Article(id=1200026650797769592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2391.2023.0511, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668182400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1676217600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-02-13, onlineDate=1764038248967, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1693152000000, pubDateStr=2023-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764038248967, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764038248967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038248967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200026645001241395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='871', pageEnd='992', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764038247584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038741950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200028718564474883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200028718564474884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=965, endPage=971, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200026651091370886, articleId=1200026650797769592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Advances in pathophysiological study of military traumatic brain injury, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Military traumatic brain injury (TBI) belongs to military psychiatry, which is a new subcategory of psychiatry. Military TBI has become a landmark injury in modern military conflicts, which not only has a high incidence and death rate, but also has many sequelae, bringing heavy burden to patients and society. There have been frequent reports on TBI, but the pathophysiological mechanism of trauma to human brain tissue caused by military action and war has not been extensively studied. In this paper, epidemiological data, pathogenesis, molecular biological diagnosis and research achievements of existing therapeutic techniques related to TBI were reviewed, especially in terms of pathophysiological mechanism, and the pathogenesis, pathophysiological changes, blood-brain barrier injury, neuroinflammation and immune response of military TBI induced concussion and impact brain injury were summarized. It will provide useful reference for further study of military TBI.

, correspAuthors=Yang Lv, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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战后创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)属于军事精神病学范畴,是精神病学的一个新的子学科。战后TBI已成为现代军事冲突的标志性损伤,不仅发病率、病死率高,且后遗症多,给患者及社会带来了沉重负担。近年来关于TBI的报道屡见不鲜,但关于军事行动、战争对人类脑组织造成的创伤的病理生理机制尚未得到广泛研究。本文综述战后TBI的流行病学资料、发病机制、分子生物学诊断及现有治疗技术的研究成果,重点总结战后TBI引起脑震荡和冲击性脑损伤的发病机制、病理生理改变,战后TBI的血脑屏障损伤及神经炎症和免疫反应,为下一步研究战争导致的TBI提供有益借鉴。

, correspAuthors=吕洋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吕洋,E-mail:
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杨凌齐,硕士研究生,主要从事高原疾病方面的研究

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杨凌齐,硕士研究生,主要从事高原疾病方面的研究

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杨凌齐,硕士研究生,主要从事高原疾病方面的研究

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New markers of TBI

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机制标志物a样本来源检测技术参考文献
星形胶质细胞损伤胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)脑脊液酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)[44]
中枢神经系统特异性蛋白-B(S100-B)血清、脑脊液自动电化学发光分析[45]、[46]
神经元坏死泛素C末端水解酶-L1(UCH-L1)脑脊液、血清双硅磷酸微量蛋白测定[47]
轴突损伤神经丝蛋白(NF-pro)脑脊液ELISA、色谱仪、质谱分析[48]
血影蛋白裂解产物(αII-SBDPs)脑脊液ELISA[49]
慢性神经元树突再生微观相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)血清ELISA[50]
神经元和轴突的存活与再生大脑衍生生长因子(BNDF)血清电化学发光夹心免疫分析[51]
突触后蛋白神经粒素(NRGN)脑脊液ELISA[52]
血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)血液自动凝血仪[50]
大脑损伤微小RNA(miRNA)血清TapMan微小RNA检测[53]
miR-520d-3p和miR-627细胞反转录聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)[54]
缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)细胞、脑脊液免疫荧光染色[46]
间充质干细胞源性外泌体(MSC-Exo)血清超速离心法[55]
神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)脑脊液超速离心法[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1200026654685888582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026650797769592, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TBI新型生物标志物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机制标志物a样本来源检测技术参考文献
星形胶质细胞损伤胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)脑脊液酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)[44]
中枢神经系统特异性蛋白-B(S100-B)血清、脑脊液自动电化学发光分析[45]、[46]
神经元坏死泛素C末端水解酶-L1(UCH-L1)脑脊液、血清双硅磷酸微量蛋白测定[47]
轴突损伤神经丝蛋白(NF-pro)脑脊液ELISA、色谱仪、质谱分析[48]
血影蛋白裂解产物(αII-SBDPs)脑脊液ELISA[49]
慢性神经元树突再生微观相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)血清ELISA[50]
神经元和轴突的存活与再生大脑衍生生长因子(BNDF)血清电化学发光夹心免疫分析[51]
突触后蛋白神经粒素(NRGN)脑脊液ELISA[52]
血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)血液自动凝血仪[50]
大脑损伤微小RNA(miRNA)血清TapMan微小RNA检测[53]
miR-520d-3p和miR-627细胞反转录聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)[54]
缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)细胞、脑脊液免疫荧光染色[46]
间充质干细胞源性外泌体(MSC-Exo)血清超速离心法[55]
神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)脑脊液超速离心法[56]
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战后创伤性脑损伤研究进展
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杨凌齐 1, 2 , 吕洋 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(8): 965-971
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(8): 965-971
战后创伤性脑损伤研究进展
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杨凌齐1, 2, 吕洋2, *
作者信息
  • 1甘肃省中医药大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730000
  • 2解放军联勤保障部队第940医院眼科中心,甘肃兰州 730000
  • 杨凌齐,硕士研究生,主要从事高原疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

吕洋,E-mail:
Advances in pathophysiological study of military traumatic brain injury
Ling-Qi Yang1, 2, Yang Lv2, *
Affiliations
  • 1First Clinical Medical School of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
  • 2Ophthalmic Center, the 940th Hospital of Joint Service Support Forces of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
出版时间: 2023-08-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2391.2023.0511
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战后创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)属于军事精神病学范畴,是精神病学的一个新的子学科。战后TBI已成为现代军事冲突的标志性损伤,不仅发病率、病死率高,且后遗症多,给患者及社会带来了沉重负担。近年来关于TBI的报道屡见不鲜,但关于军事行动、战争对人类脑组织造成的创伤的病理生理机制尚未得到广泛研究。本文综述战后TBI的流行病学资料、发病机制、分子生物学诊断及现有治疗技术的研究成果,重点总结战后TBI引起脑震荡和冲击性脑损伤的发病机制、病理生理改变,战后TBI的血脑屏障损伤及神经炎症和免疫反应,为下一步研究战争导致的TBI提供有益借鉴。

军事医学  /  创伤性脑损伤  /  病理生理学  /  诊断与治疗

Military traumatic brain injury (TBI) belongs to military psychiatry, which is a new subcategory of psychiatry. Military TBI has become a landmark injury in modern military conflicts, which not only has a high incidence and death rate, but also has many sequelae, bringing heavy burden to patients and society. There have been frequent reports on TBI, but the pathophysiological mechanism of trauma to human brain tissue caused by military action and war has not been extensively studied. In this paper, epidemiological data, pathogenesis, molecular biological diagnosis and research achievements of existing therapeutic techniques related to TBI were reviewed, especially in terms of pathophysiological mechanism, and the pathogenesis, pathophysiological changes, blood-brain barrier injury, neuroinflammation and immune response of military TBI induced concussion and impact brain injury were summarized. It will provide useful reference for further study of military TBI.

military medicine  /  traumatic brain injury  /  pathophysiology  /  diagnosis and treatment
杨凌齐, 吕洋. 战后创伤性脑损伤研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (8) : 965 -971 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2391.2023.0511
Ling-Qi Yang, Yang Lv. Advances in pathophysiological study of military traumatic brain injury[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (8) : 965 -971 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2391.2023.0511
创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)是危害人类健康的重要疾病,尤其是战争导致的TBI后果更加严重。近年来,TBI在全球范围内的发生率和病死率不断增高,军事活动所导致的TBI也愈加受到精神病学和神经病学领域专家的广泛关注。虽然关于TBI的报道逐渐增多,但对战后TBI的具体影响及发病机制研究鲜见。本文就战后TBI的流行病学、发病机制、病理生理学、分子生物学诊断及治疗现状等进行综述。
美国疾病控制和预防中心报道,以越南战争为界,在之前的军事活动中,美国士兵的TBI患病率为7.0%~13.0%,而在之后的伊拉克和阿富汗战争中,由于广泛使用高爆武器和简易爆炸装置,TBI患病率达21.0%~28.0%[1-2]。此外,美国国防医疗监测系统和战区数据存储报告显示,2001-2012年有244 217例因军事活动导致的TBI病例,其中约75%被归类为轻微型创伤性脑损伤(mild traumatic brain injury,mTBI)[3]。英国武装部队提供的数据显示,在“伊拉克自由行动”和“持久自由行动”期间,士兵的mTBI患病率达到4.4%[4];2014年加拿大武装部队报道,有5.2%的军人在阿富汗部署中遭受了严重的TBI[5]。2009年,Terrio等[6]发现,在伊拉克服役的部队成员中,患mTBI者占82.5%。Prins和Giza[7]的调查结果显示,美国TBI的发病率为(200~558)/10万。2009年美国国防部TBI资料库的统计结果显示,47所医院中有13 000多例TBI住院患者,其中重度TBI患者病死率>20%、严重致残率>50%[8]
引起TBI的原因多种多样,但在军事领域,头部严重撞击、爆炸装置暴露、穿透性弹道伤等仍被认为是战后TBI最主要的原因。其中,穿透性弹道伤是常见类型,其能量瞬间释放可导致神经纤维束实质性破坏,而危害性最强的是爆炸性武器暴露引起的冲击波造成的颅脑损伤,常导致颅内血管波动、压力梯度剧增和强烈的颅骨动态波动[9]。由于爆炸性武器释放的巨大能量,使遭受原发性或继发性冲击波损伤的士兵通常死于现场或终身留有严重的机体功能紊乱症,甚至成为植物人。在战后TBI中,脑震荡和冲击性脑损伤是较常见的两种类型。
根据病理变化的严重程度和特点,狭义的战后TBI是指脑震荡、冲击波伤和创伤性大脑功能损伤后遗症等。其中脑震荡是mTBI最常见的类型。在军事环境中,脑震荡损伤最常见的原因是减速伤(即头部钝器撞击)或由于“鞭打”机制——头部主动撞击坚硬物体,如士兵的头部在爆炸性武器的射程内被击中——在脑组织中产生加速力和减速力所致,这些力呈线性或旋转性[10]。快速的加速/减速力或旋转力导致单个脑细胞和血管延长,改变了膜的通透性且使大脑直径和形状发生变化[10];尽管所有的脑细胞都可能受损,但由于神经元轴突的长度较长,膜质比较高,更容易受到剪切力的损伤[10]。例如,士兵的头部在爆炸武器的范围内被击中后,作用于头部的线性力、旋转力、剪切力超过了脑组织周围脑脊液的缓冲限度即可能造成脑震荡[10]
冲击性脑损伤是战后TBI常见的类型之一。士兵接触爆炸性武器的概率很高,冲击性脑损伤在战后TBI中约占60%,在mTBI中则高达80%[11]。在军事环境中,如大型物体(房屋、堡垒)或车辆爆炸,会加剧爆炸杀伤力,其原因为冲击波与周围的结构相互作用,产生大量反射波,反射波与主波相互作用,形成复杂的冲击波,从而使冲击力增加数倍[12];不同的军事环境也会影响冲击波的速度和杀伤力。冲击波对人体的影响可分为5类,具体如下:(1)原发性冲击伤(一级损伤)。由原始冲击波直接引起,其部分能量被人体吸收,以组织传播的形式扩散。(2)继发性冲击伤(二级损伤)。因爆炸产生的各种碎片造成的二次损伤或穿透伤。(3)三级损伤是战后TBI的主要类型,为爆炸动能推动身体加速或减速、旋转或撞击造成的损伤。(4)四级爆炸冲击伤由爆炸产生的巨大热量引起。(5)五级伤害包括多种类型的损伤,如物理/化学烧伤、环境或污染弹片引起的细菌感染、“脏弹”引起的辐射损伤等[12],如士兵有呼吸道皮肤和黏膜烧伤或全身毒性反应甚至可造成窒息。
既往研究表明,TBI可导致多种神经病理变化,包括淀粉样蛋白β(amyloid-β,Aβ)斑块形成、TDP-43蛋白(TAR DNA binding protein-43,TDP-43)和α-突触核蛋白的积累、多发性神经纤维结缠绕(neurofibrillary tangles,NFTs)及Tau蛋白高度磷酸化等[13]。Mckee等[14]研究发现,大脑中Tau蛋白高度磷酸化和多发性NFTs可导致脑震荡,表明Tau蛋白磷酸化与轴索损伤、血脑屏障(blood-brain-barrier,BBB)破坏及神经炎症密切相关;Wu等[15]发现,脑震荡士兵脑组织中具有大量微出血灶,且星形胶质细胞增多,神经胶质细胞反应性增生;McKee和Robinson[16]对1名经历多次脑震荡的退伍军人进行神经病理分析,结果显示,其颞叶皮质周围有多个Tau蛋白反应区,与早期慢性TBI的病理改变一致。
对于冲击性脑损伤,因爆炸性武器产生的冲击波以惊人的速度穿过脑组织[17],在很短的时间内造成脑组织及其营养血管的迅速叠加、收缩和扩张,引起血管壁损伤和血流动力学异常,导致大脑实质改变和蛛网膜下腔出血,从而出现脑组织水肿等病理学特征,最终引起一系列神经精神症状。2021年的一篇报道显示,冲击波造成的损伤可引起视功能障碍[18]。Lu等[19]发现,猕猴重复暴露在爆炸环境中后,其脑组织表现出了一系列病理变化,包括毛细血管腔塌陷、星形胶质细胞肥大、内皮细胞基质变性和网状内皮细胞周围的血管增殖等;他们还发现,严重的冲击伤可引起猕猴脑部星形胶质细胞中水通道蛋白-4(aquaporin-4,AQP4)表达增加及小脑皮质、海马体和浦肯野纤维中的神经元染色质溶解[19]。Rubio等[20]在小鼠模型中利用冲击波的直接/间接相互作用,证实了冲击波可导致脑组织发生病理改变。Peskind等[21]使用正电子发射(PET)技术证实经历多次冲击伤的退伍军人大脑的基础糖代谢受到了严重影响,脑实质细胞局部代谢功能明显减低;Petrie等[22]针对伊拉克及阿富汗退役军人的大脑基础功能和神经影像学的回顾性研究也得到了类似的结果。McKee和Robinson等[16]对4名接触过爆炸性武器的退役军人死亡后的大脑组织进行了病理学检查,发现存在弥散性的神经轴索损伤、局部Tau蛋白磷酸化和非特异性缺氧缺血性损伤。同时,这些退役军人可出现头痛、创伤后应激障碍(post traumatic stress disorder,PTSD)、抑郁症、躁狂症、自杀倾向及注意力不集中等多种神经精神症状[16]。Omalu等[23]发现,接触过爆炸性武器的退役军人,其额叶深处出现多发性NFTs,进一步证实了冲击波与脑震荡之间的病理相关性。但由于对冲击伤相关的细胞代谢研究较少,其具体分子机制尚未阐明。
战后TBI脑组织病变的发展与BBB存在紧密联系。研究证实,在mTBI患者BBB损伤机制中不仅出现细胞信号通路的变化,如一氧化氮依赖性信号转导通路损伤[24]、IRAK4/TAK1信号通路增强等[25],同时存在微血管结构及细胞间紧密连接的破坏,导致星形胶质细胞功能障碍,出现尾部肿胀、体部肿胀和末端充血等[26],与平民TBI的病理改变类似。此外,动物研究表明,在mTBI之后,虽然BBB结构没有发生明显的病理变化,也没有持续性细胞损坏和血液渗出,但BBB的功能在早期即已发生改变,最早可出现在mTBI后5 min内[27],表明处于军事环境中的士兵发生TBI后,尽管时间间隔很短,但其BBB的功能已经发生早期改变。
战后mTBI造成的脑组织水肿与BBB渗透性增加密切相关,其主要原因是氧化应激,即过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)羟基自由基造成细胞结构和功能损伤[28]。TBI后脑水肿通常可分为以下几个阶段:首先,创伤后立即发生细胞毒性水肿,此阶段不会引起严重的组织肿胀;水分子随着Na+、Cl-等无机盐离子进入细胞,导致渗透压过度升高,从而形成细胞毒性水肿的病理生理过程。这种类型的水肿不会增加血管周围的间距,但会使微循环区域压力发生显著变化,导致毛细血管前小动脉和毛细血管后小静脉之间存在过大的压差[29]。随后发展为离子水肿的病理阶段,包括Na+通过BBB、Cl-电荷梯度形成和水渗透梯度升高;脑细胞中Na+净流量增加是离子水肿的特征,此阶段BBB仍保持完整。当BBB破坏作用累积时,毛细血管内皮中形成渗透性孔隙,血浆蛋白渗漏到细胞外,出现血管源性水肿,从而引起组织肿胀[29]。最后发展为出血性转化,在此过程中毛细血管壁塌陷、功能障碍,所有血液成分进入脑实质,从而导致严重的出血性梗死[29]。在战后TBI患者体内,由于系统性低血压、自我调节功能受损、颅内压升高与脑血管痉挛之间相互作用,造成脑血流量改变,最终导致脑部缺血、缺氧。
有研究表明,星形胶质细胞中表达的AQP4是TBI后脑水肿进展过程中的重要通道蛋白[30]。AQP4可介导水通过BBB和血脊髓屏障(blood-spina-cord-barrier,BSCB)。2020年Kitchen等[31]的研究显示,钙调蛋白(calmodulin,CaM)可介导细胞缺氧,诱导细胞肿胀,导致细胞表面AQP4蛋白增多。Salman等[32-33]的研究显示,TBI干扰了大脑代谢产物及淋巴的清除率,TBI诱导的淋巴损伤与老年人或军事活动导致的神经退行性疾病发病率上升密切相关。有研究表明,淋巴清除功能与AQP4密切相关,AQP4缺失加剧了APP/PS1小鼠的认知缺陷、脑淀粉样血管变化、突触蛋白及脑源性神经营养因子丧失等[34],阻碍了Aβ的清除,促进了Aβ斑块的形成[35]。Mestre等[36]也发现,血管周围的AQP4在AQP4依赖性淋巴系统交换中发挥了关键作用。以上研究为进一步阐明战后TBI和其他神经退行性疾病的发病机制以及开发相应的靶向治疗药物提供了基础。
继发性冲击伤引起的各种碎片(炮弹、炸弹等爆炸后的碎片)进入体内后可通过激活内皮细胞导致神经炎症和免疫反应,表现为细胞因子和趋化因子表达上调,星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞激活,以及循环免疫细胞(如中性粒细胞、吞噬细胞、淋巴细胞)招募等[37]。先天性免疫细胞(主要是小胶质细胞)激活可导致BBB通透性增加,白蛋白外渗[38],小胶质细胞分化为M1型,在γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的刺激下产生促炎细胞因子和趋化因子;或分化为M2型,产生抗炎细胞因子,在白细胞介素(IL)-3、IL-4的刺激下增强吞噬活性[39]。单核细胞可通过提高血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的活性刺激胶质细胞和内皮细胞激活[40]。线粒体功能障碍可导致氧化应激反应加剧,胶质细胞和神经元释放大量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)[41];ROS又可促进细胞因子和趋化因子大量释放,影响下游脂质过氧化途径,增加细胞间的渗透性。此外,小胶质细胞产生的活性分子可促进外周衍生的白细胞黏附迁移至大脑内皮细胞,使大脑中的神经炎症反应加剧[42],BBB中断及血液成分持续渗出,最终导致BBB的二次损害。
除免疫反应外,军事活动造成的TBI可导致中枢神经系统发生一系列原发性和继发性神经炎症反应。原发性炎症反应主要表现为微血管和细胞膜的损伤;继发性炎症反应包括离子失衡、钙超载和线粒体功能障碍。这些变化都可导致线粒体应激反应、兴奋性毒性机制和血管壁损伤,产生神经炎症[25],释放大量细胞因子和炎性介质,激活星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞,招募免疫细胞参与免疫反应。此外,激活的小胶质细胞可在外周微环境中维持神经元的活性,而神经元细胞又可促进创伤后新突触的形成,炎性细胞产生的细胞因子有助于神经和血管的生成,具有神经保护作用[43]
近年来,随着神经影像技术的发展,功能性神经成像可能成为精神障碍定位诊断和精神治疗干预的重要辅助技术。目前,弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)和功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)已被用于诊断战后TBI。随着分子检测技术的发展,生物标志物也已成为研究人员的重点关注对象,凭借其动态监测的特点,弥补了传统诊断方式的不足,进一步提升了TBI诊断的敏感性和特异性,且在预后判断和疗效评价方面具有明显的优势。目前可用于战后TBI预测、诊断、临床分级和预后判断的新型生物标志物如表1[44-56]所示。
战后TBI已经成为现代战争的特征性创伤之一,尤其是战后mTBI,通常以轻微、广泛的病变存在于脑组织中,且难以直接定位,严重影响服役人员或退役军人的生活质量[57]。目前,针对战后TBI的治疗主要包括以下几个方面。
在战场上进行TBI评估,如美军在伊拉克战争中已经制定了急性军事脑震荡评估流程,且在战术战伤中使用AVPU(alert,voice,pain,unresponsive)法评估伤员精神状态,根据不同的损伤级别,现场采取不同措施[58]。此外,美军非常注重战场上TBI的救治,制定了战术战伤救治指南且开发了mTBI快速检测仪[59],明确并制定了相应的救治策略,提高了战场救治效果。
外科手术法是指在枪伤部位进行浅层清创,找到子弹,控制出血,防止脑组织进一步损伤[60]。(1)颅内损伤:清除所有分裂的骨片和易触及的子弹或弹片残留物,对于位置较深的弹片或异物谨慎清除,以防止损伤更多的神经[61]。(2)颅外损伤:最重要的是将所有的骨碎片和子弹全部清除,以防止感染,在条件允许的情况下可进行缝合[61]。此外,去骨瓣减压术、脑血管造影、经颅多普勒(transcranial Doppler,TCD)成像和高渗复苏液已广泛用于全球反恐战争中[62]。颅骨减压切除术时间控制极为重要[63],Shackelford等[64]针对213例重度战后TBI患者的研究发现,在受伤后5 h内进行颅骨切除术者术后死亡率明显低于5 h后进行手术者。然而,大型减压性颅骨切除术特别是涉及鼻窦周围和颅底的手术,给后期的重建手术和颅骨整形带来了重大挑战。
后遗症管理法具体包括:(1)药物治疗。主要针对神经递质系统,如苯二氮䓬类衍生物等药物[65]已进入临床试验,这些药物对恢复神经功能和促进康复有潜在的积极作用。(2)中医针刺疗法。针刺已被广泛应用于战后TBI或普通TBI的早期或后遗症期,如刘清华和农加利[66]对35例重度脑损伤患者早期行针刺治疗,结果显示可减轻其炎症反应。(3)康复治疗。可改善TBI士兵的神经精神症状,恢复部分社会功能[8],如反复经颅核磁刺激联合奥塔戈运动康复训练可增强脑损伤后运动障碍患者的肢体肌力,加快肢体运动功能恢复[67]。(4)高压氧疗法。可明显改善战后TBI士兵的神经精神症状,以及睡眠失调、不安和头痛患者的认知水平[68]。然而,由于研究数量和人群仍不充分,尚不能将高压氧疗法作为战后TBI的常规治疗方法。(5)其他疗法。研究显示,高通量微流体可用于评估大分子生物药品通过BBB的情况[69]。Salman等[70]提出使用人脑微血管内皮细胞的体外微血管开放模型系统,实时监测TBI期间BBB的渗透性和渗透率等相关指标,有望成为控制TBI后病理变化的新方法。此外,3D打印技术与细胞工程的结合也为治疗TBI提供了新的方法。Chae等[71]建立了一个具有组织特异性细胞分化效应的3D生物打印,为功能性TBI细胞再生提供了可能的解决方案。近年来,很多学者发现应用某些炎性小体如NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein3,NLRP3)、黑色素瘤缺乏因子2(absent in melanoma 2,AIM2)等的抑制剂(如白藜芦醇、右美托嘧啶、Ac-YVAD-cmk等),可减轻TBI组织损伤并促进神经功能恢复[72]。然而,大多数研究仍未将军事人员划分为一个独立的TBI群体,故对平民TBI有效的治疗可能并不适用于军事人员。
从第一次世界大战至今,军事精神病学经历了长期的发展。尽管病因多种多样,但战后TBI本质上是一种器质性神经病变,对其创伤严重程度的评估和神经病变机制、病理生理的探究以及早期干预极其重要。近年来,分子生物学在TBI的诊断和治疗中展现了巨大的潜力和优势,特别是在开发各种新技术用于改善战后TBI患者的预后方面。总之,TBI的诊断和治疗仍是未来研究的重点,需要神经病学、精神病学和其他临床学科的共同努力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82000926)
  • 联勤保障部队第940医院院基金(2021yxky033)
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2023年第48卷第8期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2391.2023.0511
  • 接收时间:2022-11-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-12
  • 录用日期:2023-02-13
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82000926)
国家自然科学基金(82000926)
940th Hospital Intra-Hospital Fund Project(2021yxky033)
联勤保障部队第940医院院基金(2021yxky033)
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    1甘肃省中医药大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730000
    2解放军联勤保障部队第940医院眼科中心,甘肃兰州 730000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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