Article(id=1203036771748634750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0403, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661356800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1669478400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-11-27, onlineDate=1764755917727, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1682611200000, pubDateStr=2023-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755917727, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755917727, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755917727, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203036770628755576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755917460, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756108290, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=403, endPage=410, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203036772025458820, articleId=1203036771748634750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect and mechanism of fenvalerate on testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of rats testis, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of fenvalerate (Fen) on testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of rats testis. Methods Leydig cells of SD rat testis were isolated and purified by differential adhesion method, then treated with 0, 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L Fen for 1, 12 and 24 h, and the level of testosterone was detected by ELISA. Set blank control group(treatment with 0.1% DMSO), Fen exposure group (treatment with 100 μmol/L Fen), Fen+NAC group (treatment with 100 μmol/L Fen and 5 mmol/L NAC), Fen+CsA group (treatment with 100 μmol/L Fen and 2 mmol/L CsA), and cultured for 24 h after administration. The changes of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry, the levels of testosterone, glutathione (GSH) and cAMP were detected by ELISA, and the content of ATP was detected by chemi-luminescence, Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage(CYP11A1). Results 100 μmol/L Fen treatment for 24 h was selected in the experiments. Compared with blank control group, the testosterone synthesis level, the contents of GSH, SOD, ATP and cAMP, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the relative expression levels of StAR, 3β-HSD and CYP11A1 decreased significantly in Leydig cells of Fen exposure group (P<0.01), the ROS content increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with Fen exposure group, the testosterone synthesis level, the contents of GSH, SOD, ATP and cAMP, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the relative expression levels of StAR, 3β-HSD and CYP11A1 increased significantly in Leydig cells of Fen+NAC group and Fen+CsA group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), the ROS content decreased significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion Fen may cause mitochondrial damage in Leydig cells by inducing oxidative stress, resulting in the inhibition of ATP and cAMP synthesis, thereby inhibiting the expression of testosterone synthesis related proteins and enzymes dependent on cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, and ultimately leading to testosterone synthesis disorder in Leydig cells.

, correspAuthors=De-Ying Kong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨氰戊菊酯(Fen)对大鼠睾丸Leydig细胞睾酮合成的影响及其可能机制。方法 采用差速贴壁法分离提纯SD大鼠睾丸Leydig细胞。用0、25、50和100 μmol/L Fen处理Leydig细胞1、12和24 h,采用ELISA法检测睾酮水平。设置空白对照组(加入0.1% DMSO处理)、Fen暴露组(加入100 μmol/L Fen处理)、Fen+NAC组(加入100 μmol/L Fen和5 mmol/L NAC处理)、Fen+CsA组(加入100 μmol/L Fen和2 mmol/L CsA处理),给药后继续培养24 h。采用流式细胞仪检测活性氧(ROS)和线粒体膜电位变化,ELISA法检测睾酮水平及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、cAMP含量,化学发光法检测ATP含量,Western blotting检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白(StAR)、3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(3β-HSD)和细胞色素P450胆固醇侧链裂解酶(CYP11A1)的表达。结果 选择100 μmol/L Fen处理24 h进行实验。与空白对照组比较,Fen暴露组Leydig细胞睾酮合成水平,GSH、SOD、ATP、cAMP含量,线粒体膜电位,以及StAR、3β-HSD、CYP11A1蛋白相对表达量明显降低(P<0.01),ROS含量明显升高(P<0.01);与Fen暴露组比较,Fen+NAC组、Fen+CsA组Leydig细胞睾酮合成水平,GSH、SOD、ATP、cAMP含量,线粒体膜电位,以及StAR、3β-HSD、CYP11A1蛋白相对表达量明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),ROS含量明显降低(P<0.01)。结论 Fen可能通过诱导氧化应激引起大鼠睾丸Leydig细胞线粒体损伤,致使ATP和cAMP合成受阻,从而抑制依赖cAMP/PKA信号通路的睾酮合成相关蛋白和酶的表达,最终导致Leydig细胞睾酮合成障碍。

, correspAuthors=孔德营, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孔德营,E-mail:
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陈琰,硕士研究生,主要从事男性生殖生理学方面的研究

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陈琰,硕士研究生,主要从事男性生殖生理学方面的研究

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陈琰,硕士研究生,主要从事男性生殖生理学方面的研究

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3β-HSD. 3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶

, figureFileSmall=t11yD8Iv951Pt0JpLvTU8Q==, figureFileBig=8uUy0HxqRTBSqzMB5hIfNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777243173271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Effects of Fen exposure with different concentrations on testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of rats, figureFileSmall=fAaG/1Qowl0lvYp+XzP88g==, figureFileBig=coqil8HksQQ9xkQoUeq/4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777327059353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同浓度Fen对大鼠Leydig细胞睾酮合成水平的影响

Fen. 氰戊菊酯;*P<0.05;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=fAaG/1Qowl0lvYp+XzP88g==, figureFileBig=coqil8HksQQ9xkQoUeq/4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777419334046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effects of Fen exposure on testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of rats, figureFileSmall=1C0Ir9kP8EmsEm99j6GV4g==, figureFileBig=Q++Z7pUIrr+G05XlsQNfMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777499025828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Fen暴露对大鼠Leydig细胞睾酮合成能力的影响

Fen. 氰戊菊酯;NAC. N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸;CsA. 环孢素A;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=1C0Ir9kP8EmsEm99j6GV4g==, figureFileBig=Q++Z7pUIrr+G05XlsQNfMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777599689131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effects of Fen exposure on ROS content in Leydig cells of rats, figureFileSmall=oYz/n+AFFAE5iex17sPT/Q==, figureFileBig=6ufXc/rZsZvzjKSir/dBcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777687769519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Fen暴露对大鼠Leydig细胞中ROS含量的影响

Fen. 氰戊菊酯;ROS. 活性氧;NAC. N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸;CsA. 环孢素A;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=oYz/n+AFFAE5iex17sPT/Q==, figureFileBig=6ufXc/rZsZvzjKSir/dBcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777788432823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effects of Fen exposure on the GSH content and relative expression level of SOD in Leydig cells of rats, figureFileSmall=mQmvD+vSIeWEzh4im+JtwQ==, figureFileBig=50JNizsRzaVsjZrVslXXOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777884901817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Fen暴露对大鼠Leydig细胞中GSH含量、SOD蛋白相对表达量的影响

Fen. 氰戊菊酯;GSH. 谷胱甘肽;SOD. 超氧化物歧化酶;NAC. N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸;CsA. 环孢素A;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=mQmvD+vSIeWEzh4im+JtwQ==, figureFileBig=50JNizsRzaVsjZrVslXXOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777989759425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effect of Fen exposure on mitochondrial membrane potential in Leydig cells of rats, figureFileSmall=UOdp1E33DwqYSHMKXJxtxA==, figureFileBig=4UC5I+Z19hkfPj9FHFyY6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036778098811331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Fen暴露对大鼠Leydig细胞线粒体膜电位的影响

Fen. 氰戊菊酯;NAC. N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸;CsA. 环孢素A;JC-1在高线粒体膜电位细胞中以多聚体形式存在,呈现红色荧光;在低线粒体膜电位细胞中以单体形式存在,呈现绿色荧光;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=UOdp1E33DwqYSHMKXJxtxA==, figureFileBig=4UC5I+Z19hkfPj9FHFyY6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036778203668935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Effects of Fen exposure on the contents of ATP and cAMP in Leydig cells of rats, figureFileSmall=+AI2sg6Mua86Y33gO6PYrg==, figureFileBig=VLWGx9mLScOGpZcDJY2HjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036778325303757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Fen暴露对大鼠Leydig细胞中ATP、cAMP含量的影响

Fen. 氰戊菊酯;ATP. 腺苷三磷酸;cAMP. 环一磷酸腺苷;NAC. N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸;CsA. 环孢素A;*P<0.05,**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=+AI2sg6Mua86Y33gO6PYrg==, figureFileBig=VLWGx9mLScOGpZcDJY2HjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036778409189841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Effects of Fen exposure on the expressions of StAR, 3β-HSD and CYP11A1 in Leydig cells of rats, figureFileSmall=1ZRR4gr1V5liuiH0BUkYfg==, figureFileBig=y26FeO/9dD0ArgVkpBjINA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036778505658837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771748634750, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Fen暴露对大鼠Leydig细胞中StAR、3β-HSD、CYP11A1蛋白表达的影响

Fen. 氰戊菊酯;StAR. 类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白;3β-HSD. 3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶;CYP11A1. 细胞色素P450 胆固醇侧链裂解酶;NAC. N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸;CsA. 环孢素A;*P<0.05,**P<0.01

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氰戊菊酯对大鼠睾丸Leydig细胞睾酮合成的影响及其机制
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陈琰 , 胡文慧 , 李兴元 , 姚金玲 , 孔德营 *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023,48(4): 403-410
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023, 48(4): 403-410
氰戊菊酯对大鼠睾丸Leydig细胞睾酮合成的影响及其机制
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陈琰, 胡文慧, 李兴元, 姚金玲, 孔德营*
作者信息
  • 遵义医科大学基础医学院生理学教研室,贵州遵义 563000
  • 陈琰,硕士研究生,主要从事男性生殖生理学方面的研究

通讯作者:

孔德营,E-mail:
Effect and mechanism of fenvalerate on testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of rats testis
Yan Chen, Wen-Hui Hu, Xing-Yuan Li, Jin-Ling Yao, De-Ying Kong*
Affiliations
  • Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
出版时间: 2023-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0403
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目的 探讨氰戊菊酯(Fen)对大鼠睾丸Leydig细胞睾酮合成的影响及其可能机制。方法 采用差速贴壁法分离提纯SD大鼠睾丸Leydig细胞。用0、25、50和100 μmol/L Fen处理Leydig细胞1、12和24 h,采用ELISA法检测睾酮水平。设置空白对照组(加入0.1% DMSO处理)、Fen暴露组(加入100 μmol/L Fen处理)、Fen+NAC组(加入100 μmol/L Fen和5 mmol/L NAC处理)、Fen+CsA组(加入100 μmol/L Fen和2 mmol/L CsA处理),给药后继续培养24 h。采用流式细胞仪检测活性氧(ROS)和线粒体膜电位变化,ELISA法检测睾酮水平及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、cAMP含量,化学发光法检测ATP含量,Western blotting检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白(StAR)、3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(3β-HSD)和细胞色素P450胆固醇侧链裂解酶(CYP11A1)的表达。结果 选择100 μmol/L Fen处理24 h进行实验。与空白对照组比较,Fen暴露组Leydig细胞睾酮合成水平,GSH、SOD、ATP、cAMP含量,线粒体膜电位,以及StAR、3β-HSD、CYP11A1蛋白相对表达量明显降低(P<0.01),ROS含量明显升高(P<0.01);与Fen暴露组比较,Fen+NAC组、Fen+CsA组Leydig细胞睾酮合成水平,GSH、SOD、ATP、cAMP含量,线粒体膜电位,以及StAR、3β-HSD、CYP11A1蛋白相对表达量明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),ROS含量明显降低(P<0.01)。结论 Fen可能通过诱导氧化应激引起大鼠睾丸Leydig细胞线粒体损伤,致使ATP和cAMP合成受阻,从而抑制依赖cAMP/PKA信号通路的睾酮合成相关蛋白和酶的表达,最终导致Leydig细胞睾酮合成障碍。

氰戊菊酯  /  氧化应激  /  线粒体损伤  /  睾酮  /  生殖毒性

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of fenvalerate (Fen) on testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of rats testis. Methods Leydig cells of SD rat testis were isolated and purified by differential adhesion method, then treated with 0, 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L Fen for 1, 12 and 24 h, and the level of testosterone was detected by ELISA. Set blank control group(treatment with 0.1% DMSO), Fen exposure group (treatment with 100 μmol/L Fen), Fen+NAC group (treatment with 100 μmol/L Fen and 5 mmol/L NAC), Fen+CsA group (treatment with 100 μmol/L Fen and 2 mmol/L CsA), and cultured for 24 h after administration. The changes of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry, the levels of testosterone, glutathione (GSH) and cAMP were detected by ELISA, and the content of ATP was detected by chemi-luminescence, Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage(CYP11A1). Results 100 μmol/L Fen treatment for 24 h was selected in the experiments. Compared with blank control group, the testosterone synthesis level, the contents of GSH, SOD, ATP and cAMP, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the relative expression levels of StAR, 3β-HSD and CYP11A1 decreased significantly in Leydig cells of Fen exposure group (P<0.01), the ROS content increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with Fen exposure group, the testosterone synthesis level, the contents of GSH, SOD, ATP and cAMP, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the relative expression levels of StAR, 3β-HSD and CYP11A1 increased significantly in Leydig cells of Fen+NAC group and Fen+CsA group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), the ROS content decreased significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion Fen may cause mitochondrial damage in Leydig cells by inducing oxidative stress, resulting in the inhibition of ATP and cAMP synthesis, thereby inhibiting the expression of testosterone synthesis related proteins and enzymes dependent on cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, and ultimately leading to testosterone synthesis disorder in Leydig cells.

fenvalerate  /  oxidative stress  /  mitochondrial damage  /  testosterone  /  reproductive toxicity
陈琰, 胡文慧, 李兴元, 姚金玲, 孔德营. 氰戊菊酯对大鼠睾丸Leydig细胞睾酮合成的影响及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (4) : 403 -410 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0403
Yan Chen, Wen-Hui Hu, Xing-Yuan Li, Jin-Ling Yao, De-Ying Kong. Effect and mechanism of fenvalerate on testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of rats testis[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (4) : 403 -410 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0403
氰戊菊酯(fenvalerate,Fen)是一种Ⅱ型拟除虫菊酯类广谱高效杀虫剂[1],可干扰雄性睾酮分泌,致使精子质量降低,具有明显的雄性生殖毒性[2]。精子质量取决于精子发生,后者与多种雄性激素的分泌密切相关。睾酮是一种重要的雄性激素,由睾丸Leydig细胞在腺垂体分泌的促黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)作用下合成。LH作用于Leydig细胞上的LH受体,激活胞内腺苷酸环化酶,该酶催化胞质内的ATP转化为cAMP,并激活cAMP/PKA信号通路,调控睾酮合成过程中关键蛋白和酶的表达[3]。多项研究发现,Fen等杀虫剂引起的雄性睾酮合成障碍与睾丸活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平上调关系密切[4-5],但具体机制尚不明确。线粒体是ROS生成的主要部位,也是在ROS作用下最易发生损伤的部位。外源性有害因素可阻碍线粒体呼吸链的电子传递,致使ROS激增并作用于线粒体内膜使之发生脂质过氧化反应,从而引起线粒体损伤和ATP合成障碍。由此推测,Fen可能通过引起睾丸Leydig细胞的氧化应激和线粒体损伤,干扰ATP和cAMP的合成,抑制与睾酮合成相关的蛋白和酶的表达,最终导致睾酮合成障碍。本研究通过大鼠Leydig细胞离体染毒实验探讨Fen所致雄性睾酮合成障碍的相关机制。
Fen原药(纯度98.80%)、N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸(N-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC;美国Sigma-Aldrich公司);环孢素A(cyclosporin A,CsA;上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司);胶原酶Ⅱ、Ⅳ(上海源培生物科技股份有限公司);胎牛血清(美国Hyclone公司);BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、SDS-PAGE凝胶试剂盒、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)ELISA检测试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白(steroidogenic acute regulatory protein,StAR)、细胞色素P450胆固醇侧链裂解酶(cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage,CYP11A1)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)一抗(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司);3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,3β-HSD)一抗(美国Santa公司);驴抗兔IgG H&L(Alexa Fluor 647,美国Invitrogen公司);睾酮ELISA检测试剂盒(上海将来实业股份有限公司);ROS检测试剂盒(青岛柏舟生物科技有限公司);ATP试剂盒(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司);cAMP ELISA检测试剂盒(武汉基因美生物科技有限公司);JC-1线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(上海翊圣生物科技有限公司)。流式细胞仪(美国Beckman公司);荧光显微镜(日本Olympus公司);酶标仪、电泳仪、电转仪(美国Bio-Rad公司)。
35只SPF级健康雄性SD大鼠,6~8周龄,由辽宁长生生物技术股份有限公司[动物许可证号:SCXK(辽)2015-0001]提供。大鼠适应性喂养1周,麻醉后于超净工作台常规手术取睾丸组织,PBS冲洗,剪去睾丸周边组织及白膜,用5 ml 0.1%胶原酶Ⅱ、Ⅳ于37 ℃恒温摇床消化40 min(90 r/min);加入含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养液终止消化,100目细胞筛过滤,将沉淀用完全培养液重悬,于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养120 min;弃去培养基及尚未贴壁和贴壁不牢的细胞,加入新的完全培养基。
取贴壁细胞,利用Leydig细胞的特有标志物3β-HSD进行免疫荧光鉴定[6]。制作细胞爬片,弃培养液,PBS清洗2次;加入4%多聚甲醛溶液固定15 min,PBS清洗3 min×5次;加入0.5% Triton X-100室温孵育5 min,PBS清洗3 min×3次;3% BSA-PBS封闭1 h,加入3β-HSD单克隆抗体(1∶1000),4 ℃孵育过夜;PBS清洗3 min×3次,加入驴抗兔IgG H&L(1∶1000)室温避光孵育1 h;PBS清洗3 min×3次,加入DAPI染核5 min;PBS清洗5 min×3 次,封片,于荧光显微镜下观察,ImageJ软件处理图像。
将Leydig细胞接种于96孔培养板(接种密度为1×104个/孔),培养48 h,加入0、25、50和100 μmol/L Fen分别处理1、12和24 h,采用酶标仪检测450 nm波长处的吸光度(OD)值,并绘制标准曲线,根据回归公式(y=0.0624x+0.0237,R2=0.9893)计算睾酮水平。根据实验结果,选择100 μmol/L Fen处理24 h进行后续实验。
将Leydig细胞接种于96孔培养板(接种密度为1×104个/孔),培养48 h。设置空白对照组(加入0.1% DMSO处理)、Fen暴露组(加入100 μmol/L Fen处理)、Fen+NAC组(加入100 μmol/L Fen和5 mmol/L NAC处理)、Fen+CsA组(加入100 μmol/L Fen和2 mmol/L CsA处理),继续培养24 h。
按照ELISA试剂盒说明书步骤操作,在酶标包被板中加入待测样品及对应的酶标试剂,37 ℃孵育1 h后洗涤液洗板5次;加入底物显色剂避光孵育15 min,加入终止液终止反应,采用酶标仪检测450 nm波长处的吸光度(OD)值,并绘制标准曲线,计算各样品睾酮合成水平及GSH、cAMP含量。
向检测管中加入100 μl ATP检测工作液,室温放置3~5 min,每孔加入20 μl待测样品混匀,采用发光仪检测发光强度,绘制标准曲线,根据回归公式(y=1027.5x+232.8,R²=0.9926)计算Leydig细胞中ATP含量。
收集各组细胞,蛋白酶消化,无菌PBS洗涤2次;加入DCFH-DA使其与培养基的比例为1∶1000,避光作用30 min;PBS缓冲液充分洗涤,加入500 μl PBS重悬细胞,采用流式细胞仪检测Leydig细胞中ROS含量。
收集各组细胞,蛋白酶消化后制备成单细胞悬液,将细胞密度调至1×105个/ml,取0.5 ml滴加到6孔板的载玻片上,取对数生长期细胞,按照JC-1线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒步骤操作,PBS清洗3次,采用流式细胞仪[发射波长488 nm,激发波长525 nm(绿色荧光)和595 nm(红色荧光)]检测线粒体膜电位。
提取各组细胞总蛋白,用BCA法进行蛋白定量。上样行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳并转至PVDF膜上,加入5% BSA室温封闭2 h;加入SOD、StAR、3β-HSD和CYP11A1蛋白一抗(1∶1000)4 ℃摇床孵育过夜;TBST洗膜,加入HRP标记羊抗兔IgG二抗(1∶2000)摇床孵育1 h,TBST洗膜,化学发光试剂显影。用Image-Lab软件分析各条带灰度值,以β-actin为内参,计算目的蛋白相对表达量。
采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用Duncan法。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
免疫荧光鉴定结果显示,通过差异贴壁法分离获得的Leydig细胞纯度达90%以上(图1),可用于后续实验。
ELISA检测结果显示,0、25、50和100 μmol/L Fen处理1、12 h时,Leydig细胞睾酮合成水平无明显变化(P>0.05);50、100 μmol/L Fen处理24 h时,Leydig细胞睾酮合成水平均明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),且100 μmol/L Fen处理后下降更明显(图2)。据此选择100 μmol/L Fen处理24 h进行后续实验。
ELISA检测结果显示,与空白对照组比较,Fen暴露组Leydig细胞睾酮合成水平明显降低(P<0.01);与Fen暴露组比较,Fen+NAC组、Fen+CsA组Leydig细胞睾酮合成水平明显升高(P<0.01,图3)。
流式细胞术检测结果显示,与空白对照组比较,Fen暴露组Leydig细胞中ROS含量明显升高(P<0.01);与Fen暴露组比较,Fen+NAC组、Fen+CsA组Leydig细胞中ROS含量明显降低(P<0.01,图4)。
ELISA和Western blotting检测结果显示,与空白对照组比较,Fen暴露组Leydig细胞中GSH含量、SOD蛋白相对表达量明显降低(P<0.01);与Fen暴露组比较,Fen+NAC组、Fen+CsA组Leydig细胞中GSH含量、SOD蛋白相对表达量明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01,图5)。
流式细胞术检测结果显示,与空白对照组比较,Fen暴露组Leydig细胞线粒体膜电位明显降低(P<0.01);与Fen暴露组比较,Fen+NAC组、Fen+CsA组Leydig细胞线粒体膜电位明显升高(P<0.01,图6)。
化学发光法和ELISA检测结果显示,与空白对照组比较,Fen暴露组Leydig细胞中ATP、cAMP含量明显降低(P<0.01);与Fen暴露组比较,Fen+NAC组、Fen+CsA组Leydig细胞中ATP、cAMP含量明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01,图7)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与空白对照组比较,Fen暴露组Leydig细胞中StAR、3β-HSD、CYP11A1蛋白相对表达量明显降低(P<0.01);与Fen暴露组比较,Fen+NAC组、Fen+CsA组Leydig细胞中StAR、3β-HSD、CYP11A1蛋白相对表达量明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01,图8)。
流行病学调查显示,全球10%~15%的育龄夫妇患有不育症[7-8],而环境污染是导致人类生育能力下降的重要原因。大量研究证实,许多农药杀虫剂可通过干扰内分泌功能而影响男性生育能力。Cremonese等[9]发现,长期从事农药生产或作业的职业工人血清LH水平明显下降,并伴有精子形态改变及数量减少。Miranda-Contreras等[10]研究发现,职业暴露于有机磷和氨基甲酸酯的男性工人精液质量下降,分析原因可能与血清LH和卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)水平异常升高有关。本课题组前期动物实验结果显示,Fen暴露可造成雄性大鼠血清和睾丸雌二醇(E2)水平升高,睾丸E2受体(ERβ)表达水平上升,导致曲细精管内生精细胞凋亡率升高,精子发生受阻[11]
在精子发生过程中,睾酮是男性体内最为重要的生殖激素。睾酮为睾丸曲细精管内各级生精细胞提供高浓度的雄激素,并与生精细胞的雄激素受体结合,促进各级生精细胞分化及精子生成[12]。睾酮经由一系列酶促反应合成:首先,胆固醇在波形蛋白等细胞骨架蛋白的转运作用下,从Leydig细胞的细胞质转运至线粒体外膜,而后在StAR的作用下从线粒体外膜转运至线粒体内膜,经线粒体内膜CYP11A1催化转化为孕烯醇酮;然后,孕烯醇酮被转运至内质网,在3β-HSD的作用下转化为孕酮,孕酮经17-羟化酶(17-hydroxylase,CYP17)催化转化为17-羟孕酮和雄烯二酮;最后,雄烯二酮在17β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,17β-HSD)作用下生成睾酮。本研究以差异贴壁法获得的大鼠原代Leydig细胞为研究对象,建立Fen离体(细胞水平)生殖毒性模型,探讨Fen干扰雄性睾酮合成的分子机制。
目前Fen等杀虫剂干扰雄性睾酮合成的机制尚无定论。Guo等[13]研究发现,Fen可通过引起昼夜节律基因Bmal1Rev-erbαRorα表达改变,以及胞内Ca2+浓度上升而抑制TM3细胞的睾酮合成。此外,农药杀虫剂引起的雄性睾酮合成障碍与其诱发的睾丸组织氧化应激密切相关[14],但具体作用机制尚未明确。本研究结果显示,暴露于Fen后,Leydig细胞睾酮合成能力下降(图3),ROS含量升高(图4),抗氧化剂NAC可明显缓解Fen对Leydig细胞的毒性作用,提示Fen染毒引起的Leydig细胞睾酮合成障碍与其诱导的氧化应激可能存在密切联系。Han等[15]研究发现,金属镍可诱导大鼠Leydig细胞ROS激增及睾酮合成障碍,这可能与ROS抑制Leydig细胞中StAR、3β-HSD和CYP11A1的表达有关,但ROS抑制睾酮合成相关蛋白和酶表达的具体机制尚不清楚。
ROS主要来源于线粒体[16],线粒体氧化呼吸链中的电子在泛醌位点漏出后,O2被单电子还原生成$\mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}$;在SOD的作用下,$\mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}$部分还原生成过氧化氢(H2O2),后者在一系列下游反应中进一步生成羟自由基(·OH)[17],$\mathrm{OO}_{2}^{-}$、H2O2和·OH具有强氧化性。在机体细胞对抗氧化应激的过程中,除SOD外,GSH同样不可或缺。GSH是由谷氨酸、半胱氨酸和甘氨酸结合形成的含有巯基的三肽,其半胱氨酸上的巯基为活性基团,可起到抗氧化和解毒作用[18]。本研究结果表明,Fen染毒后,Leydig细胞中GSH、SOD含量明显降低(图5),提示Fen可能通过抑制GSH和SOD含量使Leydig细胞发生氧化应激。NAC或CsA共孵育可不同程度恢复Leydig细胞中GSH、SOD的含量,提示NAC和CsA除直接抑制Fen染毒后Leydig细胞的ROS含量外,还可使Leydig细胞中GSH、SOD含量恢复,从而缓解Leydig细胞的氧化应激。
线粒体是细胞合成ATP的主要场所[19]。化学渗透假说认为,线粒体内膜两侧跨膜质子化学梯度(线粒体膜电位)足够高时,复合体V(F0F1-ATPase)利用质子顺电位梯度回流时所释放的势能驱动催化ADP和Pi合成并释放ATP[20]。由此可见,线粒体膜电位决定了细胞ATP的合成水平,而线粒体内膜的完整性是线粒体膜电位的决定性因素。如上所述,由于Fen暴露引起Leydig细胞氧化应激,推测Fen暴露可能通过诱导线粒体内膜损伤或功能障碍而使Leydig细胞线粒体膜电位降低,从而干扰Leydig细胞合成ATP的能力。
线粒体是ROS产生的主要部位,也是在ROS作用下最易发生损伤的部位。Liu等[21]研究发现,细胞内激增的ROS可诱导线粒体通透性转换孔(mitochondrial permeability transition pore,mPTP)开放,引起线粒体膜电位降低,导致线粒体ATP合成功能障碍。本研究结果显示,Fen暴露后,Leydig细胞线粒体膜电位降低(图6),表明Fen可能通过诱导氧化应激引起Leydig细胞mPTP开放和线粒体损伤。NAC共孵育可缓解Fen造成的Leydig细胞线粒体内膜损伤(图6),这可能是因为NAC清除了细胞内过多的ROS,从而使Leydig细胞线粒体内膜免受ROS的攻击;同时,CsA共孵育升高了Leydig细胞线粒体膜电位,这可能与CsA干扰了mPTP结构成分腺嘌呤核苷酸转位子(adenine nucleotide translocator,ANT)的构象改变,从而抑制mPTP的形成有关[22]
Leydig细胞中与睾酮合成相关的多种蛋白和酶(如StAR、3β-HSD和CYP11A1)的表达依赖于cAMP/PKA信号通路的调节[23],ATP作为cAMP合成的原料,决定了Leydig细胞的睾酮合成能力。本研究结果显示,Fen染毒后Leydig细胞中ATP、cAMP含量及StAR、3β-HSD、CYP11A1蛋白相对表达量均明显降低(图78),提示Fen可能通过诱导细胞氧化应激和线粒体损伤阻碍Leydig细胞ATP和cAMP的合成,抑制睾酮合成相关蛋白和酶的表达,最终导致Leydig细胞睾酮合成障碍;NAC或CsA共孵育可使Leydig细胞中StAR、3β-HSD和CYP11A1蛋白相对表达量恢复(图8),进一步证实Fen暴露所致Leydig细胞睾酮合成障碍与其诱导的细胞氧化应激和线粒体损伤关系密切。
综上所述,Fen可能通过诱导氧化应激造成Leydig细胞的线粒体损伤,致使ATP和cAMP合成受阻,导致cAMP依赖性睾酮合成相关蛋白和酶(如StAR、CYP11A1、3β-HSD等)表达降低;NAC和CsA可缓解Fen引起的Leydig细胞睾酮合成障碍,提示抗氧化剂和线粒体开放抑制剂可能是临床治疗杀虫剂污染所致男性生殖损伤的有效药物。但本研究未能明确Fen抑制Leydig细胞GSH、SOD活性,以及诱导mPTP开放的具体分子机制,仍须进一步探讨。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31760339)
  • 贵州省科技计划(黔科合基础-ZK[2022]一般594)
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2023年第48卷第4期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0403
  • 接收时间:2022-08-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-25
  • 录用日期:2022-11-27
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760339)
国家自然科学基金(31760339)
Science and Technology Plan of Guizhou Province(Qiankehe Basics-ZK[2022] General 594)
贵州省科技计划(黔科合基础-ZK[2022]一般594)
作者信息
    遵义医科大学基础医学院生理学教研室,贵州遵义 563000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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