Article(id=1203033499910496848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0516, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1672675200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1678896000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-03-16, onlineDate=1764755137659, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1685203200000, pubDateStr=2023-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755137659, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755137659, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755137659, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203033494428541350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='489', pageEnd='626', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755136353, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756085669, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037476202967229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037476202967230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=516, endPage=522, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203033500237652580, articleId=1203033499910496848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Analysis of the correlation between smoking status and the risk of papillary thyroid cancer in the population undergoing thyroid nodule surgery, columnId=1203033497192591798, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issue on Risk Factors Related to Thyroid Malignant Nodules, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the correlation between smoking status and the risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) in patients undergoing surgical treatment for thyroid nodules. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted with the clinical data of 5938 patients (5156 cases with PTC and 782 cases with benign nodules) who underwent surgical resection of thyroid nodules in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2016 to December 2020, and with complete postoperative pathological results. The general information, serum thyroid hormone (TSH) level, thyroid autoantibody level, and the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with different smoking status were compared between the two groups. The correlation between smoking status and the risk of PTC in patients of different genders and overall population were analyzed using binary logistic regression analysis. Results There no significant difference in percentage of smokers between PTC group and benign nodule group (P=0.104). The PTC group had a significantly lower proportion of smokers than the benign nodule group for males (P<0.05) rather than for females (P>0.05). For all patients, smokers had a lower proportion of PTC than non-smokers(OR=0.735, 95%CI 0.564-0.959) after adjustment for confounders. In the gender subgroup analysis, a lower risk of PTC was found in smokers than in non-smokers among men (OR=0.635, 95%CI 0.449-0.896), while no association was observed among women(OR=0.910, 95%CI 0.417-1.986) after adjustment for confounders. Conclusion Smoking in males may be associated with a reduced risk of developing PTC in patients undergoing surgical treatment for thyroid nodules.

, correspAuthors=Zhao-Hui Lv, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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目的 探讨因甲状腺结节行手术治疗者吸烟状态与甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)发生风险的相关性。方法 收集2016年1月-2020年12月因甲状腺结节在解放军总医院第一医学中心行手术切除且术后病理资料完整的5938例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中PTC 5156例,良性结节782例。比较PTC组与良性结节组患者的一般资料、血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平、甲状腺自身抗体水平及病理特征等,并比较不同吸烟状态患者的临床及病理特点。采用二元logistic回归分析总体及不同性别患者吸烟状态与PTC发生风险的相关性。结果 PTC组与良性结节组吸烟者占比差异无统计学意义(P=0.104)。按性别分组后,男性PTC组吸烟者占比明显低于良性结节组(P<0.05);两组女性吸烟者占比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,与不吸烟者比较,吸烟者发生PTC的风险更低(OR=0.735,95%CI 0.564~0.959);基于性别分组后,仅男性吸烟者发生PTC的风险更低(OR=0.635,95%CI 0.449~0.896),女性则未见明显相关性(OR=0.910,95%CI 0.417~1.986)。结论 因甲状腺结节行手术治疗的患者中,男性吸烟可能与PTC的发生风险降低有关。

, correspAuthors=吕朝晖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吕朝晖,E-mail:
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许怀瑾,硕士研究生,主要从事内分泌代谢疾病方面的研究

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许怀瑾,硕士研究生,主要从事内分泌代谢疾病方面的研究

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Oncotarget,2017, 8(37): 62414-62424., articleTitle=A meta-analysis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma risk, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203033500925518469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203033500933907078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, companyId=1203033500925518469, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Endocrinology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203033500946489993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, companyId=1203033500925518469, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科,北京 100853)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203033501114262157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203033501122650765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, companyId=1203033501114262157, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203033501131039374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, companyId=1203033501114262157, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南开大学医学院,天津 300071)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203033506214536055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of clinical data of patients with different gender or different pathological types of thyroid nodules

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标总体男性女性
良性结节组(n=782)PTC组(n=5156)P良性结节组(n=204)PTC组(n=1450)P良性结节组(n=578)PTC组(n=3706)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)50.6±12.644.2±11.1<0.00152.4±11.9(1)43.0±11.1(1)(3)<0.00149.9±12.744.6±11.1(3)<0.001
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)24.41±3.5124.94±3.66<0.00125.50±3.21(1)26.61±3.52(1)(3)<0.00124.02±3.5424.28±3.510.098
血糖(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.94±1.054.94±0.970.8725.04±1.035.12±1.180.3634.90±1.064.87±0.860.504
TSH[mU/L,M(Q1,Q3)]1.73(0.96,2.71)1.98(1.32,2.99)<0.0011.63(1.07,2.55)1.70(1.17,2.48)0.1141.80(0.92,2.78)2.10(1.40,3.22)<0.001
TgAb[U/ml,M(Q1,Q3)]15.00(14.00,23.68)17.60(15.00,73.25)<0.00115.00(14.00,20.45)15.00(14.00,22.80)0.54615.80(14.00,28.30)20.50(15.00,108.30)<0.001
TPOAb[U/ml,M(Q1,Q3)]27.00(27.00,38.13)30.80(27.00,52.10)<0.00127.00(27.00,36.15)27.90(27.00,40.90)0.07127.00(27.00,39.95)32.10(27.00,73.50)<0.001
颈部外照射史[例(%)]  1.000  1.000  1.000
 05(0.1) 03(0.2) 02(0.1)
 782(100.0)5151(99.9) 204(100.0)1447(99.8) 578(100.0)3704(99.9)
甲状腺癌家族史[例(%)]  0.156  0.315  0.429
 7(0.9)79(1.5) 2(1.0)29(2.0) 5(0.9)50(1.3)
 775(99.1)5077(98.5) 202(99.0)1421(98.0) 573(99.1)3656(98.7)
吸烟状态[例(%)]  0.104  0.026  0.611
 不吸烟680(87.0)4550(88.2) 115(56.4)906(62.5) 565(97.8)3644(98.3)
 戒烟18(2.3)157(3.0) 14(6.9)139(9.6) 4(0.7)18(0.5)
 吸烟84(10.7)449(8.7) 75(36.8)(1)405(27.9)(1)(2) 9(1.6)44(1.2)
饮酒状态[例(%)]  0.832  0.370  0.254
 不饮酒632(80.8)4114(79.8) 95(46.6)751(51.8) 537(92.9)3363(90.7)
 戒酒18(2.3)109(2.1) 15(7.4)86(5.9) 3(0.5)23(0.6)
 目前饮酒127(16.2)903(17.5) 94(46.1)607(41.9) 33(5.7)296(8.0)
 未描述5(0.6%)30(0.6) 0(0.0)6(0.4) 5(0.9)24(0.6)
病理证实的HT[例(%)]  <0.001  0.003  <0.001
 57(7.3)1086(21.1) 5(2.5)122(8.4) 52(9.0)964(26.0)
 725(92.7)4069(78.9) 199(97.5)1327(91.6) 526(91.0)2742(74.0) 
), ArticleFig(id=1203033506340365178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同性别/病理类型甲状腺结节患者的临床资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标总体男性女性
良性结节组(n=782)PTC组(n=5156)P良性结节组(n=204)PTC组(n=1450)P良性结节组(n=578)PTC组(n=3706)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)50.6±12.644.2±11.1<0.00152.4±11.9(1)43.0±11.1(1)(3)<0.00149.9±12.744.6±11.1(3)<0.001
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)24.41±3.5124.94±3.66<0.00125.50±3.21(1)26.61±3.52(1)(3)<0.00124.02±3.5424.28±3.510.098
血糖(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.94±1.054.94±0.970.8725.04±1.035.12±1.180.3634.90±1.064.87±0.860.504
TSH[mU/L,M(Q1,Q3)]1.73(0.96,2.71)1.98(1.32,2.99)<0.0011.63(1.07,2.55)1.70(1.17,2.48)0.1141.80(0.92,2.78)2.10(1.40,3.22)<0.001
TgAb[U/ml,M(Q1,Q3)]15.00(14.00,23.68)17.60(15.00,73.25)<0.00115.00(14.00,20.45)15.00(14.00,22.80)0.54615.80(14.00,28.30)20.50(15.00,108.30)<0.001
TPOAb[U/ml,M(Q1,Q3)]27.00(27.00,38.13)30.80(27.00,52.10)<0.00127.00(27.00,36.15)27.90(27.00,40.90)0.07127.00(27.00,39.95)32.10(27.00,73.50)<0.001
颈部外照射史[例(%)]  1.000  1.000  1.000
 05(0.1) 03(0.2) 02(0.1)
 782(100.0)5151(99.9) 204(100.0)1447(99.8) 578(100.0)3704(99.9)
甲状腺癌家族史[例(%)]  0.156  0.315  0.429
 7(0.9)79(1.5) 2(1.0)29(2.0) 5(0.9)50(1.3)
 775(99.1)5077(98.5) 202(99.0)1421(98.0) 573(99.1)3656(98.7)
吸烟状态[例(%)]  0.104  0.026  0.611
 不吸烟680(87.0)4550(88.2) 115(56.4)906(62.5) 565(97.8)3644(98.3)
 戒烟18(2.3)157(3.0) 14(6.9)139(9.6) 4(0.7)18(0.5)
 吸烟84(10.7)449(8.7) 75(36.8)(1)405(27.9)(1)(2) 9(1.6)44(1.2)
饮酒状态[例(%)]  0.832  0.370  0.254
 不饮酒632(80.8)4114(79.8) 95(46.6)751(51.8) 537(92.9)3363(90.7)
 戒酒18(2.3)109(2.1) 15(7.4)86(5.9) 3(0.5)23(0.6)
 目前饮酒127(16.2)903(17.5) 94(46.1)607(41.9) 33(5.7)296(8.0)
 未描述5(0.6%)30(0.6) 0(0.0)6(0.4) 5(0.9)24(0.6)
病理证实的HT[例(%)]  <0.001  0.003  <0.001
 57(7.3)1086(21.1) 5(2.5)122(8.4) 52(9.0)964(26.0)
 725(92.7)4069(78.9) 199(97.5)1327(91.6) 526(91.0)2742(74.0) 
), ArticleFig(id=1203033506445222782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of the clinical data of patients with thyroid nodules of different genders and different smoking states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标总体男性女性
不吸烟(n=5230)戒烟(n=175)吸烟(n=533)P不吸烟(n=1021)戒烟(n=153)吸烟(n=480)P不吸烟(n=4209)戒烟(n=22)吸烟(n=53)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)44.9±11.549.1±11.844.5±11.6<0.00143.4±11.648.9±11.644.1±11.4<0.00145.3±11.550.0±13.547.5±13.00.063
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)24.65±3.5826.53±3.4826.47±3.85<0.00126.36±3.4226.69±3.3526.66±3.700.21724.24±3.4925.39±4.2124.71±4.670.197
血糖(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.91±0.935.28±1.305.12±1.28<0.0015.06±1.065.28±1.325.16±1.320.0584.88±0.895.31±1.194.82±0.820.072
TSH[mU/L,M(Q1,Q3)]1.99(1.31,3.02)1.75(1.23,2.73)1.62(1.10,2.34)<0.0011.73(1.18,2.55)1.71(1.21,2.68)1.59(1.09,2.25)0.0042.06(1.34,3.14)2.07(1.41,3.28)1.75(1.12,2.81)0.634
TgAb[U/ml,M(Q1,Q3)]17.95(15.00,73.75)15.00(14.00,28.55)15.00(14.00,21.00)<0.00115.00(14.00,22.70)15.00(14.00,26.58)15.00(14.00,20.68)0.06419.60(15.00,96.95)17.70(15.00,133.40)14.00(15.00,44.80)0.053
TPOAb[U/ml,M(Q1,Q3)]30.50(27.00,51.20)27.50(27.00,39.25)29.20(27.00,41.90)0.00128.45(27.00,40.30)27.00(27.00,37.10)27.35(27.00,41.48)0.55421.15(27.00,59.15)33.30(27.00,90.70)27.00(33.70,49.30)0.771
颈部外照射史[例(%)]   0.650   0.857   0.982
 4(0.1)01(0.2) 2(0.2)01(0.2) 2(0.0)00
 5226(99.9)175(100.0)532(99.8) 1019(99.8)153(100.0)479(99.8) 4207(100.0)22(100.0)53(100.0)
甲状腺癌家族史[例(%)]   0.009   0.132   0.364
 67(1.3)6(3.4)13(2.4) 14(1.4)5(3.3)12(2.5) 53(1.3)1(4.5)1(1.9)
 5163(98.7)169(96.6)520(97.6) 1007(98.6)148(96.7)468(97.5) 4156(98.7)21(95.5)52(98.1)
饮酒状态[例(%)]   <0.001   <0.001   <0.001
 从未饮酒4539(86.8)40(22.9)167(31.3) 672(65.8)33(21.6)141(29.4) 3867(91.9)7(31.8)26(49.1)
 戒酒52(1.0)50(28.6)25(4.7) 34(3.3)44(28.8)23(4.8) 18(0.4)6(27.3)2(3.8)
 目前饮酒607(11.6)84(48.0)339(63.6) 311(30.5)75(49.0)315(65.6) 296(7.0)9(40.9)24(45.3)
 未描述32(0.6)1(0.6)2(0.4) 4(0.4)1(0.7)1(0.2) 28(0.7)0(0.0)1(1.9)
病理类型[例(%)]a   0.104   0.026   0.611
 良性结节680(13.0)18(10.3)84(15.8) 115(11.3)14(9.2)75(15.6) 565(13.4)4(18.2)9(17.0)
 PTC4550(87.0)157(89.7)449(84.2) 906(88.7)139(90.8)405(84.4) 3644(86.6)18(81.8)44(83.0)
病理证实的HT[例(%)]   <0.001   0.373   0.026
 1092(20.9)16(9.1)35(6.6) 84(8.2)13(8.5)30(6.3) 1008(23.9)3(13.6)5(9.4)
 4137(79.1)159(90.9)498(93.4) 936(91.8)140(91.5)450(93.8) 3201(76.1)19(86.4)48(90.6) 
), ArticleFig(id=1203033506545886080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同性别及吸烟状态的甲状腺结节患者临床资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标总体男性女性
不吸烟(n=5230)戒烟(n=175)吸烟(n=533)P不吸烟(n=1021)戒烟(n=153)吸烟(n=480)P不吸烟(n=4209)戒烟(n=22)吸烟(n=53)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)44.9±11.549.1±11.844.5±11.6<0.00143.4±11.648.9±11.644.1±11.4<0.00145.3±11.550.0±13.547.5±13.00.063
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)24.65±3.5826.53±3.4826.47±3.85<0.00126.36±3.4226.69±3.3526.66±3.700.21724.24±3.4925.39±4.2124.71±4.670.197
血糖(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.91±0.935.28±1.305.12±1.28<0.0015.06±1.065.28±1.325.16±1.320.0584.88±0.895.31±1.194.82±0.820.072
TSH[mU/L,M(Q1,Q3)]1.99(1.31,3.02)1.75(1.23,2.73)1.62(1.10,2.34)<0.0011.73(1.18,2.55)1.71(1.21,2.68)1.59(1.09,2.25)0.0042.06(1.34,3.14)2.07(1.41,3.28)1.75(1.12,2.81)0.634
TgAb[U/ml,M(Q1,Q3)]17.95(15.00,73.75)15.00(14.00,28.55)15.00(14.00,21.00)<0.00115.00(14.00,22.70)15.00(14.00,26.58)15.00(14.00,20.68)0.06419.60(15.00,96.95)17.70(15.00,133.40)14.00(15.00,44.80)0.053
TPOAb[U/ml,M(Q1,Q3)]30.50(27.00,51.20)27.50(27.00,39.25)29.20(27.00,41.90)0.00128.45(27.00,40.30)27.00(27.00,37.10)27.35(27.00,41.48)0.55421.15(27.00,59.15)33.30(27.00,90.70)27.00(33.70,49.30)0.771
颈部外照射史[例(%)]   0.650   0.857   0.982
 4(0.1)01(0.2) 2(0.2)01(0.2) 2(0.0)00
 5226(99.9)175(100.0)532(99.8) 1019(99.8)153(100.0)479(99.8) 4207(100.0)22(100.0)53(100.0)
甲状腺癌家族史[例(%)]   0.009   0.132   0.364
 67(1.3)6(3.4)13(2.4) 14(1.4)5(3.3)12(2.5) 53(1.3)1(4.5)1(1.9)
 5163(98.7)169(96.6)520(97.6) 1007(98.6)148(96.7)468(97.5) 4156(98.7)21(95.5)52(98.1)
饮酒状态[例(%)]   <0.001   <0.001   <0.001
 从未饮酒4539(86.8)40(22.9)167(31.3) 672(65.8)33(21.6)141(29.4) 3867(91.9)7(31.8)26(49.1)
 戒酒52(1.0)50(28.6)25(4.7) 34(3.3)44(28.8)23(4.8) 18(0.4)6(27.3)2(3.8)
 目前饮酒607(11.6)84(48.0)339(63.6) 311(30.5)75(49.0)315(65.6) 296(7.0)9(40.9)24(45.3)
 未描述32(0.6)1(0.6)2(0.4) 4(0.4)1(0.7)1(0.2) 28(0.7)0(0.0)1(1.9)
病理类型[例(%)]a   0.104   0.026   0.611
 良性结节680(13.0)18(10.3)84(15.8) 115(11.3)14(9.2)75(15.6) 565(13.4)4(18.2)9(17.0)
 PTC4550(87.0)157(89.7)449(84.2) 906(88.7)139(90.8)405(84.4) 3644(86.6)18(81.8)44(83.0)
病理证实的HT[例(%)]   <0.001   0.373   0.026
 1092(20.9)16(9.1)35(6.6) 84(8.2)13(8.5)30(6.3) 1008(23.9)3(13.6)5(9.4)
 4137(79.1)159(90.9)498(93.4) 936(91.8)140(91.5)450(93.8) 3201(76.1)19(86.4)48(90.6) 
), ArticleFig(id=1203033506629772164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Correlation analysis between different smoking states and the risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma [OR(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸烟状态未调整模型1模型2模型3
总体
 不吸烟(n=5230)1111
 戒烟(n=175)1.304(0.795~2.137)1.431(0.859~2.384)1.554(0.932~2.593)1.539(0.910~2.602)
 吸烟(n=533)0.799(0.624~1.022)0.726(0.558~0.945)0.797(0.612~1.039)0.735(0.564~0.959)
男性
 不吸烟(n=1021)1111
 戒烟(n=153)1.260(0.704~2.257)1.754(0.948~3.246)1.753(0.946~3.248)1.844(0.973~3.496)
 吸烟(n=480)0.685(0.501~0.938)0.669(0.476~0.940)0.666(0.473~0.937)0.635(0.449~0.896)
女性
 不吸烟(n=4209)1111
 戒烟(n=22)0.698(0.235~2.069)0.754(0.242~2.352)0.781(0.249~2.454)0.729(0.232~2.296)
 吸烟(n=53)0.758(0.368~1.561)0.931(0.428~2.028)1.043(0.478~2.277)0.910(0.417~1.986)
), ArticleFig(id=1203033507812565898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033499910496848, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同吸烟状态与PTC发生风险的相关性分析[OR(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸烟状态未调整模型1模型2模型3
总体
 不吸烟(n=5230)1111
 戒烟(n=175)1.304(0.795~2.137)1.431(0.859~2.384)1.554(0.932~2.593)1.539(0.910~2.602)
 吸烟(n=533)0.799(0.624~1.022)0.726(0.558~0.945)0.797(0.612~1.039)0.735(0.564~0.959)
男性
 不吸烟(n=1021)1111
 戒烟(n=153)1.260(0.704~2.257)1.754(0.948~3.246)1.753(0.946~3.248)1.844(0.973~3.496)
 吸烟(n=480)0.685(0.501~0.938)0.669(0.476~0.940)0.666(0.473~0.937)0.635(0.449~0.896)
女性
 不吸烟(n=4209)1111
 戒烟(n=22)0.698(0.235~2.069)0.754(0.242~2.352)0.781(0.249~2.454)0.729(0.232~2.296)
 吸烟(n=53)0.758(0.368~1.561)0.931(0.428~2.028)1.043(0.478~2.277)0.910(0.417~1.986)
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甲状腺结节手术人群吸烟状态与甲状腺乳头状癌发生风险的相关性分析
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许怀瑾 1, 2 , 胡晓东 1 , 李洁菲 1, 2 , 聂智梅 1 , 康韶洋 1 , 赵思童 1 , 柳洪宙 1 , 王玉寒 1 , 王安宁 1 , 吕朝晖 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 甲状腺恶性结节相关危险因素专题研究 2023,48(5): 516-522
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解放军医学杂志 | 甲状腺恶性结节相关危险因素专题研究 2023, 48(5): 516-522
甲状腺结节手术人群吸烟状态与甲状腺乳头状癌发生风险的相关性分析
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许怀瑾1, 2, 胡晓东1, 李洁菲1, 2, 聂智梅1, 康韶洋1, 赵思童1, 柳洪宙1, 王玉寒1, 王安宁1, 吕朝晖1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科,北京 100853
  • 2南开大学医学院,天津 300071
  • 许怀瑾,硕士研究生,主要从事内分泌代谢疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

吕朝晖,E-mail:
Analysis of the correlation between smoking status and the risk of papillary thyroid cancer in the population undergoing thyroid nodule surgery
Huai-Jin Xu1, 2, Xiao-Dong Hu1, Jie-Fei Li1, 2, Zhi-Mei Nie1, Shao-Yang Kang1, Si-Tong Zhao1, Hong-Zhou Liu1, Yu-Han Wang1, An-Ning Wang1, Zhao-Hui Lv1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Endocrinology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
出版时间: 2023-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0516
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目的 探讨因甲状腺结节行手术治疗者吸烟状态与甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)发生风险的相关性。方法 收集2016年1月-2020年12月因甲状腺结节在解放军总医院第一医学中心行手术切除且术后病理资料完整的5938例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中PTC 5156例,良性结节782例。比较PTC组与良性结节组患者的一般资料、血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平、甲状腺自身抗体水平及病理特征等,并比较不同吸烟状态患者的临床及病理特点。采用二元logistic回归分析总体及不同性别患者吸烟状态与PTC发生风险的相关性。结果 PTC组与良性结节组吸烟者占比差异无统计学意义(P=0.104)。按性别分组后,男性PTC组吸烟者占比明显低于良性结节组(P<0.05);两组女性吸烟者占比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,与不吸烟者比较,吸烟者发生PTC的风险更低(OR=0.735,95%CI 0.564~0.959);基于性别分组后,仅男性吸烟者发生PTC的风险更低(OR=0.635,95%CI 0.449~0.896),女性则未见明显相关性(OR=0.910,95%CI 0.417~1.986)。结论 因甲状腺结节行手术治疗的患者中,男性吸烟可能与PTC的发生风险降低有关。

吸烟  /  甲状腺乳头状癌  /  甲状腺结节

Objective To explore the correlation between smoking status and the risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) in patients undergoing surgical treatment for thyroid nodules. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted with the clinical data of 5938 patients (5156 cases with PTC and 782 cases with benign nodules) who underwent surgical resection of thyroid nodules in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2016 to December 2020, and with complete postoperative pathological results. The general information, serum thyroid hormone (TSH) level, thyroid autoantibody level, and the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with different smoking status were compared between the two groups. The correlation between smoking status and the risk of PTC in patients of different genders and overall population were analyzed using binary logistic regression analysis. Results There no significant difference in percentage of smokers between PTC group and benign nodule group (P=0.104). The PTC group had a significantly lower proportion of smokers than the benign nodule group for males (P<0.05) rather than for females (P>0.05). For all patients, smokers had a lower proportion of PTC than non-smokers(OR=0.735, 95%CI 0.564-0.959) after adjustment for confounders. In the gender subgroup analysis, a lower risk of PTC was found in smokers than in non-smokers among men (OR=0.635, 95%CI 0.449-0.896), while no association was observed among women(OR=0.910, 95%CI 0.417-1.986) after adjustment for confounders. Conclusion Smoking in males may be associated with a reduced risk of developing PTC in patients undergoing surgical treatment for thyroid nodules.

smoking  /  papillary thyroid carcinoma  /  thyroid nodule
许怀瑾, 胡晓东, 李洁菲, 聂智梅, 康韶洋, 赵思童, 柳洪宙, 王玉寒, 王安宁, 吕朝晖. 甲状腺结节手术人群吸烟状态与甲状腺乳头状癌发生风险的相关性分析. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (5) : 516 -522 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0516
Huai-Jin Xu, Xiao-Dong Hu, Jie-Fei Li, Zhi-Mei Nie, Shao-Yang Kang, Si-Tong Zhao, Hong-Zhou Liu, Yu-Han Wang, An-Ning Wang, Zhao-Hui Lv. Analysis of the correlation between smoking status and the risk of papillary thyroid cancer in the population undergoing thyroid nodule surgery[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (5) : 516 -522 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0516
1990-2013年全球甲状腺癌发病率增高了近20%[1],主要原因是检测技术尤其是超声检测和细针穿刺活检技术的改进与普及[2],但其他危险因素同样不可忽视,如较大直径肿瘤的发病率和甲状腺癌的病死率均增高[3]提示可能存在其他危险因素的作用。吸烟是公认的危害健康的行为,是多种癌症发生的危险因素[4]。然而,自20世纪80年代以来,国外有研究报道女性吸烟可能与甲状腺癌风险降低有关[5],尤其是2000年Kreiger等[6]的病例对照研究提示,无论男女,吸烟与甲状腺癌的发生风险均呈负相关,随后国外的大多数研究结果[7-12]也证实了这一结论。然而,国内相关的研究较少且结论并不一致[13-17]。本研究通过对因甲状腺结节接受手术治疗患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨吸烟状态与甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)发生风险的相关性,旨在识别甲状腺癌的高危人群。
选取2016年1月-2020年12月在解放军总医院第一医学中心行甲状腺结节手术且术后病理资料完整的6811例患者,经过筛选最终纳入5938例进行回顾性分析。排除标准:(1)术后病理诊断为髓样癌、滤泡状癌、未分化癌、交界性肿瘤等不属于甲状腺良性结节或PTC的其他病理类型;(2)既往曾行甲状腺手术治疗;(3)年龄<18岁;(4)病历中未记录吸烟状态;(5)合并发生其他恶性肿瘤。5938例患者中,PTC 5156例,良性结节782例,根据吸烟状态将总体人群分为不吸烟组(n=5230)、戒烟组(n=175)和吸烟组(n=533);再按性别进行亚组分组,其中,男性不吸烟者1021例、戒烟者153例、吸烟者480例,女性不吸烟者4209例、戒烟者22例、吸烟者53例。本研究已获解放军总医院第一医学中心伦理委员会审批(伦审第S2022-0115-01号)。
收集患者的人口学资料、吸烟饮酒史、甲状腺功能和手术病理资料等。甲状腺功能检测均由本院内分泌实验室采用化学免疫分析仪进行检测,血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平检测使用TSH免疫分析试剂盒(美国西门子公司)完成(正常范围为0.35~5.5 mU/L),血清甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)水平分别使用抗TPO抗体试剂盒、抗Tg抗体试剂盒(美国西门子公司)进行检测(TPOAb≥60 U/ml、TgAb≥60 U/ml为阳性)。根据病理科医师出具的手术病理报告收集患者的病理类型、结节最大径、是否合并桥本甲状腺炎(HT)等资料。HT的诊断基于病理检测。吸烟状态的分类[18]定义如下。(1)不吸烟:从不吸烟;(2)戒烟:目前已戒烟1年以上;(3)吸烟:目前仍吸烟或戒烟年限在1年以内。
分析甲状腺良性结节组与PTC组患者的一般资料、血清TSH水平、甲状腺自身抗体水平及病理特征,并比较不同吸烟状态患者的临床资料及病理特点。采用二元logistic回归分析总体及不同性别患者吸烟状态与PTC发生风险的相关性。
采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。对计量资料进行正态性检验及方差齐性检验,正态分布资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,如有差异进一步采用Bonferroni法进行多重比较;非正态资料以M(Q1Q3)表示,组间比较采用秩和检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用二元logistic回归分析不同吸烟状态人群发生PTC的风险,计算OR值及95%CI。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义,多组间两两比较时以α'=0.05/[k(k-1)/2](k为组数)为调整后的检验水准。
所有患者中,排除499例其他病理类型、192例既往曾行甲状腺手术治疗、38例年龄<18岁、20例未记录吸烟状态及162例合并其他恶性肿瘤的患者后,最终纳入5938例进行分析。其中男性1654例,女性4284例,女性占总体比例为72.1%。总体人群中,良性结节组与PTC组男性占比分别为26.1%(204/782)和28.1%(1450/5156),两组性别构成差异无统计学意义(P=0.237);良性结节组年龄大于PTC组[(50.6±12.6)岁 vs. (44.2±11.1)岁,P<0.001];与良性结节组比较,PTC组BMI、血清TSH水平、TgAb和TPOAb滴度均明显增高,结节最大径更小,且合并HT的比例更高(P<0.001),但两组血糖水平差异无统计学意义;PTC组颈部外照射史、甲状腺癌家族史的比例与良性结节组比较差异无统计学意义;PTC组与良性结节组吸烟者占比差异无统计学意义(8.7% vs. 10.7%,P=0.104)。按性别分亚组后,男性及女性中良性结节组年龄均大于PTC组(P<0.001),且男性良性结节组的年龄大于女性(P<0.05),而男性PTC组的年龄则小于女性(P<0.05)。男性中良性结节组及PTC组BMI均大于女性(P<0.05),而男性中良性结节组BMI小于PTC组(P<0.001),女性中两组BMI差异无统计学意义(P=0.098)。男性良性结节组及PTC组吸烟者占比均高于女性(P<0.05),而男性PTC组吸烟者占比明显低于良性结节组(P<0.05),女性两组吸烟者占比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。
男性不同吸烟状态人群发生PTC的比例总体分布不同(P=0.026),而总体人群及女性中其总体分布差异无统计学意义。总体人群、男性及女性中吸烟组发生PTC的比例与不吸烟组相比差异均无统计学意义(表2)。不同性别及吸烟状态患者的其他临床特征详见表2
二元logistic回归分析显示,最终校正年龄、TSH、BMI、TPOAb、TgAb等混杂因素(模型3)后,在总体人群中,与不吸烟者相比,吸烟者发生PTC的风险更低(OR=0.735,95%CI 0.564~0.959)。基于性别分组后,仅发现男性吸烟者发生PTC的风险更低(OR=0.635,95%CI 0.449~0.896),女性人群中则未见明显相关性(OR=0.910,95%CI 0.417~1.986)(表3)。
甲状腺癌是内分泌系统中最常见的恶性肿瘤[19],乳头状癌是其最常见的病理类型。近年来全球甲状腺癌发病率持续上升[20-21],且以乳头状癌发病率上升为主。吸烟作为多种癌症的危险因素,常常是肿瘤相关流行病学的研究对象,然而国外多项研究提示,吸烟可降低甲状腺癌的发生风险[7-12,22]。本研究发现,因甲状腺结节行手术治疗的患者中,与不吸烟者相比,男性吸烟者发生PTC的风险更低,女性中则未观察到吸烟状态与PTC发生风险相关,提示吸烟是男性发生PTC的独立保护因素。
本研究人群特征中性别、年龄、血清TSH水平等与来自同一医院2011-2015年的甲状腺结节手术人群[23]相似,但良恶性结节比例较前有较大变化,可能与近年来人们对于良性结节更倾向于随访观察而非手术切除,以及超声、细针穿刺活检技术的提高可发现更多的甲状腺癌有关。本研究中PTC组年龄较良性结节组更小,BMI、血清TSH水平和甲状腺自身抗体滴度更高,与目前大部分关于甲状腺癌危险因素的流行病学研究[24-27]结果一致。
国外大多数研究发现吸烟与甲状腺癌发生风险降低有关[7-12]。Cho等[8]发表的纳入25项病例对照研究和6项队列研究的Meta分析提示,与从不吸烟者相比,仅吸烟与甲状腺癌的发生呈明显负相关(RR=0.74,95%CI 0.64~0.86),而戒烟则与甲状腺癌不相关(RR=1.01,95%CI 0.92~1.10)。然而,该Meta分析纳入的研究中仅3项研究对象为PTC。Lee等[10]在2021年发表的一项纳入21项病例对照研究和3项前瞻性队列研究的Meta分析显示,无论男女,吸烟者发生甲状腺癌的风险均较非吸烟者更低,且此种负相关在分化型甲状腺癌中更明显。本研究仅发现在男性人群中吸烟者发生PTC的风险更低,而女性中则未观察到这种相关性。女性人群的结果不同于国外研究,其原因可能与社会文化因素有关:(1)西方国家男性与女性吸烟者比例相似,而国内女性吸烟人数相对较少;(2)受社会因素影响,国内女性吸烟者更倾向于否认吸烟史;(3)本研究中女性在总体人群中占比高达72.1%。
目前,国内吸烟与甲状腺癌发生风险的相关性研究极少且结论并不一致。一项分别纳入398例甲状腺癌与健康对照的病例对照研究提示,曾经吸烟是甲状腺癌发病的危险因素(OR=4.449,95%CI 1.586~12.480),偶尔吸烟(OR=0.730,95%CI 0.245~2.174)和经常吸烟(OR=0.616,95%CI 0.319~1.190)则与甲状腺癌的发生无关[14]。此外,另有两项病例对照研究也未发现甲状腺癌组与对照组间吸烟史的差异有统计学意义[13,16]。上述研究与本研究结果的差异可能与对吸烟组的分类定义不同及样本量较小有关。与之相反,也有研究显示,吸烟与甲状腺癌的发生风险呈负相关:一项纳入912例甲状腺结节手术患者以探究甲状腺良恶性结节相关因素的横断面研究发现,吸烟者发生恶性甲状腺结节的风险更低(OR=0.42,95%CI 0.23~0.78)[17]。然而,该研究中甲状腺恶性结节并非局限于某一具体病理分型,且未具体说明吸烟者是否包括已戒烟者。此外,一项纳入368例PTC患者和564例健康对照的病例对照研究同样发现吸烟是PTC的保护因素[15],但也未明确是否包括戒烟的亚组。本研究样本量较大,将吸烟状态细分为吸烟、戒烟和不吸烟,并分别探究男性和女性中吸烟状态与最常见的甲状腺癌类型即PTC的相关性,在校正潜在混杂因素后仍发现男性人群中吸烟与PTC发生风险降低有关,提示吸烟是男性发生PTC的独立保护因素。
吸烟对甲状腺癌的发生具有保护作用的确切机制尚不明确,目前有如下几种推测:(1)吸烟与甲状腺癌之间呈负相关可能与吸烟者血清TSH水平或BMI较低有关。研究表明,烟草中的提取物具有与甲状腺激素相似的特性[28],可能导致血清三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)和甲状腺素(T4)水平升高,进而导致血清TSH水平降低。此外,有研究显示TSH水平与BMI呈正相关[29]。多项研究表明,较高的TSH水平或BMI与甲状腺癌发病率升高及进展相关[24,27]。本研究中,吸烟者血清TSH水平较非吸烟者更低,然而BMI更高,即使在调整TSH和BMI后,男性中吸烟与PTC仍呈负相关,并不受TSH水平和BMI的影响。(2)可能与吸烟具有抗雌激素作用有关。雌激素被认为是甲状腺癌发生的危险因素[30],吸烟可能通过改变雌激素水平[31]来降低甲状腺癌的发生风险。本研究中男性吸烟者发生PTC的风险更低,而女性中未观察到此种相关性,提示性别可能对吸烟与PTC发生风险之间的关系有一定影响。然而,受女性吸烟人数较少及潜在的吸烟报告偏倚的影响,本研究可能难以真正反映女性群体中吸烟与PTC发生风险的相关性。(3)吸烟与PTC的负相关关系可能由HT介导。烟草中的尼古丁可通过激活免疫细胞上的尼古丁受体来降低HT的发生风险[32],而多项研究表明淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎与甲状腺癌的发生风险呈正相关[26,33],吸烟可能降低HT的发生风险,继而降低了PTC的发生风险。此外,值得注意的是,吸烟与甲状腺癌发生风险降低有关的另一个可能解释是吸烟者与非吸烟者对健康状况的关注程度不同。非吸烟者往往来源于更加关注健康的群体,较吸烟者可能更倾向于参与筛查或预防性医疗保健,更有可能意外发现甲状腺癌并进行手术干预。
综上所述,本研究发现,在因甲状腺结节行手术治疗的患者中,男性吸烟可能降低PTC的发生风险,吸烟是男性发生PTC的独立保护因素。但本研究尚存在一定局限性:为单中心回顾性研究,女性占比高,未详细记录吸烟的频率、量及吸烟年份,以及未收集反映体内碘代谢状态的相关指标等。因此,未来仍需详细记录吸烟史,并开展多中心前瞻性研究来进一步明确吸烟状态与PTC发生风险的关系。
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2023年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0516
  • 接收时间:2023-01-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-03
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    1解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科,北京 100853
    2南开大学医学院,天津 300071

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