Article(id=1190243275710763529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0071.2024.1025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705334400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1724774400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-28, onlineDate=1761705710580, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761705710580, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761705710580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761705710580, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190243275249390089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='505', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761705710470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765784077922, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207349188233372409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207349188233372410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1190243275249390089, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=612, endPage=618, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190243275954033164, articleId=1190243275710763529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress of cooling therapy for heat stroke, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heat stroke is a heat-related illness caused by an imbalance between the body's heat production and heat dissipation, which could lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome with a high mortality rate. Rapid and effective reduction of core body temperature is key to successful treatment. This article reviews recent progress in the treatment of heat stroke, including new understandings of organ injury mechanisms, the timing, velocity and goals of cooling treatment, evaluation and selection of traditional cooling techniques (such as cold water immersion), and scientific evaluation of new cooling technologies (such as blood purification technology and intravascular heat exchange cooling technology), aiming to promote understanding and treatment of heat stroke.

, correspAuthors=Shu-Yuan Liu, Qing Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Liu Shu-Yuan, E-mail: ;
Song Qing, E-mail:
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热射病是由于机体产热与散热失衡,体内热蓄积超过体温调节的代偿能力而导致的重症疾病,可造成多器官功能障碍,病死率较高。快速有效地降低核心体温是热射病救治成功的关键。本文综述近年来热射病的发病机制和降温治疗方面的研究进展,包括热射病器官损伤的机制、降温时机、降温速率与终点目标、传统降温技术(如冷水浸泡)及新降温技术(如血液净化技术和血管内热交换降温技术)的评价等,旨在为增进临床对热射病的认识及实施更有效的降温治疗措施提供参考。

, correspAuthors=刘树元, 宋青, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘树元,E-mail:
宋青,E-mail:
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赵金宝,硕士研究生,主要从事急诊医学方面的研究

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赵金宝,硕士研究生,主要从事急诊医学方面的研究

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热射病降温治疗研究进展
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赵金宝 1, 2 , 汪茜 3 , 辛天宇 1 , 毛汉丁 1 , 陶冶 4 , 宁波 5 , 秦臻臻 1 , 刘树元 1, * , 宋青 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025,50(5): 612-618
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025, 50(5): 612-618
热射病降温治疗研究进展
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赵金宝1, 2, 汪茜3, 辛天宇1, 毛汉丁1, 陶冶4, 宁波5, 秦臻臻1, 刘树元1, * , 宋青2, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第六医学中心急诊医学科,北京 100048
  • 2解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 3解放军总医院第三医学中心急诊科,北京 100039
  • 4解放军总医院京中医疗区黄寺门诊部,北京 100120
  • 5空军特色医学中心重症医学科,北京 100142
  • 赵金宝,硕士研究生,主要从事急诊医学方面的研究

通讯作者:

刘树元,E-mail:
宋青,E-mail:
Research progress of cooling therapy for heat stroke
Jin-Bao Zhao1, 2, Qian Wang3, Tian-Yu Xin1, Han-Ding Mao1, Ye Tao4, Bo Ning5, Zhen-Zhen Qin1, Shu-Yuan Liu1, * , Qing Song2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
  • 2Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
  • 3Department of Emergency, the Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
  • 4Out-patient Department of Huangsi, Jingzhong Medical Zone, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100120, China
  • 5Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0071.2024.1025
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热射病是由于机体产热与散热失衡,体内热蓄积超过体温调节的代偿能力而导致的重症疾病,可造成多器官功能障碍,病死率较高。快速有效地降低核心体温是热射病救治成功的关键。本文综述近年来热射病的发病机制和降温治疗方面的研究进展,包括热射病器官损伤的机制、降温时机、降温速率与终点目标、传统降温技术(如冷水浸泡)及新降温技术(如血液净化技术和血管内热交换降温技术)的评价等,旨在为增进临床对热射病的认识及实施更有效的降温治疗措施提供参考。

热射病  /  器官损伤  /  降温  /  血管内热交换降温

Heat stroke is a heat-related illness caused by an imbalance between the body's heat production and heat dissipation, which could lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome with a high mortality rate. Rapid and effective reduction of core body temperature is key to successful treatment. This article reviews recent progress in the treatment of heat stroke, including new understandings of organ injury mechanisms, the timing, velocity and goals of cooling treatment, evaluation and selection of traditional cooling techniques (such as cold water immersion), and scientific evaluation of new cooling technologies (such as blood purification technology and intravascular heat exchange cooling technology), aiming to promote understanding and treatment of heat stroke.

heat stroke  /  organ injury  /  cooling  /  endovascular heat exchange cooling
赵金宝, 汪茜, 辛天宇, 毛汉丁, 陶冶, 宁波, 秦臻臻, 刘树元, 宋青. 热射病降温治疗研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (5) : 612 -618 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0071.2024.1025
Jin-Bao Zhao, Qian Wang, Tian-Yu Xin, Han-Ding Mao, Ye Tao, Bo Ning, Zhen-Zhen Qin, Shu-Yuan Liu, Qing Song. Research progress of cooling therapy for heat stroke[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (5) : 612 -618 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0071.2024.1025
中暑是指机体暴露在高温(高湿)环境和(或)剧烈运动一定时间后,产热-散热平衡被破坏,体内热蓄积超过体温调节的代偿限度时发生的一组疾病。热射病为重症中暑,可分为经典型(classic heat stroke,CHS)和劳力型(exertional heat stroke,EHS)[1-2]。近年来热射病发病率逐渐增高,总体病死率为2%~37%[3-9]。热射病所致多器官功能障碍主要源自热量在体内大量蓄积,超出了机体的耐受能力。快速有效的降温治疗是热射病救治成功的关键。本文综述近年来热射病所致器官损伤的机制和降温治疗方面的研究进展,包括降温时机、降温速率与终点目标、传统降温技术及新降温技术的评价等,旨在为增进临床对热射病的认识及实施更有效的降温治疗措施提供参考。
生理情况下,位于下丘脑的体温调节中枢通过调控机体的产热与散热平衡[10],维持核心体温稳定在37 ℃左右[11-12]。如果散热减少(如高温高湿环境下)或产热增多(如剧烈运动时),可导致产生的热量超过机体的散热能力,热量在体内蓄积,核心体温升高。如果热蓄积超出了组织器官的耐受能力,就会引起多器官损伤,严重时可致死亡。热射病导致多器官和系统损伤的病理生理机制十分复杂,目前仍不完全清楚。器官损伤的机制可能包括直接热损伤和继发性损伤及二者的叠加作用。高热对组织细胞的直接热损伤可导致细胞变性坏死、蛋白质失活等非特异性表现;继发性损伤可能由于机体血流重新分布、部分内脏器官缺血、黏膜屏障破坏、内毒素入血等引起全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS),严重时可发生弥散性血管内凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC)和多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)[13]
EHS引起的损伤缺乏器官特异性和特征性的病理变化,且病情进展的不同阶段受损器官也存在差异[14]。临床上观察到部分EHS患者在经过早期降温治疗后仍然未能避免器官进展性损伤和严重的并发症,其可能的机制是继发性免疫紊乱和过度炎症反应介导了进一步的器官损伤[15]。在EHS、CHS患者和动物模型中,均观察到固有免疫反应的激活,其特征包括白细胞增多和促炎细胞因子释放,黏附分子和急性期蛋白表达升高[16]。针对热射病动物模型炎症反应调节的相关研究显示,用白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1受体拮抗剂、皮质类固醇或重组活化蛋白C中和炎症反应可减轻器官损伤,提高存活率;相反,在IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)受体表达缺陷的小鼠和接受皮质类固醇的非人灵长类动物中均观察到病死率增高[17-19]。这些结果提示,炎症反应是一个连续的过程,其持续时间及严重程度与热射病的预后直接相关[3,20]
及时有效地降低核心体温是热射病救治的关键[3]。实施院前降温和缩短高热时间对于患者的存活至关重要[21-24],而就诊时核心体温≥41 ℃且持续时间长的热射病患者病死率高达80%[25]。研究显示,热射病患者体温越早降至目标水平,受损器官越少,器官功能恢复越快,平均住院时间越短[26]。降温不及时和持续高热的患者易发生严重的器官损伤,如脑病、重度认知功能障碍、横纹肌溶解、肝衰竭、肾衰竭、DIC、呼吸衰竭等[9]。如果在发病30 min内将核心体温降至40 ℃以下,则并发症发生较少,病死率接近零[23,27-28];如果早期降温不充分,则发生并发症和死亡的风险均明显增高[24,27,29-31]
因此,对于热射病患者在第一时间启动降温治疗至关重要。针对EHS患者的观察性研究显示,将直肠温度快速降至38.8 ℃可实现100%存活[32]。国内外指南/共识均把脱离热环境后快速降温作为热射病救治的绝对推荐[2,22-24,33-34]。Heled等[35]建议,直肠温度>39.4 ℃且临床高度怀疑热射病时,应立即启动有效的降温治疗。
除了降温时机,降温速率也与预后密切相关。研究认为,CHS患者降温速率>0.15 ℃/min与预后改善密切相关,可减少并发症的发生[9]。降温速率<0.15 ℃/min被定义为“降温不充分”,可能产生并发症,甚至导致死亡[29-31,36-37]。2019年《中国热射病诊断与治疗专家共识》建议降温速率为0.13~0.19 ℃/min,并建议采用严格的目标温度管理方案[2]
在热射病降温治疗中,最佳目标体温仍有争议。有研究认为,在30 min内将核心体温降至40.5 ℃即能阻止组织损伤[9];而其他研究则建议在核心体温降至39 ℃时停止降温,以避免体温过低[22,38]。关于降温终点的研究在目标体温和降温方法上存在较大差异,多数采用蒸发降温的研究以<38 ℃为目标体温,而采用冷水浸泡(cold water immersion,CWI)降温的研究多数以<39 ℃为终点[32]。由于这些研究报道的降温速率都较快,病死率很低,所观察到的病死率获益并不能完全归因于所选择的终点体温。另外,不同终点体温对远期并发症或神经功能结局的影响尚不清楚。将体温降至低于正常水平是否可行,目前尚缺乏相关的研究报道。现有资料并未显示轻度低体温会产生明显的有害影响,但部分学者担心体温过低可能导致心律失常。如以正常体温作为目标体温,在理论上没有问题,但实际应用可能付出较大代价:以冷水浴降温为例,患者在冷水中核心体温降至正常并撤离后,部分患者体温还会进一步下降。鉴于此,目前常以略高于正常体温的温度为降温目标(37.5~38.5 ℃),但其最佳值尚未达成共识[24,39-41]。有学者提出,不应以某一具体的核心体温作为停止降温的阈值,而应以热射病的行为表现来决定,如可将神志清楚、行为改善和认知能力提升作为主动降温的终点[42]
传统的热射病降温技术基于热传导、蒸发、对流和辐射的原理,主要通过皮肤散发热量。根据救治现场的条件,可选择一种或多种方法联合降温。
CWI是报道较多且较为有效的传统降温方法。水具有较高的比热容、密度和导热系数,具有很大的导热潜力[43]。将患者躯体和四肢浸泡于冷水(8~14℃)和冰水(2~5℃)中,仅头面部外露,可达到最大体表接触面积,其降温速率分别为0.16~0.26 ℃/min和0.12~0.35 ℃/min[27,30]。多项研究显示,CWI明显优于其他传统降温方法,在热射病治疗中呈现出更优的降温速率,可在20~30 min达到降温目标,尤其是对于EHS患者,早期实施CWI可明显提高存活率[23,27,44-47]。当缺少冷水或冰水时,温水(20 ℃)浸泡也是可接受的选择,平均降温速率可达0.11 ℃/min[48]
CWI的最佳水温设置仍不清楚。针对成人EHS患者实施CWI的观察性研究显示,温水(20~26 ℃)、冷水(8 ℃)或冰水(2~5 ℃)浸泡的平均降温速率差异无统计学意义[31,49-50]。一项纳入63项研究(37项对照研究、2项队列研究和24项病例系列研究)的Meta分析对比了EHS患者在不同水温(14~17 ℃、8~12 ℃和1~5 ℃)下浸泡的降温速率,结果显示,不同水温的CWI均能快速降低核心体温,且在降温速率上没有明显差别[51]。尽管热射病患者初始体温范围较宽(40.0~42.8 ℃),但CWI降温速率与初始体温没有明显的相关性,降温达标时间主要取决于浸泡在冷水中的时间[32]
多项研究认为CWI是EHS的最佳降温方式,但CWI需要配备浴桶或降温池,在发病现场或部分医疗机构难以快速实现。使用防水布也能达到简易降温池的作用[52-54]:患者平躺在防水布上,将头部一侧的防水布轻轻提起,使其半卧位,其他人员将防水布其他侧边抬起,加入冷水后可模拟水浴池进行辅助降温。随机对照研究显示,使用防水布辅助降温的方法降温速率为0.14~0.17 ℃/min[24,52-53]。虽然这一简易方法的降温速率可能低于CWI,但在条件受限时可作为替代方案。浸泡在冷水中5~10 min可能发生皮肤血管收缩[29-30,55-56],之前认为这会阻碍散热;然而,有研究显示,由于热射病患者与水之间存在较大的温度梯度,浸泡在冷水中的短暂血管收缩对于降温效率的影响并不明显[29-30,43,57]。相关研究显示,EHS患者对CWI通常耐受良好,很少发生不良事件[51,58]。CWI时需要连续监测患者的核心体温(如直肠温度)、心率和血压,并避免患者面部浸入水下发生淹溺。CWI需一直持续到核心体温达标并稳定≥15 min,患者从浴池中移出后需继续监测核心体温;如核心体温再次升高,则应重新进行CWI[59]
除CWI外,其他降温方式包括冷水浇淋、喷雾、全身擦拭、扇风、冷/冰敷、冰帽、冰毯、体内冷盐水输注/灌注等。
冷水浇淋患者躯干和四肢可快速降低皮肤温度及核心体温。根据冰/水比例的不同,可实施不同温度的冷水浇淋,降温速率为0.07~0.14 ℃/min[40]。冷水浇淋的降温效果虽不及CWI,但在救治现场没有CWI条件时,可作为替代选择[27,30,44,55]
喷雾、扇风降温是通过蒸发和对流的原理,以10~20 ℃的水对患者全身实施喷雾并配合扇风,使体表水分快速蒸发并带走热量,研究显示其降温速率为0.034~0.110 ℃/min[40]。有研究者设计了身体降温装置(body-cooling unit,BCU),即向躺在悬空网状被单上的患者喷洒冷水雾(15 ℃)和温暖压缩空气(45 ℃,用于预防颤抖),实验观测到的降温速率为0.31 ℃/min[60];然而,在实际的中暑患者中,BCU的降温速率范围为0.04℃~0.11 ℃/min,仅为上述实验结果的1/3[61]
在靠近大血管的颈部、腋窝、腹股沟等处放置冰块/冰袋,理论上有一定的降温作用,但在热射病患者中的实际降温效果并不确切。两项在成人EHS患者中进行的病例对照研究显示,在颈部、腋窝和腹股沟处放置冰袋的降温效果与自然降温相比并无明显差异[62-63]。仅在空调房间中被动自然降温的患者平均降温速率为0.03~0.06 ℃/min[40]。关于冷敷的部位,有研究认为在脸颊、手掌和脚底放置冰袋可能优于颈部、腋窝和腹股沟[51]。这些方法可能并不会比单纯被动降温产生更快的降温效果[64-65]
其他体表降温方案尽管在热射病救治现场也有应用,但单独应用的降温效果有限。如用湿纱布或湿毛巾大面积覆盖皮肤时降温速率约为0.06 ℃/min,穿戴相变材料冷却背心降温速率为0.02 ℃/min,使用反光毯的降温速率为0.02~0.03 ℃/min,单纯扇风的降温速率为0.04 ℃/min。这些方案的降温速率均属于不可接受的范畴,不推荐作为降低核心体温的主要手段[55]
用冷盐水(4~10 ℃)进行快速静脉输注、胃管灌洗、膀胱灌洗、直肠灌洗等在理论上也有助于降温,且部分措施有助于纠正脱水和血容量不足,但在输注/灌洗液体总量、液体温度、内环境干扰、患者选择、降温效果和耐受性等方面仍有较大争议。一项回顾性研究比较了静脉输注冷盐水(4 ℃)与室温生理盐水对热射病军人院前治疗的影响,结果显示,输注冷盐水组住院时间明显缩短,肌酐峰值水平明显降低,肝功能恢复更快[66]。在一项针对健康志愿者(n=16)的研究中,输注冷生理盐水(4 °C)30 min可使核心体温降低1 °C,而输注室温生理盐水30 min仅使体温下降0.5 °C[67]。因此,输注冷盐水对于热射病患者可能是有益的,但不足以支持将其作为主要的降温方法。
热射病发病的主要机制是机体产热与散热失衡超出了代偿调节能力,或者患者存在体温调节功能障碍,使用药物来降低体温缺乏病理生理上的合理性。现有资料显示,丹曲林(dantrolene)或解热镇痛药(对乙酰氨基酚或非甾体抗炎药)等药物在热射病的治疗中作用不明显[23,68-69]。丹曲林是一种突触后肌肉松弛剂,通过减少过度的肌肉收缩而用于治疗恶性高热。丹曲林可拮抗肌浆网内的Ryanodine受体(一种存在于内质网和肌浆网上的钙释放通道),抑制钙释放到胞质中,逆转肌肉强直和产热[70]。一项针对CHS患者的双盲随机对照研究发现,丹曲林并不能缩短降温时间和住院时间,也不能减轻多器官损伤[69]。在EHS和CHS的临床前动物实验中,非甾体抗炎药没有显示出明显的降温获益,反而增加了肝肾损害和肠道损伤的风险[71-73]。目前多数学者对热射病药物降温持否定态度,相关的国内国际共识、指南也不建议使用药物降温[2,34,74]
近年来已有多个连续性血液净化技术(continuous blood purification,CBP)成功用于热射病的救治病例报道。CBP将患者血液引出体外,通过体外循环管路后再回输至体内,体外循环管路暴露于室温环境,可起到直接降低血液温度的作用;治疗中施加置换液进入血液,也有一定的降温作用;产生的废液也可带走部分血液中的热量。因此,通过调整体外循环血流量和置换液的流速及温度,理论上可用于热射病的降温治疗。Ikeda等[75]报道了5例合并进展性MODS的CHS患者,入院时的临床特征和实验室检查没有明显差异,其中3例接受常规处理加CBP治疗的患者存活,而2例仅接受常规治疗的患者均在入院3 d内死亡。
一项回顾性研究纳入了33例热射病患者,分为对照组(n=18,接受常规治疗)和CBP组(n=15,常规治疗加CBP治疗),两组入院时的基线数据及急性生理和慢性健康状况Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)评分差异不明显;结果显示,与对照组比较,CBP组体温降至37 ℃的时间更短[(11.9±6.8) h vs. (29.2±11.3) h,P<0.001],血小板、白细胞计数和肝肾功能恢复更快,且CBP组30 d病死率明显低于对照组(15.2% vs. 45.5%,P=0.029)[76]。另一项回顾性研究分析了连续静脉-静脉血液滤过(continuous veno-venous hemofiltration,CVVH)在热射病治疗中的作用,共纳入16例热射病患者,均接受CVVH治疗至少96 h,置换液初始温度设置为25~30 ℃,治疗持续2~2.5 h后改为36 ℃;结果显示,患者核心体温在2 h内从治疗前的(41.3±0.2) ℃下降至(38.7±0.1) ℃,5 h后下降至(36.7±0.1) ℃[77]
在临床实践中,CBP已广泛用于重症热射病的救治,早期联合常规方法治疗热射病具有一定优势,除了稳定内环境和辅助容量管理外,亦有降低体温的作用[78-79]。我国热射病诊断与治疗专家共识已推荐CBP技术应用于具有指征的热射病的治疗[2]
血管内热交换降温技术(endovascular heat exchange cooling)之前主要用于心脏或神经外科手术、卒中及心脏骤停后治疗的温度管理[80-83],可实现精确的核心体温控制。血管内热交换降温系统包括热交换导管与控制调温主机两部分。热交换导管有多个管腔,尖端装有热交换囊,热交换囊通过导管与控制调温主机相连通。将热交换导管插入静脉(如经股静脉将尖端置入到下腔静脉,或经锁骨下静脉将尖端置入到上腔静脉),通过制冷剂在主机与热交换囊间的循环,实现血液降温。通过控制制冷剂的温度,可达到控制核心体温的目的。
近年来少数病例报道了这一技术用于热射病的降温治疗,取得了较好的效果。例如,Hamaya等[84]报道了1例39岁男性热射病患者,初诊时格拉斯哥昏迷评分为6分,核心体温40.7 ℃,通过快速置入血管内热交换降温装置,17 min后核心体温降至38.8 ℃,经5 d治疗后出院,无并发症及后遗症。Yokobori等[85]的一项前瞻性多中心研究评价了血管内降温装置在热射病治疗中的可行性和安全性,并比较了常规治疗联合或不联合血管内降温治疗的效果,结果显示,联合血管内降温组(n=13)患者均在24 h内达到目标体温37 ℃,而常规治疗组(n=8)仅50%的患者达到37 ℃(P<0.01),且联合血管内降温组入院24 h的序贯器官衰竭评分明显低于常规治疗组(1.5分 vs. 4.0分,P=0.04)。
现有资料显示,血管内降温技术能实现快速精准的体温控制,可达到3.0~6.0 ℃/h的降温速率和0.1 ℃的温度控制精度,且不会出现体表物理降温造成的皮肤血管收缩,也未观察到并发症增多[86-88]。然而,这一技术对于医护人员的技能要求较高,并需要放置辅助设备来置入导管,尚不适合急救现场及转运途中的应用,大多只能在医院内使用。
快速有效地降低核心体温是热射病救治成功的关键。在传统降温技术中,CWI是降温速率快、效果确切的方法,而其他传统的体表或体内降温技术实际效果有限,仅适合作为辅助降温手段。药物降温不建议用于热射病的治疗。随着新材料和人工智能的应用,新的降温技术逐渐应用于临床,显示出一定优势,但这些新技术对人员和设备有较高要求,仅适合在医院内实施。新的降温技术在热射病治疗中的应用仍需进一步积累经验及进行科学的评价。
  • 军队卫生防疫防护专项(22FYFH11)
  • 军事医学创新工程专项(18CXZ019)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0071.2024.1025
  • 接收时间:2024-01-16
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-16
  • 录用日期:2024-08-28
基金
Special Project of Military Epidemic Prevention And Protection(22FYFH11)
军队卫生防疫防护专项(22FYFH11)
Special Program of Innovation Project of Military Medicine(18CXZ019)
军事医学创新工程专项(18CXZ019)
作者信息
    1解放军总医院第六医学中心急诊医学科,北京 100048
    2解放军医学院,北京 100853
    3解放军总医院第三医学中心急诊科,北京 100039
    4解放军总医院京中医疗区黄寺门诊部,北京 100120
    5空军特色医学中心重症医学科,北京 100142

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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