mRNA, and overexpression of miR-185-5p significantly reduced the expression of target protein TM9SF1 (P<0.05). EdU cell proliferation, wound healing, and Transwell migration assays demonstrated that miR-185-5p overexpression inhibited proliferation and migration capacities of lung adenocarcinoma cells, whereas TM9SF1 overexpression could attenuate this inhibition effect (P<0.05). Results of stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3 for autophagic flux analysis demonstrated that overexpression of miR-185-5p enhanced autophagic flux in A549 cells, whereas co-overexpression of miR-185-5p and TM9SF1 suppressed autophagic flux. JC-1 assays showed a decreased MMP level in A549 cells after miR-185-5p overexpression, with higher MMP level observed when miR-185-5p and TM9SF1 were co-overexpressed. Conclusion miR-185-5p may suppress proliferation, migration, and autophagy capacities in lung adenocarcinoma cells by targeting TM9SF1 through negative regulation.

, correspAuthors=Hong-Li Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨miR-185-5p靶向负调控跨膜9超家族蛋白1(TM9SF1)对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和自噬能力的影响。方法 在基因表达综合数据库(GEO)中下载数据集GSE51853,分析miR-185-5p在肺腺癌组织中的表达情况。采用在线数据库miRTargetLink、miRTarbase和DIANA-microT-CD预测miR-185-5p靶向结合的蛋白,使用HADb网站下载自噬相关蛋白,将4个数据库所得结果取交集,通过StarBase数据库分析交集结果VEGFA和TM9SF1的生存曲线。分别将TM9SF1 3'UTR(WT)或TM9SF1 3'UTR(MUT)报告质粒与miR-185-5p对照质粒(CON)或miR-185-5p过表达质粒(over-miR-185-5p)共转染HEK-293T细胞,采用双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测miR-185-5p与TM9SF1的结合位点及荧光素酶活性。采用Western blotting检测转染miR-185-5p过表达质粒后A549细胞中TM9SF1蛋白的表达情况。将A549细胞分为3组:(1)CON+NC组,转染miR-185-5p对照质粒和TM9SF1对照质粒;(2)over-miR-185-5p+NC组,转染miR-185-5p过表达质粒和TM9SF1对照质粒;(3)over-miR-185-5p+over-TM9SF1组,转染miR-185-5p过表达质粒和TM9SF1过表达质粒。采用EdU细胞增殖实验、划痕实验和Transwell迁移实验验证miR-185-5p靶向结合TM9SF1对肺腺癌细胞增殖和迁移能力的影响。分别采用stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3自噬流检测慢病毒和JC-1实验检测肺腺癌细胞自噬流和线粒体膜电位(MMP)的改变。结果 GSE51853数据集中,miR-185-5p在肺腺癌组织中的表达水平明显低于正常肺组织(P<0.01);qRT-PCR检测结果显示,miR-185-5p在肺腺癌细胞NCI-H1299、A549中的表达水平低于正常肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B(P<0.01)。在线数据库miRTargetLink、miRTarbase、DIANA-microT-CD和HADb预测结果显示,miR-185-5p可靶向调控自噬相关蛋白TM9SF1。双荧光素酶报告基因实验和Western blotting检测结果分别显示,miR-185-5p可直接与TM9SF1 mRNA的3'UTR区结合,过表达miR-185-5p后靶蛋白TM9SF1的表达水平降低(P<0.05)。EdU细胞增殖实验、划痕实验和Transwell迁移实验结果显示,过表达miR-185-5p可抑制肺腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移能力,过表达TM9SF1能够削弱miR-185-5p对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移能力的抑制作用(P<0.05)。stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3自噬流检测慢病毒结果显示,过表达miR-185-5p后A549细胞中自噬流加快,而同时过表达miR-185-5p和TM9SF1后A549细胞中自噬流减慢;JC-1实验结果显示,过表达miR-185-5p后A549细胞中MMP水平降低,同时过表达miR-185-5p和TM9SF1后A549细胞中MMP水平升高。结论 miR-185-5p可能通过靶向负调控TM9SF1的表达影响肺腺癌细胞的增殖、迁移和自噬能力。

, correspAuthors=李洪利, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李洪利,E-mail:
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王晓娜,硕士研究生,主要从事肿瘤侵袭转移分子机制方面的研究

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王晓娜,硕士研究生,主要从事肿瘤侵袭转移分子机制方面的研究

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王晓娜,硕士研究生,主要从事肿瘤侵袭转移分子机制方面的研究

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levels of miR-185-5p in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and two types of lung adenocarcinoma cells, figureFileSmall=86Sto57D0U7ET9k4ZsCWGg==, figureFileBig=w50s7ZvmbRMNlXUcZlQwAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330634615755278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110804153133, language=CN, label=图1, caption=miR-185-5p在肺腺癌组织及两种肺腺癌细胞中的表达情况

A. 火山图显示数据集GSE51853中464个miRNA的差异表达;B. 散点图显示数据集GSE51853中miR-185-5p在肺腺癌组织和正常肺组织中的表达情况;C. qRT-PCR检测miR-185-5p在不同细胞系中的表达情况;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=86Sto57D0U7ET9k4ZsCWGg==, figureFileBig=w50s7ZvmbRMNlXUcZlQwAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330634712224271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110804153133, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Negative regulatory effect of miR-185-5p on transmembrane 9 superfamily protein 1 (TM9SF1), figureFileSmall=r7OebzlldbBFCb333m4cCQ==, figureFileBig=bndn10wLIq7w+tgx4xNaxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330634787721744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110804153133, language=CN, label=图2, caption=miR-185-5p对跨膜9超家族蛋白1(TM9SF1)的负向调控作用

VEGFA. 血管内皮生长因子A;A. StarBase数据库分析VEGFA和TM9SF1表达水平与肺腺癌患者生存率的关系;B. StarBase预测TM9SF1在526例肺腺癌组织和59例正常肺组织中的表达情况;C. 双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测miR-185-5p与TM9SF1的结合位点;D. 双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测不同组HEK-293T细胞中的荧光素酶活性;E. qRT-PCR检测miR-185-5p过表达质粒的转染效率;F. Western blotting检测过表达miR-185-5p后A549细胞中TM9SF1蛋白的表达水平;*P<0.05,**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=r7OebzlldbBFCb333m4cCQ==, figureFileBig=bndn10wLIq7w+tgx4xNaxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330634846442001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110804153133, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of miR-185-5p on the proliferation and migration capacity of lung adenocarcinoma cells through regulation of TM9SF1, figureFileSmall=47Sde/KPFnA45zw+10zbBA==, figureFileBig=2LZBVqt+2KsJbxuJTXT+6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330634917745170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110804153133, language=CN, label=图3, caption=miR-185-5p调控跨膜9超家族蛋白1(TM9SF1)对肺腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移能力的影响

A. EdU细胞增殖实验检测各组细胞的增殖能力;B. 划痕实验检测各组细胞的迁移能力;C. Transwell迁移实验检测各组细胞的迁移能力;*P<0.05,**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=47Sde/KPFnA45zw+10zbBA==, figureFileBig=2LZBVqt+2KsJbxuJTXT+6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330634984854035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110804153133, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of miR-185-5p on the autophagic capacity of lung adenocarcinoma cells through regulation of TM9SF1, figureFileSmall=0raRJS+APQZJOBH+jpX0Ag==, figureFileBig=thWZi1dVyRL/dcIGK8fpGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190330635060351508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1190310110804153133, language=CN, label=图4, caption=miR-185-5p调控跨膜9超家族蛋白1(TM9SF1)对肺腺癌细胞自噬能力的影响

GFP. 绿色荧光蛋白;RFP. 红色荧光蛋白;A. stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3自噬流检测慢病毒实验检测A549细胞共同转染over-miR-185-5p和over-TM9SF1后使用和未使用Rapamycin处理时细胞内自噬小体的变化;B. JC-1检测A549细胞共同转染over-miR-185-5p和over-TM9SF1后使用和未使用Rapamycin处理时线粒体膜电位(MMP)的改变

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miR-185-5p靶向负调控TM9SF1对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和自噬能力的影响
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王晓娜 1 , 龚秀莹 1 , 赵苗苗 1 , 刘清华 2 , 李勇 3 , 王坤 3 , 尹崇高 4 , 李洪利 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2025,50(5): 566-574
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2025, 50(5): 566-574
miR-185-5p靶向负调控TM9SF1对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和自噬能力的影响
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王晓娜1, 龚秀莹1, 赵苗苗1, 刘清华2, 李勇3, 王坤3, 尹崇高4, 李洪利3, *
作者信息
  • 1山东第二医科大学基础医学院临床病理系,山东潍坊 261053
  • 2山东第二医科大学人体解剖学教研室,山东潍坊 261053
  • 3山东第二医科大学医学研究实验中心,山东潍坊 261053
  • 4山东第二医科大学护理学院,山东潍坊 261053
  • 王晓娜,硕士研究生,主要从事肿瘤侵袭转移分子机制方面的研究

通讯作者:

李洪利,E-mail:
Effect of miR-185-5p targeted negative regulation of TM9SF1 on proliferation, migration and autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma cells
Xiao-Na Wang1, Xiu-Ying Gong1, Miao-Miao Zhao1, Qing-Hua Liu2, Yong Li3, Kun Wang3, Chong-Gao Yin4, Hong-Li Li3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Clinical Pathology
  • 2Human Anatomy Teaching and Research Section
  • 3Medical Research Center
  • 4Colloge of Nursing, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1741.2025.0313
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目的 探讨miR-185-5p靶向负调控跨膜9超家族蛋白1(TM9SF1)对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和自噬能力的影响。方法 在基因表达综合数据库(GEO)中下载数据集GSE51853,分析miR-185-5p在肺腺癌组织中的表达情况。采用在线数据库miRTargetLink、miRTarbase和DIANA-microT-CD预测miR-185-5p靶向结合的蛋白,使用HADb网站下载自噬相关蛋白,将4个数据库所得结果取交集,通过StarBase数据库分析交集结果VEGFA和TM9SF1的生存曲线。分别将TM9SF1 3'UTR(WT)或TM9SF1 3'UTR(MUT)报告质粒与miR-185-5p对照质粒(CON)或miR-185-5p过表达质粒(over-miR-185-5p)共转染HEK-293T细胞,采用双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测miR-185-5p与TM9SF1的结合位点及荧光素酶活性。采用Western blotting检测转染miR-185-5p过表达质粒后A549细胞中TM9SF1蛋白的表达情况。将A549细胞分为3组:(1)CON+NC组,转染miR-185-5p对照质粒和TM9SF1对照质粒;(2)over-miR-185-5p+NC组,转染miR-185-5p过表达质粒和TM9SF1对照质粒;(3)over-miR-185-5p+over-TM9SF1组,转染miR-185-5p过表达质粒和TM9SF1过表达质粒。采用EdU细胞增殖实验、划痕实验和Transwell迁移实验验证miR-185-5p靶向结合TM9SF1对肺腺癌细胞增殖和迁移能力的影响。分别采用stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3自噬流检测慢病毒和JC-1实验检测肺腺癌细胞自噬流和线粒体膜电位(MMP)的改变。结果 GSE51853数据集中,miR-185-5p在肺腺癌组织中的表达水平明显低于正常肺组织(P<0.01);qRT-PCR检测结果显示,miR-185-5p在肺腺癌细胞NCI-H1299、A549中的表达水平低于正常肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B(P<0.01)。在线数据库miRTargetLink、miRTarbase、DIANA-microT-CD和HADb预测结果显示,miR-185-5p可靶向调控自噬相关蛋白TM9SF1。双荧光素酶报告基因实验和Western blotting检测结果分别显示,miR-185-5p可直接与TM9SF1 mRNA的3'UTR区结合,过表达miR-185-5p后靶蛋白TM9SF1的表达水平降低(P<0.05)。EdU细胞增殖实验、划痕实验和Transwell迁移实验结果显示,过表达miR-185-5p可抑制肺腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移能力,过表达TM9SF1能够削弱miR-185-5p对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移能力的抑制作用(P<0.05)。stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3自噬流检测慢病毒结果显示,过表达miR-185-5p后A549细胞中自噬流加快,而同时过表达miR-185-5p和TM9SF1后A549细胞中自噬流减慢;JC-1实验结果显示,过表达miR-185-5p后A549细胞中MMP水平降低,同时过表达miR-185-5p和TM9SF1后A549细胞中MMP水平升高。结论 miR-185-5p可能通过靶向负调控TM9SF1的表达影响肺腺癌细胞的增殖、迁移和自噬能力。

肺腺癌  /  miR-185-5p  /  TM9SF1  /  增殖  /  迁移  /  自噬

Objective To investigate the effect of miR-185-5p-mediated targeted negative regulation of transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1 (TM9SF1) on proliferation, migration and autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methods The expression of miR-185-5p in lung adenocarcinoma tissues was analyzed using dataset GSE51853 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Potential target proteins of miR-185-5p were predicted using online databases (miRTargetLink, miRTarbase, and DIANA-microT-CD), and autophagy-related proteins were obtained from HADb. The intersected results from these four databases was identified, and survival curves of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and TM9SF1 within the overlapping candidates were analyzed using the StarBase database. TM9SF1 3'UTR wild-type (WT) or TM9SF1 3'UTR mutant (MUT) reporter plasmids were separately co-transfected with miR-185-5p control plasmid (CON) or miR-185-5p overexpression plasmid (over-miR-185-5p) into HEK-293T cells. A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was employed to assess the binding interaction between miR-185-5p and TM9SF1 and quantify the subsequent luciferase activity. Western blotting was used to assess TM9SF1 protein expression levels in A549 cells transfected with over-miR-185-5p. A549 cells were divided into three groups: (1) CON+NC group, co-transfected with miR-185-5p control plasmid and TM9SF1 control plasmid; (2) over-miR-185-5p+NC group, co-transfected with over-miR-185-5p and TM9SF1 control plasmid; (3) over-miR-185-5p+over-TM9SF1 group, co-transfected with both miR-185-5p and TM9SF1 overexpression plasmids. EdU cell proliferation assay, wound healing assay, and Transwell migration assay were performed to validate the effects of miR-185-5p targeted binding to TM9SF1 on proliferation and migration capacities in lung adenocarcinoma. Changes in autophagic flux and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of lung adenocarcinoma cells were detected using stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3 lentivirus and JC-1 assays, respectively. Results In the GSE51853 dataset, miR-185-5p expression level was significantly lower in lung adenocarcinoma tissues compared with normal lung tissues (P<0.01). qRT-PCR analysis revealed that miR-185-5p expression was downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines NCI-H1299 and A549 compared with normal lung epithelial cells BEAS-2B (P<0.01). Bioinformatics predictions using miRTargetLink, miRTarbase, DIANA-microT-CD, and HADb databases indicated that miR-185-5p could target and regulate the autophagy-related protein TM9SF1. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and Western blotting demonstrated that miR-185-5p directly bound to the 3'UTR region of TM9SF1 mRNA, and overexpression of miR-185-5p significantly reduced the expression of target protein TM9SF1 (P<0.05). EdU cell proliferation, wound healing, and Transwell migration assays demonstrated that miR-185-5p overexpression inhibited proliferation and migration capacities of lung adenocarcinoma cells, whereas TM9SF1 overexpression could attenuate this inhibition effect (P<0.05). Results of stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3 for autophagic flux analysis demonstrated that overexpression of miR-185-5p enhanced autophagic flux in A549 cells, whereas co-overexpression of miR-185-5p and TM9SF1 suppressed autophagic flux. JC-1 assays showed a decreased MMP level in A549 cells after miR-185-5p overexpression, with higher MMP level observed when miR-185-5p and TM9SF1 were co-overexpressed. Conclusion miR-185-5p may suppress proliferation, migration, and autophagy capacities in lung adenocarcinoma cells by targeting TM9SF1 through negative regulation.

lung adenocarcinoma  /  miR-185-5p  /  transmembrane 9 superfamily protein 1  /  proliferation  /  migration  /  autophagy
王晓娜, 龚秀莹, 赵苗苗, 刘清华, 李勇, 王坤, 尹崇高, 李洪利. miR-185-5p靶向负调控TM9SF1对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和自噬能力的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (5) : 566 -574 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1741.2025.0313
Xiao-Na Wang, Xiu-Ying Gong, Miao-Miao Zhao, Qing-Hua Liu, Yong Li, Kun Wang, Chong-Gao Yin, Hong-Li Li. Effect of miR-185-5p targeted negative regulation of TM9SF1 on proliferation, migration and autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma cells[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (5) : 566 -574 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1741.2025.0313
世界卫生组织的统计数据显示,肺腺癌是目前最常见的一种原发性肺癌亚型[1-3];肿瘤细胞侵袭、转移是该病患者5年生存率低的关键因素;因此,寻找抑制肺腺癌侵袭和转移的有效靶点已成为当前的研究热点。自噬是一种重要的细胞防御机制[4],涉及蛋白质和细胞器的降解及再利用。微管相关蛋白1A/1B轻链3(microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3,LC3)为自噬标志物,自噬初期胞质型LC3(LC3Ⅰ)可转变为膜型LC3(LC3Ⅱ),使stubRFP-sensGFP聚集在自噬体上,荧光显微镜下可见红/绿荧光共定位的点状聚集[5]。但直至目前,自噬在癌症进展和抑制中的双重作用仍存在争议[6]。既往研究发现,微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)在肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和自噬等生物学过程中起着关键作用[7]。如长链非编码RNA尿路上皮癌相关基因1(long non-coding RNA urothelial carcinoma-associated 1,lncRNA UAC1)可作为内源性海绵,负向调控miR-185-5p的表达,促进结直肠癌细胞的增殖和自噬[8]。因此,进一步探究miRNA在肺腺癌细胞自噬中的作用对临床抑制肺腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭、转移具有重要意义。miRNA是一类约22个核苷酸的小分子RNA[9],可通过与信使RNA(messenger RNA,mRNA)的碱基配对靶向调控mRNA,而mRNA参与各种细胞功能信号通路,从而影响细胞的增殖、凋亡及自噬等生物学过程[10]。目前未见研究阐明miR-185-5p是否可通过直接调控自噬相关蛋白从而影响肺腺癌细胞的增殖、迁移及自噬能力。本研究探讨miR-185-5p靶向调控自噬相关蛋白跨膜9超家族蛋白1(transmembrane 9 superfamily protein 1,TM9SF1)对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移及自噬能力的影响,以期寻找更有效的指标和靶点来抑制肺腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移。
使用基因表达综合数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)下载数据集GSE51853,其中包含76例肺腺癌组织和5例正常肺组织的miRNA表达谱,分析miRNA在肺腺癌组织和正常肺组织中的表达情况。利用GEO2R在线工具对数据集GSE51853进行分析,筛选差异表达的基因。通过miRTargetLink(https://www.‍ccb.‍uni-saarland.‍de/mirtargetlink2)、miRTarbase (https://mirtarbase.cuhk.edu.cn/)、DIANA-microT-CDS (http://www.microrna.gr/microT-CDS)网站预测可能与miR-185-5p结合的蛋白;使用HADb (http://www.autophagy.lu/index.html)网站下载自噬相关蛋白。通过StarBase (https://starbase.sysu.edu.cn/index.php)数据库分析所预测的靶蛋白在肺腺癌中的表达情况及其与肺腺癌患者预后的关系。
人正常肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B、肺腺癌细胞NCI-H1299和A549、人胚肾细胞HEK-293T细胞株购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司。BEAS-2B、HEK-293T细胞使用含10%胎牛血清(FBS)的DMEM高糖培养基,A549、NCI-H1299细胞使用含10% FBS的RPMI 1640培养基于37 ℃、5% CO2恒温培养箱中培养。FBS、DMEM高糖培养基和RPMI 1640培养基购自武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司。
将A549细胞按以下方式进行分组:(1)CON+NC组,共转染miR-185-5p对照质粒和TM9SF1对照质粒;(2)over-miR-185-5p+NC组,共转染miR-185-5p过表达质粒和TM9SF1对照质粒;(3)over-miR-185-5p+over-TM9SF1组,共转染miR-185-5p过表达质粒和TM9SF1过表达质粒。CON、NC、over-miR-185-5p、over-TM9SF1质粒由上海吉凯基因科学科技股份有限公司构建。
构建TM9SF1野生型质粒pGL3-TM9SF1-3'UTR-WT和突变型质粒pGL3-TM9SF1-3'UTR-MUT,将miR-185-5p过表达或对照质粒与TM9SF1野生型或突变型质粒转染到HEK-293T细胞中,孵育48 h后采用PLB裂解液裂解细胞。取细胞悬液,测定荧光素酶活性。
将细胞按照分组转染,提取总蛋白后进行电泳、转膜、封闭,在4 ℃冰箱孵育一抗TM9SF1(1:1000,中国ABclonal公司)12 h。TBST洗膜,加入二抗(HRP聚合物偶联山羊抗小鼠抗兔IgG H,1:5000,中国ABclonal公司)室温孵育1.5 h;TBST洗膜,加入ECL Plus超敏发光液作为可视化信号进行曝光,检测过表达miR-185-5p后靶蛋白TM9SF1的表达情况。
采用茎环法qRT-PCR检测正常肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B、肺腺癌细胞NCI-H1299和A549中miR-185-5p的表达水平。将A549细胞按照CON、over-miR-185-5p分组进行转染以检测miR-185-5p过表达质粒的转染效率。收取细胞加入Trizol提取总RNA,取1 μl反转录生成的cDNA作为模板,以U6作为内参,使用QS1 Plus荧光定量PCR仪进行扩增,反应体系:cDNA模板1 μl,引物0.4 μl,qRT-PCR预混液5.2 μl,ddH2O 3.4 μl;反应条件:95 ℃ 15 s(变性)、60 ℃ 15 s(退火)和72 ℃ 30 s(延伸),共40个循环;采用2-ΔΔCt法进行定量分析。miR-185-5p引物序列:上游5'‑GCGCGATTGGAGAGAAAGGCAGT‑3',下5'‑ATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGG‑3';茎环引物:5'‑GTCGTATCCAG TGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATACGACTCAGGA‑3'。实验重复3次。
取1.3中各组细胞,转染48 h后,取1.6×105个细胞均匀铺到盖玻片圆片上,贴壁后使用EdU工作液孵育2 h,PBS清洗后用甲醇固定,Click反应液染色25 min,DAPI染色10 min,PBS清洗后显微镜下拍照计数,计算细胞增殖率。实验重复3次。
取1.3中各组细胞,转染48 h后,取含2×105个细胞的悬液均匀接种于6孔板中。细胞贴壁后使用10 μl移液器吸头进行平行划痕,PBS清洗后更换为含1% FBS的培养基。显微镜下拍摄同一视野0 h和24 h的划痕宽度,计算细胞迁移率。实验重复3次。
取1.3中各组细胞,转染48 h后,在Transwell小室上室中加入200 μl含4×104个细胞的培养基悬液,下室为含10% FBS的培养基。24 h后,将下室底部置于甲醇中固定30 min。用棉签轻轻擦去上室未穿过的细胞,PBS清洗。使用姬姆萨染液进行染色,PBS清洗后吹干,于显微镜下拍摄记录。实验重复3次。
将A549细胞感染stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3自噬流检测慢病毒,稳定表达后按照CON+NC、over-miR-185-5p+NC、over-miR-185-5p+over-TM9SF1分组进行质粒转染。其中一组细胞中加入DMSO,另一组加入自噬诱导剂Rapamycin(200 nmol/L),处理24 h后,在激光共聚焦显微镜(TCS SP8,德国Leica公司)下拍摄stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3荧光斑点,监测细胞内自噬流的变化。其中红色荧光斑点表示自噬溶酶体且荧光强度衡定,绿色荧光斑点表示自噬体,合并图像中的黄色斑点表示自噬体与溶酶体融合,即自噬流。实验重复3次。
A549细胞按CON+NC、over-miR-185-5p+NC、over-miR-185-5p+over-TM9SF1分组进行质粒转染,根据MMP检测试剂盒(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司)说明书进行操作。其中一组细胞中加入DMSO,另一组加入自噬诱导剂Rapamycin(200 nmol/L),处理24 h后,使用激光共聚焦显微镜拍照。JC-1在MMP较高时以聚合物(J-aggregates)的形式存在,表现为红色荧光;在MMP较低时以单体(monomer)的形式存在,表现为绿色荧光。实验重复3次。
采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析。所有实验数据均以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
GEO2R在线分析结果显示,共有18个miRNA表达上调,64个miRNA表达下调,382个miRNA表达变化不明显;在所有下调的miRNA中,miR-185-5p的log2差异倍数=-0.93,P=0.000039(图1A)。在GSE51853数据集中,miR-185-5p在肺腺癌组织中的表达水平明显低于正常肺组织(P<0.01,图1B)。为了验证GEO数据库来源数据集的可靠性,采用qRT-PCR检测miR-185-5p在人正常肺上皮细胞和肺腺癌细胞中的表达情况,结果显示,miR-185-5p在肺腺癌细胞NCI-H1299、A549中的表达水平明显低于正常肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B(P<0.01,图1C),表明miR-185-5p在肺腺癌细胞中低表达,尤其在A549细胞中的表达水平更低,据此选择A549细胞进行后续实验。
采用生物信息学网站miRTarbase、miRTargetLink、DIANA-microT-CDS及HADb数据库预测miR-185-5p下游可能结合的自噬相关靶蛋白,将4个数据库获取的结果取交集得到2个靶蛋白,即血管内皮生长因子A(VEGFA)和TM9SF1。StarBase数据库分析结果显示,VEGFA表达水平与肺腺癌患者总生存率相关不明显(P=0.160),而TM9SF1低表达的肺腺癌患者生存率明显高于高表达者(P=0.027,图2A),且TM9SF1在肺腺癌组织中的表达明显高于正常肺组织(P<0.001,图2B),据此选择TM9SF1作为后续研究对象。
双荧光素酶报告基因实验结果显示,TM9SF1 mRNA的3'UTR是miR-185-5p的直接结合位点(图2C)。在TM9SF1-3'UTR-WT HEK-293T细胞中,与对照组比较,过表达miR-185-5p后细胞中相对荧光素酶活性明显降低(P<0.05),而在TM9SF1-3'UTR-MUT HEK-293T细胞中,与对照组比较,过表达miR-185-5p后细胞中相对荧光素酶活性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图2D),表明miR-185-5p能够与TM9SF1靶向结合。为了确定miR-185-5p能否负向调控TM9SF1蛋白的表达,采用qRT-PCR检测转染miR-185-5p过表达质粒的效率,Western blotting检测过表达miR-185-5p后靶蛋白TM9SF1的表达情况,结果显示,转染miR-185-5p过表达质粒后,A549细胞中miR-185-5p表达水平明显升高,提示转染成功(P<0.05,图2E);过表达miR-185-5p后A549细胞中TM9SF1蛋白表达水平较对照组明显降低(P<0.01,图2F),表明miR-185-5p可负向调控TM9SF1蛋白的表达。
EdU细胞增殖实验结果显示,过表达miR-185-5p后A549细胞的增殖率明显低于CON+NC组(P<0.01),而同时过表达TM9SF1和miR-185-5p后A549细胞的增殖率明显高于仅过表达miR-185-5p组(P<0.05),但与CON+NC组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图3A)。划痕实验结果显示,过表达miR-185-5p后A549细胞的迁移率明显低于CON+NC组(P<0.05),而同时过表达TM9SF1和miR-185-5p后A549细胞的迁移率明显高于仅过表达miR-185-5p组(P<0.05),但与CON+NC组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图3B)。Transwell迁移实验结果显示,过表达miR-185-5p后,A549细胞穿过下室的数量明显少于CON+NC组(P<0.01),而同时过表达TM9SF1和miR-185-5p后穿过下室的细胞数明显多于仅过表达miR-185-5p组(P<0.01),但与CON+NC组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图3C)。
stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3自噬流检测慢病毒实验结果显示,与CON+NC组相比,过表达miR-185-5p后A549细胞内绿色斑点(自噬体)荧光强度增加,红色斑点(自噬溶酶体)荧光强度恒定不变,形成黄色荧光斑点,表示自噬体与溶酶体融合速度增加,即自噬流加快;与仅过表达miR-185-5p相比,同时过表达TM9SF1和miR-185-5p后A549细胞内绿色斑点(自噬体)荧光强度降低,红色斑点(自噬溶酶体)荧光强度恒定不变,自噬流减慢(图4A)。相同浓度(200 nmol/L)自噬诱导剂Rapamycin处理24 h后,与未处理组相比,处理组A549细胞内绿色斑点(自噬体)荧光强度增加,红色斑点(自噬溶酶体)荧光强度无明显变化,自噬流加快,但各分组A549细胞的自噬能力较未处理前无明显变化(图4A)。JC-1检测结果显示,与CON+NC组相比,过表达miR-185-5p后A549细胞内红色荧光减弱,绿色荧光增强,提示MMP降低;与仅过表达miR-185-5p相比,同时过表达miR-185-5p和TM9SF1后A549细胞内红色荧光增强,绿色荧光减弱,提示MMP升高(图4B)。相同浓度(200 nmol/L)自噬诱导剂Rapamycin处理24 h后,与未处理组相比,处理组A549细胞内红色荧光减弱,绿色荧光增强,但各分组A549细胞的MMP较未处理前无明显变化(图4B)。
肺腺癌是肺癌中最常见的亚型,且近年来发病率逐渐增高,已成为全球范围内最常见的癌症之一[2]。侵袭和迁移是肺腺癌细胞从原发部位扩散到其他组织和器官的关键步骤,也是肺腺癌恶化的重要标志。手术、放化疗、分子靶向药物和免疫治疗等在临床实践中显示出显著的治疗效果,明显改善了肺腺癌患者的预后[11]。然而,高转移复发率依然是阻碍肺腺癌临床治疗的重大难题[12]。因此,探寻肺腺癌转移新的调控靶点具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。
miRNA对癌症的调控主要包括非经典作用和经典作用[13],其中非经典作用主要包括前体miRNA的翻译、调控除AGO蛋白(argonaute proteins)复合体外的功能蛋白、激活Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)、调控线粒体相关mRNA、激活启动子序列和调控其他非编码RNA的前体miRNA等7种方式[14]。研究发现,miR-185-5p可与ETS转录因子ELK1(Ets transcription factor,ELK1)相互作用,抑制肝癌细胞中慢性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)前S1蛋白的转录,从而增强HBV前S1蛋白启动子的活性,抑制肝癌细胞中HBV基因的表达[15]。目前已知lncRNA的经典作用方式有两种:一种是与mRNA竞争性结合miRNA,发挥内源竞争性RNA(competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA)的作用,如LINC00205可直接与miR-185-5p靶向结合,调控下游靶蛋白丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(Akt serine/threonine kinase 1,Akt1)发挥ceRNA的作用,从而促进肺腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移[16]。同样,lncRNA转移相关肺腺癌转录本1(lncRNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1,MALAT1)可通过靶向miR-185-5p调控鼠双微体4(murine double minute 4,MDM4)的表达,加速肺腺癌细胞的恶性进展[17]。另一种经典作用为lncRNA通过与靶mRNA的3'UTR序列互补配对,结合并招募AGO蛋白形成RNA诱导沉默复合体(RISC复合物),从而促进靶mRNA的降解或抑制其翻译,这也是本研究关注的作用方式。但目前已有研究大多数未聚焦于miR-185-5p靶向的下游靶蛋白是否与自噬相关,如miR-185-5p通过Rab蛋白家族成员RAB35的负向调控,减弱肿瘤细胞释放的外泌体对非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的促进作用[18]。本课题组早期研究也发现,miR-185-5p可通过调节晚期糖基化终末产物受体(receptor for advanced glycation end products,RAGE)来抑制乳腺癌细胞的上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT),进而降低其侵袭和迁移能力[19]。本研究通过生物信息学分析、双荧光素酶报告基因实验和Western blotting等证实,miR-185-5p可抑制肺腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移能力,而过表达TM9SF1能够削弱过表达miR-185-5p对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移能力的抑制作用。关于miR-185-5p对自噬的影响,已有研究证实,lncRNA UAC1可直接靶向结合miR-185-5p,激活钙黏蛋白相关蛋白β11-catenin)/T细胞因子-4(T cell factor-4,TCF4)通路、自噬调控因子Beclin-1和LC3Ⅱ的表达,从而增强非小细胞肺癌细胞的增殖和自噬能力[20]。另外,lncRNA UAC1也被证实可作为内源性海绵,负向调控miR-185-5p的表达,激活Wnt-1诱导分泌蛋白2(Wnt-inducible secreted protein 2,WISP-2)/β-catenin通路,从而促进结直肠癌细胞的增殖和自噬[8,21]。本研究通过生物信息学分析预测,使用自噬诱导剂Rapamycin处理A549细胞后,采用stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3自噬流检测慢病毒和JC-1实验证实了miR-185-5p能够通过负向调控TM9SF1,增强肺腺癌细胞的自噬能力,与上述研究结果一致。
TM9SF1也称为MP70,其结构特征为包含1个大的非胞质区域和9个跨膜域,在人体各组织中广泛表达[22],与细胞免疫[23]、肿瘤侵袭迁移[24]及自噬[25]等多种生物学功能密切相关。He等[26]基于高通量细胞功能筛选平台,采用共聚焦实验、透射电镜和Western blotting等检测LC3Ⅱ的表达水平,证实了TM9SF1可诱导HeLa细胞的自噬。有研究发现,TM9SF1在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织中表达明显上调,在LPS诱导的体外急性肺损伤模型的自噬过程中发挥了负调节因子的作用[27]。研究发现,TM9SF1可通过促进膀胱癌细胞进入G2/M期,增强膀胱癌细胞的体外增殖、迁移和侵袭能力[28]。但Zhuo等[29]研究发现,磷酸化CTD相互作用因子(phosphorylated CTD interacting factor 1,PCIF1)可通过m6A修饰TM9SF1 mRNA的表达,从而负向调控TM9SF1,促进胃癌细胞的增殖和侵袭,提示TM9SF1在胃癌中发挥了肿瘤抑制因子的作用。以上两项研究结果不同,分析其原因主要为:(1)由于细胞的生物学差异和体外培养条件等不同,TM9SF1可在不同的癌细胞中发挥促进或抑制癌细胞增殖和迁移的作用,但关于TM9SF1在不同类型癌细胞中的表达仍有待进一步研究;(2)TM9SF1在癌细胞自噬过程中可能具有双重作用,发挥同种作用的基因可能促进或抑制自噬,因此后续研究需要明确产生这种双重作用的主要因素,以降低其有害风险。
综上所述,本研究结果显示,miR-185-5p可能与自噬相关蛋白TM9SF1存在下游调控关系,进而抑制肺腺癌细胞的增殖、迁移能力,促进肺腺癌细胞的自噬,这为临床探索抑制肺腺癌细胞增殖及转移的新指标和靶向治疗策略提供了新思路。但本研究未阐明miR-185-5p在肺腺癌中发挥作用的分子机制,且缺乏相关动物实验的支持,这也是本研究后续探讨的重点。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82373043)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2022MH311)
  • 山东省中医药科技项目(Q-2023012)
  • 潍坊市科学技术发展计划项目(2022YX094)
  • 潍坊市科学技术发展计划项目(2023YX037)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1741.2025.0313
  • 接收时间:2024-10-31
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-31
  • 录用日期:2024-12-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82373043)
国家自然科学基金(82373043)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022MH311)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2022MH311)
Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project(Q-2023012)
山东省中医药科技项目(Q-2023012)
Weifang Science and Technology Development Plan Project(2022YX094)
潍坊市科学技术发展计划项目(2022YX094)
Weifang Science and Technology Development Plan Project(2023YX037)
潍坊市科学技术发展计划项目(2023YX037)
作者信息
    1山东第二医科大学基础医学院临床病理系,山东潍坊 261053
    2山东第二医科大学人体解剖学教研室,山东潍坊 261053
    3山东第二医科大学医学研究实验中心,山东潍坊 261053
    4山东第二医科大学护理学院,山东潍坊 261053

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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