Article(id=1190310109231284615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0321.2025.0416, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741276800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1742832000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-25, onlineDate=1761721644932, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761721644932, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761721644932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761721644932, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190243275249390089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='505', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761705710470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765784077922, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207349188233372409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207349188233372410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=505, endPage=512, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190310109558440334, articleId=1190310109231284615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Expert consensus on aeromedical identification of vasogenic white matter hyperintensities in aircrews, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are abnormal high-signal manifestations in white matter areas on magnetic resonance T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, with vasogenic WMH being the most common. Its pathological mechanism is related to cerebrovascular lesions and can lead to multi-dimensional brain functional impairments in cognition, movement, and emotions. Due to their unique working conditions, aircrews are more prone to vasogenic WMH than the general population. Moreover, with the widespread use of magnetic resonance imaging in cranial disease screening for aircrews, the detection rate of vasogenic WMH in aircrews has significantly increased. However, to date, no national or academic organization has issued standardized aviation medical assessment criteria for vasogenic WMH in aircrews. Therefore, led by Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University and the Chinese PLA General Hospital, a multi-disciplinary expert panel involved in aviation medicine, neurology, radiology, psychology, and related fields was assembled to formulate this consensus. The document integrates evidence from a systematic review of PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP databases, incorporates existing WMH guidelines, and synthesizes clinical expertise from Chinese specialists. The consensus outlines three key domains: target population, neuroimaging protocols for vasogenic WMH screening, and clinical assessment and aeromedical identification for aircrews with vasogenic WMH. The aim is to provide evidence-based support and expert recommendations for standardizing and improving the accuracy of aviation medical evaluations of vasogenic WMH in aircrews.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Yu Sheng-Yuan, E-mail: ;
Jiang Wen, E-mail:
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脑白质高信号(WMH)是指在磁共振T2加权序列或液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列上,脑白质区域呈现的异常高信号表现,以血管源性WMH较为多见,其病理机制与脑血管病变相关,可造成认知、运动、情绪等多维度的脑功能障碍。由于工作环境的特殊性,飞行人员较普通人群更容易出现血管源性WMH;且随着磁共振成像在飞行人员颅脑疾病筛查中的广泛应用,血管源性WMH的检出率明显增高。针对这一航空卫勤保障的新问题,目前尚未有国家/学术团体颁布规范化的航空医学鉴定标准。空军军医大学西京医院联合解放军总医院牵头多家机构,共同组织航空医学、神经病学、影像学及心理学等相关领域的专家,通过系统检索PubMed、中国知网、万方及维普数据库,并结合WMH相关指南及我国专家经验,共同制定本共识。该共识包括适用对象、血管源性WMH的影像学筛查、飞行人员血管源性WMH的临床评估与医学鉴定三部分,旨在为飞行人员血管源性WMH的航空医学鉴定提供规范化和精准性的文献支持及专家意见。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
于生元,E-mail:
江文,E-mail:
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WMH. 脑白质高信号;A. Fazekas 1级:斑点样,指较小的、分散的白质高信号区域;B. Fazekas 2级:斑块样,指白质高信号区域开始部分融合;C. Fazekas 3级:斑片样,指白质高信号区域广泛融合,形成较大的病变区域

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中国飞行人员血管源性脑白质高信号航空医学鉴定专家组
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2025,50(5): 505-512
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2025, 50(5): 505-512
飞行人员血管源性脑白质高信号航空医学鉴定专家共识
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中国飞行人员血管源性脑白质高信号航空医学鉴定专家组
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通讯作者:

于生元,E-mail:
江文,E-mail:
Expert consensus on aeromedical identification of vasogenic white matter hyperintensities in aircrews
Expert consensus group on aeromedical identification of vasogenic white matter hyperintensities in Chinese aircrews
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出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0321.2025.0416
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脑白质高信号(WMH)是指在磁共振T2加权序列或液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列上,脑白质区域呈现的异常高信号表现,以血管源性WMH较为多见,其病理机制与脑血管病变相关,可造成认知、运动、情绪等多维度的脑功能障碍。由于工作环境的特殊性,飞行人员较普通人群更容易出现血管源性WMH;且随着磁共振成像在飞行人员颅脑疾病筛查中的广泛应用,血管源性WMH的检出率明显增高。针对这一航空卫勤保障的新问题,目前尚未有国家/学术团体颁布规范化的航空医学鉴定标准。空军军医大学西京医院联合解放军总医院牵头多家机构,共同组织航空医学、神经病学、影像学及心理学等相关领域的专家,通过系统检索PubMed、中国知网、万方及维普数据库,并结合WMH相关指南及我国专家经验,共同制定本共识。该共识包括适用对象、血管源性WMH的影像学筛查、飞行人员血管源性WMH的临床评估与医学鉴定三部分,旨在为飞行人员血管源性WMH的航空医学鉴定提供规范化和精准性的文献支持及专家意见。

飞行人员  /  血管源性脑白质高信号  /  头颅磁共振成像  /  医学鉴定

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are abnormal high-signal manifestations in white matter areas on magnetic resonance T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, with vasogenic WMH being the most common. Its pathological mechanism is related to cerebrovascular lesions and can lead to multi-dimensional brain functional impairments in cognition, movement, and emotions. Due to their unique working conditions, aircrews are more prone to vasogenic WMH than the general population. Moreover, with the widespread use of magnetic resonance imaging in cranial disease screening for aircrews, the detection rate of vasogenic WMH in aircrews has significantly increased. However, to date, no national or academic organization has issued standardized aviation medical assessment criteria for vasogenic WMH in aircrews. Therefore, led by Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University and the Chinese PLA General Hospital, a multi-disciplinary expert panel involved in aviation medicine, neurology, radiology, psychology, and related fields was assembled to formulate this consensus. The document integrates evidence from a systematic review of PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP databases, incorporates existing WMH guidelines, and synthesizes clinical expertise from Chinese specialists. The consensus outlines three key domains: target population, neuroimaging protocols for vasogenic WMH screening, and clinical assessment and aeromedical identification for aircrews with vasogenic WMH. The aim is to provide evidence-based support and expert recommendations for standardizing and improving the accuracy of aviation medical evaluations of vasogenic WMH in aircrews.

aircrew  /  white matter hyperintensities  /  magnetic resonance imaging  /  medical assessment
中国飞行人员血管源性脑白质高信号航空医学鉴定专家组. 飞行人员血管源性脑白质高信号航空医学鉴定专家共识. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (5) : 505 -512 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0321.2025.0416
Expert consensus group on aeromedical identification of vasogenic white matter hyperintensities in Chinese aircrews. Expert consensus on aeromedical identification of vasogenic white matter hyperintensities in aircrews[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (5) : 505 -512 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0321.2025.0416
近年来,随着头颅磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)检查在飞行人员中的普遍应用,越来越多的脑白质高信号(white matter hyperintensity,WMH)被识别检出,给航空医学评估和鉴定带来了新的挑战。WMH为常见的神经影像学异常表现之一[1],其形成机制复杂,可能与血脑屏障功能障碍、血管内皮功能紊乱、小胶质细胞异常激活、少突胶质细胞成熟分化异常等有关[2]。WMH通常分为血管源性与非血管源性两种类型。非血管源性WMH多与自身免疫性疾病、颅内感染、代谢或中毒等有关,航空医学鉴定需根据患者原发疾病类型和病情严重程度具体分析,不在本文探讨范围之内。血管源性WMH是较常见的WMH类型,由脑血管疾病引起,主要与脑小血管病和慢性脑缺血相关,也被称为脑白质疏松(leukoaraiosis);临床可表现为认知功能障碍、抑郁障碍、睡眠障碍、运动障碍及感觉异常等[3-4]。为便于理解,下文中除特殊标明外,所述WMH均指血管源性WMH。
我国北部战区空军医院的马湘乔等[5]报告了无症状WMH的检出率,纳入研究的79名普通人中有30.4%检出WMH,而57名飞行人员中有49.1%检出WMH,表明飞行人员的WMH检出率明显高于普通人群;McGuire等[6]对美国武装部队现役军人的研究也发现U-2飞行员WMH的体积和数量分别为普通人的3.94倍和2.95倍,提示飞行人员较普通人更易出现WMH且程度更为严重。由于WMH可能导致认知、运动、情绪等多维度的脑功能障碍,如未能做到早期筛检和治疗,可能影响飞行人员的作战效能和执飞能力。因此早期精准评估飞行人员WMH的严重程度及飞行风险对保障飞行安全具有非常重要的意义。
我国现行的飞行人员体格检查标准中并没有对WMH的鉴定制定详细、统一的标准,导致鉴定人员对WMH的判别及处置缺乏同质性和规范性,给飞行人员的招收、体检和医学鉴定带来一定困难。为进一步明确飞行人员WMH的风险评估方法,规范统一判别标准,空军军医大学西京医院联合解放军总医院等机构,邀请国内航空医学、神经病学、影像学及心理学等相关领域的专家组成共识小组,依据国内外的临床研究及指南,检索PubMed(1946年1月-2024年10月)、中国知网(1915年1月-2024年10月)、万方(1955年1月-2024年10月)及维普(1989年1月-2024年10月)数据库(外文检索词:pilots,aircrew,white matter hyperintensity,WMH,leukoaraiosis,white matter lesions;中文检索词:飞行、脑白质高信号、脑白质疏松、脑白质病变),共筛选出19篇英文文献及20篇中文文献,结合国内外航空体检及医学鉴定标准、脑小血管病相关指南和我国专家经验,共同编写本共识,旨在规范飞行人员WMH的医学鉴定标准。
推荐意见1:建议所有飞行人员应在职业生涯内接受至少一次头颅MRI检查,>40岁或具有高血压、糖尿病、长期吸烟等危险因素且初筛未发现WMH的飞行人员每2~3年复查头颅MRI。
目前,国内外航空医学鉴定标准对WMH的评估和鉴定缺乏详细的指导意见[7]。这是因为WMH的诊断主要依赖MRI检查,而MRI检查的普及较CT、超声、脑电图检查滞后。近年来,随着MRI检查的普及,WMH逐渐受到重视[8]。有研究表明,WMH的严重程度与缺血性卒中后痴呆、卒中复发及死亡风险增加有关[9]。此外,还有研究报道WMH与抑郁障碍和自杀行为相关[10-11]。一项荟萃分析发现,WMH可使血管性痴呆的发生风险增高73%[12]。我国一项针对脑小血管病患者的研究表明,WMH的严重程度与认知障碍及运动障碍明显相关[13]。德国的一项研究发现,眩晕症状在WMH负荷较重的患者中更为常见[14]。WMH的严重程度与眩晕、认知障碍、运动障碍、抑郁障碍等神经功能障碍的发生相关[15-18]。目前,中美两国的军民航空医学鉴定标准均规定,神经系统疾病伴有眩晕、认知障碍、运动障碍、抑郁障碍属于飞行不合格的病种[19]。因此,为了保障飞行人员的作战效能和飞行安全,应该对飞行人员进行WMH筛查。
澳大利亚的一项社区人群队列研究发现,在44~48岁的人群中,50.9%存在WMH,其中34.1%存在深部WMH[20]。荷兰“鹿特丹扫描研究”发现,在60~70岁的人群中,87%存在皮质下WMH,68%存在脑室旁WMH;而在80~90岁的人群中,100%存在皮质下WMH,95%存在脑室旁WMH[21]。我国的一项社区研究发现,35~39岁人群WMH的检出率为31.6%,而>40岁人群为66.5%[22];美国一项针对20~80岁健康人群的研究发现,年龄与WMH负荷呈正相关,其中20~40岁人群的WMH负荷与认知功能无明显相关性,而>40岁人群的WMH负荷与认知功能明显相关[23]。这些研究结果表明WMH检出率高,且随着年龄增加,检出率逐渐增高,尤其对于年龄>40岁的人群,WMH与认知功能损伤密切相关。
WMH的危险因素分为不可干预及可干预两大类[8]。前者主要包括年龄和遗传因素;后者包括高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、饮酒、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、慢性肾功能不全、高脂血症和高同型半胱氨酸血症等[24-26]。英国的一项荟萃分析发现,脑小血管病患者的WMH年增长量为2.50 ml/年,年龄与WMH的进展明显相关,年龄每增加1岁,WMH的增长量就增加0.15 ml;高血压使WMH增长率提高了72%;吸烟使WMH增长率提高了48%[27]。对于飞行人员,飞行因素也是引起WMH非常重要的危险因素。我国一项对比120名战斗机飞行员和200名普通人WMH的研究发现,飞行员WMH的检出率明显高于普通人[28]。我国另两项研究发现,飞行时间长是WMH的独立危险因素[5,29]。韩国的一项研究发现,飞行高度与WMH的发病有关[30]。飞行导致WMH的机制研究较少,有研究认为,WMH形成的可能原因是长期暴露在低压环境中使体内的氮气形成微栓子,这些微栓子可能会堵塞小动脉,或者与血浆蛋白结合,从而引起组织损伤[6,31]。这种损伤可能会进一步激活体内的炎症反应,加剧血管损伤[6,30-32]。以上研究结果表明,飞行人员是WMH的高危人群。此外,WMH的危险因素越多,其年增长率也越高。因此,对于具有多种WMH危险因素的飞行人员,应加强对其WMH进展的监测。
推荐意见2:(1)采用MRI对飞行人员进行WMH筛查,推荐场强不小于1.5 T,至少应当包括T1加权成像(T1-weighted imaging,T1WI)、T2加权成像(T2-weighted imaging,T2WI)、T2-液体衰减反转恢复(fluid attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)序列;(2)磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility-weighted imaging,SWI)及弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)有助于WMH的鉴别诊断,建议具有上述技术的医院将其纳入飞行人员WMH的检查中;(3)诊断WMH需要两名或以上经过相关培训的放射科医师共同完成;(4)评估WMH的严重程度时采用改良Fazekas分级系统。
WMH的诊断主要依靠影像学检查[2],其中头颅MRI为首选方法[8]。目前国际通用的WMH影像学诊断标准是2023年发布于Lancet Neurology的脑小血管病国际影像标准-2(standards for reporting vascular changes on neuroimaging-2,STRIVE-2)[1],该诊断标准除对WMH的影像学特征进行定义外,同时还规定诊断WMH的放射科医师需具备相关影像学诊断培训经历,且需要至少两位放射科医师阅片及诊断,以保证诊断的准确性。检测WMH的首选场强为3.0 T,推荐的最小场强为1.5 T[1]。常规MRI检查序列应当包括T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR[33]
WMH是脑白质中大小不等的异常信号,具有以下特征:T2WI和FLAIR序列呈现高信号,T1WI呈低信号或等信号,无空洞(与脑脊液相同的信号)及增强效应,此外,WMH在DWI呈等信号,SWI呈高信号,在皮质下的脑白质区域及侧脑室额角、枕角、颞角的脑白质多见,分布均匀对称,重度WMH可出现融合。按分布部位主要分为脑室旁白质高信号(periventricular white matter hyperintensity,PVWMH)及深部脑白质高信号(deep white matter hyperintensity,DWMH)两大类,脑干中的病变不包括在此类别中。目前,临床上比较公认的用于评价WMH严重程度的是改良Fazekas分级系统,共分为3级,其中Fazekas 1级为斑点样,指较小的、分散的白质高信号区域;Fazekas 2级为斑块样,指白质高信号区域开始部分融合;Fazekas 3级为斑片样,指白质高信号区域广泛融合,形成较大的病变区域[1](图1)。需要注意的是WMH病因多样,炎症、中毒、代谢等因素均可引起WMH,故在诊断血管源性WMH前需排除多发性硬化、颅内感染、脑白质营养不良等疾病[34]
推荐意见3:(1)对WMH影像筛查阳性的飞行人员,应进行神经专科评估。(2)神经专科医师应进行详细的病史采集和全面的神经功能检查,对于存在临床症状的飞行人员,应根据其症状特征进行相关的认知障碍、运动障碍和抑郁障碍量表检查,并完善前庭功能、脑血管、心脏检查和实验室检查。(3)对存在家族遗传倾向且影像或症状有特征性表现的飞行人员建议完善基因检查。(4)对于已经出现一定程度认知功能障碍和(或)运动功能障碍和(或)前庭功能障碍和(或)明显抑郁障碍的飞行人员,建议判定为暂时飞行不合格,积极控制危险因素及进行病因治疗,地面观察至少1年后再次进行评估。再次评估病情缓解者需综合考虑执飞机型或人员类别进行个别评定;病情未缓解者,建议判定为飞行不合格。
WMH的临床表现异质性较大,大多数头颅MRI检出WMH者无明显临床症状,但随WMH严重程度的加重,出现认知功能损害、运动障碍、抑郁障碍等的风险明显增加[8]。认知功能损害可表现为一定程度的注意力、记忆力、理解判断能力、计算能力、学习能力和执行功能下降。运动功能障碍多表现为某种程度的步基增宽、步速减慢、步长变短、平衡障碍、构音障碍等。抑郁障碍可表现为显著而持久的情绪低落,部分患者可能存在自伤、自杀行为,甚至可能伴有妄想、幻觉等精神病性症状。此外,WMH还与眩晕、卒中、紧张型头痛等疾病相关[12,35]。非血管源性WMH相关疾病也可出现上述症状,部分非血管源性WMH相关疾病在非发作期可无任何临床症状,如多发性硬化[36]。考虑WMH病因诊断的复杂性,无论是否有临床症状,WMH影像学阳性的飞行人员均应转到神经专科进行评估。特别是出现临床症状的飞行人员,应由神经专科医师进行全面的病史采集和系统的体格检查。
WMH与多种危险因素相关,因此需要收集飞行人员的详细病史,包括高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、慢性肾功能不全、高脂血症和高同型半胱氨酸血症等危险因素;同时考虑到航空因素也是导致WMH的重要危险因素,所以还需要收集受检飞行人员的执飞机型、飞行时长和飞行高度等飞行信息。体格检查应当全面,且对于前庭、认知、运动、情绪等方面应当重点评估。
WMH负荷通常随年龄增长而加重,但在某些情况下也可能出现消退,并可能伴随脑萎缩减缓及认知功能改善[37]。英国一项为期1年的队列研究发现,37%的轻型脑卒中患者在积极控制危险因素(如使用降脂/降压药物、戒烟、锻炼、减少盐摄入量及控制体重等)后,WMH出现消退,且缺血性卒中复发率降低[38]。美国一项为期2年的随访研究显示,阿尔茨海默病患者的WMH消退与记忆能力改善相关[39]。因此,罹患WMH的飞行人员应积极控制危险因素并定期复查。
辅助检查包括以下几种。(1)脑血管检查。常见的脑血管检查项目包括头颅磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)、颈部血管超声、经颅多普勒超声(transcranial doppler,TCD)、头颈部CT血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)、脑血管数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)等。脑血管检查有助于排除大血管病变及综合评估患者的脑血管疾病严重程度。(2)认知量表评估。最常用的认知功能量表为蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)。MoCA量表包括8个认知领域的11项检查条目,总分为30分[8]。简易精神状态检查(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)量表是一种广泛用于评估认知功能状态的工具,包含30个评分点,覆盖时间定向、地点定向、即刻记忆、注意力和计算力、延迟记忆、命名能力、复述能力、阅读理解、执行命令和书写能力等多个方面。MMSE量表由于简单易行[40],已在国内外广泛应用,是痴呆筛选的首选量表[19]。但美国民航“Guide for Aviation Medical Examiners”认为MMSE量表内容较简单,对飞行人员的认知评估效能略显不足,故在评估时应综合应用MoCA量表及MMSE量表。(3)运动和平衡功能障碍评估。常用的运动功能量表包括“起立-行走”计时测试(timed up and go test,TUG)、Tinetti平衡和步态量表(Tinetti balance and gait analysis)、简易体能状况量表(short physical performance battery,SPPB)和Berg平衡量表(Berg balance scale,BBS)。TUG测试时让受试者从有扶手的靠背椅上站起来走到距椅子3 m远的标记处后再转身走回椅子处坐下,完成时间>12.3 s被认为有跌倒风险。Tinetti量表包括平衡和步态两个部分,总分28分,得分<24分表明有平衡功能障碍。SPPB量表总分为12分,得分<10分表明肌肉功能较差。BBS是一种专门用于评估平衡能力的量表,由Katherine Berg于1989年开发[41],共包含14个项目,每个项目分为0-4分5个等级,总分为56分。BBS是一种标准化的评定方法,已广泛应用于临床,其信度、效度和敏感性均较好[8,41-42]。步态评估仪的操作相对复杂,但评估结果相对客观,有条件者可选择。(4)抑郁障碍评估。由于焦虑症状与抑郁症状密切相关,故在完成抑郁量表评估的同时应该同时完成焦虑量表的评估。汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression rating scale,HAMD)是精神科常用的两种评估工具。HAMA包含14个项目,采用0-4分的5级评分法,用于评估患者的焦虑症状,包括精神性焦虑和躯体性焦虑两大类因子结构。HAMD有17项、21项和24项等不同版本,主要用于评估抑郁症状的频率和严重程度,每个项目对应不同的抑郁症状,如心境、兴趣或愉悦感、睡眠、饮食等。这两个量表在临床和科研领域被广泛应用,用于筛查、评估及监测抑郁症状和焦虑症状的变化,帮助医师了解患者的病情,评估治疗效果[43]。抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)和焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)是两种广泛使用的自评量表,可用于评估抑郁和焦虑症状的严重程度。SDS包含20个条目,采用4级评分,标准分<53分为正常,53~62分为轻度抑郁,63~72分为中度抑郁,≥73分为重度抑郁。SAS同样包含20个条目,评分方式类似,标准分<50分为正常,50~59分为轻度焦虑,60~69分为中度焦虑,≥70分为重度焦虑。这两个量表适用于初步筛查,但不能替代专业诊断[44]。(5)前庭功能辅助检查。旋转双重试验和科里奥利加速度耐力试验是评估飞行人员前庭功能的重要工具。除了这些标准测试,还可通过眼震视图和视频头脉冲测试等方法来全面评估前庭功能。这些补充检查手段有助于更准确地了解飞行人员的前庭健康状况。(6)心脏相关检查。由于血压变异性是WMH的危险因素之一,故应完善24 h动态血压监测[8]。此外,完善24 h动态心电图、超声心动图、TCD发泡试验等有助于评估潜在的心脏因素如房颤、卵圆孔未闭造成脑部病变的可能。(7)实验室检查。实验室检查有助于检出WMH的危险因素。常规检查包括血常规、肝肾功能、凝血功能、血糖、血脂、同型半胱氨酸等。条件允许时还可完善C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、抗心磷脂抗体、基质金属蛋白酶-9、胶质细胞分泌蛋白S100B、神经丝轻链蛋白(neurofilament light chain,NfL)等检测,以评估炎症、血管内皮功能、血脑屏障损伤及脂质代谢功能,这些因素与WMH的病理过程密切相关。此外,如怀疑非血管源性WMH,还可完善脑脊液常规、生化、免疫球蛋白、自身免疫性脑炎抗体、中枢神经系统脱髓鞘抗体、寡克隆带等检测以排除感染或自身免疫性疾病引起WMH的可能,脑脊液T-tau、P-tau、β-淀粉样蛋白42/40检测可用于血管性痴呆与阿尔茨海默病痴呆的鉴别[8]。部分WMH是由基因遗传病引起的,如常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病(cerebral autosomal dominant angiopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)是由NOTCH3基因突变引起的,法布雷病是由GLA基因突变引起的。故对于高度怀疑遗传性WMH的患者应完善相关基因的检测[45]
推荐意见4:(1)对WMH影像筛查阳性的无症状飞行人员,应进行详细的风险评估,建议采用改良Fazekas分级系统。(2)对于改良Fazekas分级为1级的飞行人员,建议判定为飞行合格,至少每年进行一次影像学复查及临床评估,并积极控制危险因素。(3)对于改良Fazekas分级为2级的飞行人员,建议完善认知障碍、运动障碍和抑郁障碍量表评估,并进一步完善实验室检查、前庭功能检查、心脏检查、脑血管相关检查,如未发现可能影响飞行安全的异常,建议判定为飞行合格,半年后进行影像学复查及临床评估,积极控制危险因素,如无异常则改为每年进行一次影像学复查和临床评估。(4)对于改良Fazekas分级为3级的飞行人员,建议判定为暂时飞行不合格,积极控制危险因素并进行病因治疗,地面观察至少1年后再次进行评估。再次评估情况稳定者需综合考虑执飞机型或人员类别进行个别评定;影像学仍有进展或出现临床症状者,建议判定为飞行不合格。
对于影像筛查发现WMH阳性的飞行人员,首先需要对其进行详细的问诊并进行全面的神经功能检查,尤其是认知、运动、抑郁和前庭功能的检查评估,确实无明确临床症状及相关阳性体征,则认定为无症状性WMH。对于无症状性WMH的飞行人员,应收集其飞行信息及WMH危险因素情况,同时进行影像学严重程度评估。
英国一项横断面研究使用影像软件量化了WMH的负荷程度,发现年龄、高血压、糖尿病、肥胖、吸烟等危险因素的严重程度与WMH负荷程度呈正相关,且年龄是主要危险因素,其重要性远大于其他危险因素;高WMH负荷的中青年患者极有可能存在未控制的病因[46]。由于WMH量化软件的临床普及比较困难,Fazekas分级系统成为较常用的WMH影像学评分系统,可较准确地评估WMH的负荷程度。Fazekas评分范围为0~6分,其中1或2分为轻度WMH负荷,3或4分为中度WMH负荷,5或6分为重度WMH负荷[8,47]。Park等[48]利用Fazekas分级系统发现WMH负荷程度与卒中复发率呈正相关。Zeng等[49]利用Fazekas分级系统研究WMH负荷与认知功能及脑白质微结构损伤的关系,结果显示轻度WMH负荷与认知功能损伤及脑白质微结构损伤无关,但中-重度WMH负荷与认知功能损伤及脑白质微结构损伤相关,且WMH负荷越重,关联性越强。Fazekas分级系统在临床中的应用较为繁琐,而改良的Fazekas分级系统进一步简化了评分流程,将WMH的负荷程度分为3个等级(见图1),有助于快速评估及监测病变的严重程度。目前,该改良系统已在临床上得到广泛应用[8,47]。Jiang等[50]分析了改良Fazekas分级系统与脑小血管病患者步态异常之间的关系,结果显示步态异常程度在Fazekas的3个等级之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Zhao等[13]利用改良Fazekas分级系统评估脑小血管病患者WMH负荷与认知障碍和运动障碍的关系,结果显示,WMH负荷与认知障碍和运动障碍呈正相关,且认知障碍和运动障碍程度在Fazekas的3个等级之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。荷兰一项随访14年的队列研究利用改良Fazekas分级系统评估了WMH负荷随时间的变化规律,结果显示轻度WMH负荷的脑小血管病患者仅有2.9%发展为重度WMH负荷,而中度WMH负荷患者有47.9%发展为重度WMH负荷[51]。综上所述,WMH患者应根据改良Fazekas分级系统进行分层管理,尤其是对于无症状的中青年高WMH负荷患者,需高度关注其潜在的病因和卒中风险,且应进行临床症状的重新评估。
本共识提出了基于改良Fazekas分级的飞行人员风险分层方法,强调对WMH飞行人员动态监测及危险因素管理的重要性,并制定了从影像筛查到临床评估的全流程规范,为航空医学领域WMH的精准评估提供了标准化框架。目前关于飞行人员WMH的临床研究较少,今后的研究可重点关注以下两个方面:(1)探索WMH进展的早期预警生物标志物及可逆性干预靶点,以实现飞行人员WMH的早期精准评估与干预;(2)开发更适用于航空人群的WMH风险评估模型,通过多中心协作进一步完善循证医学证据,推动航空医学鉴定从传统经验模式向循证医学模式的转型。期待未来有更多的临床研究证据进一步完善共识,为飞行人员的脑健康保障提供更坚实的科学支撑。
执笔作者:江文(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科),魏东(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科),张潇(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科),万婷(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科),张劲松(空军军医大学西京医院放射科),林伟(空军军医大学西京医院空勤科),张迁(空军军医大学西京医院空勤科)
专家组成员(按姓氏拼音排序):毕晓莹(海军军医大学第一附属医院神经内科),曹秉振(解放军联勤保障部队第960医院神经内科),陈会生(解放军北部战区总医院神经内科),程晓青(解放军东部战区总医院放射诊断科),邓兵梅(解放军南部战区总医院神经内科),丁晶(复旦大学附属中山医院神经内科),韩军良(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科),何俐(四川大学华西医院神经内科),胡怀强(解放军联勤保障部队第960医院神经内科),黄勇华(解放军总医院第七医学中心神经内科),江文(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科),黎红华(解放军中部战区总医院神经内科),李向东(解放军南部战区总医院放射诊断科),李玲(解放军联勤保障部队第925医院特勤科),刘红巾(空军特色医学中心空勤科),刘娟(陆军特色医学中心空勤科),刘新峰(解放军东部战区总医院神经内科),刘艺鸣(山东大学齐鲁医院神经内科),刘之荣(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科),陆正齐(中山大学附属第三医院神经内科),罗国刚(西安交通大学第一附属医院神经内科),马林(解放军总医院第一医学中心放射诊断科),马湘乔(解放军北部战区空军医院医学影像科),潘速跃(南方医科大学南方医院神经内科),彭丹涛(中日友好医院神经内科),邵成伟(海军军医大学第一附属医院影像医学科),沈丹彤(解放军南部战区总医院特勤科),石进(空军特色医学中心神经内科),宿长军(空军军医大学唐都医院神经内科),田成林(解放军总医院第一医学中心神经内科),万东君(解放军联勤保障部队第940医院神经内科),王化宁(空军军医大学西京医院心身科),王坚(复旦大学附属华山医院神经内科),王柠(福建医科大学附属第一医院神经内科),王新江(解放军总医院第二医学中心放射诊断科),王延江(陆军特色医学中心神经内科),王朝霞(北京大学第一医院神经内科),肖波(中南大学湘雅医院神经内科),杨方(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科),于生元(解放军总医院第一医学中心神经内科),曾葭(海军特色医学中心空勤科),张冬(陆军军医大学新桥医院放射科),张光运(空军特色医学中心神经内科),张文华(解放军西部战区空军医院医学影像科),张忠玲(哈尔滨医科大学第一附属医院神经内科),朱遂强(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院神经内科),朱以诚(北京协和医院神经内科)
  • 空军军医大学军事医学提升计划项目(2020JSTS26)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0321.2025.0416
  • 接收时间:2025-03-07
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-07
  • 录用日期:2025-03-25
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Military Medicine Promotion Program of Air Force Medical University(2020JSTS26)
空军军医大学军事医学提升计划项目(2020JSTS26)
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于生元,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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