Article(id=1208791317140869635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208791311621157694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.11.03, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1621872000000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-25, revisedDate=1630512000000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766127908263, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1638028800000, pubDateStr=2021-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766127908263, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766127908263, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766127908263, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208791311621157694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1061', pageEnd='1164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766127906946, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766128932678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208795613920104935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208791311621157694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208795613920104936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1208791311621157694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1077, endPage=1084, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208791317635797528, articleId=1208791317140869635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effects of different target hypothermia treatment on the circulation function and prognosis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation rats, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of different target hypothermia on the cardiovascular function and prognosis of rats after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods A total of 44 male SD rats were induced with electrical stimulation to ventricular fibrillation (VF) for 8 minutes, then cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed for 8 minutes followed by electric defibrillation (DF). Totally 28 SD rats survived VF, and randomized into either 37 ℃ normothermia group, 35 ℃hypothermia group, 33 ℃ hypothermia group or 28 ℃ hypothermia group (7 each) after restoration of autonomic circulation(ROAC). Hypothermia was immediately induced with surface cooling to the target temperature. The target temperature was maintained for 4 hours before rewarming to (37±0.2) ℃. Survived animals were observed for up to 72 hours. Mean aortic pressure(MAP), ejection fraction (EF), heart rate (HR), blood lactate level (Lac), microcirculation of buccal flow (MBF), duration of survival, survival rate and neurological deficit score (NDS) were measured during hypothermia and post-rewarming. Results During CPR, there were no difference in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), times of DF, duration of VF-ROAC (P>0.05). During hypothermia treatment, the slowest HR was observed in the 28 ℃ hypothermia group, and the highest HR was observed in the 37 ℃ normothermia group; The levels of MAP and EF were higher in hypothermia groups than in normothermia group, among which the EF level (%) was obviously higher in 33 ℃ hypothermia group and 28 ℃ hypothermia group than in 35 ℃ hypothermia group [(63.8±6.1, 67.8±8.4)% vs. (54.0±5.2)%, P<0.05]; the Lac level was markedly lower in 33 ℃ hypothermia group and 35 ℃ hypothermia group than in 37 ℃ normothermia group and 28 ℃ hypothermia group (P<0.05); the MBF levels were lower in hypothermia groups than in normothermia group, while no statistical significant difference existed in MBF level among the 3 hypothermia groups (P>0.05). After rewarming, the EF level was markedly higher in 35 ℃ hypothermia group than in the 33 other groups [(52.9±3.3)% vs. (46.9±6.2, 38.5±7.5, 35.8±7.3)%, P<0.05]; MBF was obviously recovered in 33 ℃ and 35 ℃hypothermia groups compared with that in 28 ℃ hypothermia group [(2.8±0.4, 2.4±0.5) vs. (1.6±0.6), P<0.05], but no difference existed between 33 ℃ and 35 ℃ hypothermia group. The duration of survival, survival rate and NDS score were much better in 33 ℃ and 35 ℃ hypothermia groups than in 28 ℃ hypothermia groups and 37 ℃ normothermia group, but no difference between 33 ℃ and 35 ℃ hypothermia groups (P<0.05). Conclusions Hypothermia therapy with 33 ℃ and 35 ℃ target temperature may protect the blood circulation function of rats after CPR, reduce nerve function injury and improve prognosis. Hypothermia therapy with 35 ℃ target temperature might be a new choice for treatment of patients with clinical cardiac arrest after recovery.

, correspAuthors=Wei Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 研究不同靶目标低温治疗对心肺复苏后大鼠循环功能及预后的影响。方法 选取健康成年雄性清洁级SD大鼠44只,电刺激诱导大鼠室颤8 min后开始心肺复苏,复苏8 min后给予电除颤。共有28只大鼠心肺复苏成功,恢复自主循环后,将大鼠随机分入4组:37 ℃常温组、35 ℃低温组、33 ℃低温组及28 ℃低温组,每组7只。立即采用物理降温方式降温至靶目标温度,低温治疗4 h后开始复温至(37.0±0.2) ℃,继续观察72 h。低温治疗期间及复温后监测心肺复苏大鼠平均主动脉压(MAP)、心率、射血分数(EF),颊黏膜微循环血流(MBF)、血乳酸(Lac)、生存时间、生存率及神经系统缺陷评分(NDS)等指标并进行组间比较。结果 在复苏过程中,大鼠冠脉灌注压、电除颤次数、室颤-自主循环恢复时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。低温治疗期间,28 ℃组大鼠心率最低,37 ℃组心率最高;低温组MAP及EF值高于常温组,其中33 ℃组及28 ℃组EF值(%)明显高于35 ℃组(63.8±6.1,67.8±8.4 vs. 54.0±5.2,P<0.05];33 ℃组及35 ℃组Lac值明显低于37 ℃组及28 ℃组(P<0.05);低温组MBF值低于常温组,3个低温组间MBF值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。复温后,35 ℃组大鼠EF值(%)明显高于其他组(52.9±3.3 vs. 46.9±6.2,38.5±7.5,35.8±7.3,P<0.05);33 ℃组及35 ℃组MBF值与28 ℃组比较明显恢复(2.8±0.4,2.4±0.5 vs. 1.6±0.6,P<0.05),33 ℃组与35 ℃组MBF值无明显差异(P>0.05)。35 ℃组及33 ℃组生存时间、生存率、NDS评分明显优于37 ℃组及28 ℃组(P<0.05),35 ℃组与33 ℃组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 靶目标温度为33 ℃及35 ℃的低温治疗可以保护心肺复苏后大鼠循环功能,减轻神经功能损伤,改善预后。35 ℃低温治疗可能是临床心跳骤停患者复苏后治疗的一个新选择。

, correspAuthors=陈威, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈威,E-mail:
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刘杰,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事危重症医学方面的研究

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刘杰,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事危重症医学方面的研究

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刘杰,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事危重症医学方面的研究

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Circulation, 2015, 132(18 Suppl 2): S465–S482., articleTitle=Post-cardiac arrest care: 2015 American heart association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1208791328041866173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208791317140869635, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=146, issue=1, pageStart=170, pageEnd=177, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Hifumi T, Inoue A, Kokubu N, journalName=Resuscitation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hifumi T, Inoue A, Kokubu N, et al. Association between rewarming duration and neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients receiving therapeutic hypothermia[J]. 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A. 心率;B. MAP;C. EF;ROAC. 自主循环恢复;MAP. 平均主动脉压;EF. 射血分数;与35 ℃组比较,(1)P<0.05;与33 ℃组比较,(2)P<0.01;与28 ℃组比较,(3)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=LEKI4DkuHTmyB/mV9uLwQA==, figureFileBig=k9DZdlTBQp1hXpZ4pYnvYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208791322929009432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208791317140869635, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Changes of Lac of ROAC rats after 4 hours hypothermia treatment, figureFileSmall=9rFwMtyPy3fwdCfD0DPvSA==, figureFileBig=G/zgAimbv+yp08kUp7mMWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208791323038061340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208791317140869635, language=CN, label=图2, caption=ROAC大鼠低温治疗前及治疗4 h后血乳酸比较

ROAC. 自主循环恢复;Lac. 动脉血乳酸;同时期组间比较:与35 ℃组比较,(1)P<0.05;与33 ℃组比较,(2)P<0.01;与28 ℃组比较,(3)P<0.05;不同时期组内比较:与低温治疗4 h后比较,(4)P<0.05。

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A. 颊黏膜MBF值;B. 颊黏膜MBF图(×276);ROAC. 自主循环恢复;MBF. 微循环血流;同时期组间比较:与28 ℃组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01;不同时期组内比较:与低温治疗4 h比较,(3)P<0.01。

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ROAC. 自主循环恢复

, figureFileSmall=DXVo7jtUzuEKfTIcP5Y0uQ==, figureFileBig=iO18NqcR0HXNa2xHcRyYQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208791323545572150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208791317140869635, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Baseline data of ROAC rats during CPR ($\bar{x}±s$, n=7)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标37℃组35℃组33℃组28℃组FP
体重(g)528±14533±14513±21518±221.7200.309
体温(℃)36.90±0.1737.00±0.1637.00±0.1837.00±0.210.2230.879
心率(次/min)360±17361±22345±19355±171.0830.375
MAP(mmHg)133±4137±6135±5138±41.1210.360
Lac(mmol/L)0.77±0.300.78±0.200.94±0.400.85±0.200.5440.657
EF(%)71.8±6.269.8±2.969.3±5.170.9±6.20.4640.710
MBF(分)2.98±0.102.93±0.202.93±0.202.99±0.100.6670.581
胸外按压8 min的CPP(mmHg)21.7±1.120.9±0.621.7±1.721.0±0.91.1930.239
DF次数(次)1.6±1.11.3±0.81.9±1.21.3±0.50.5910.552
VF-ROAC时间(min)8.2±0.68.1±0.18.5±0.98.1±0.20.7580.334
), ArticleFig(id=1208791323688178492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208791317140869635, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ROAC大鼠心肺复苏过程中基本情况比较 ($\bar{x}±s$,n=7)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标37℃组35℃组33℃组28℃组FP
体重(g)528±14533±14513±21518±221.7200.309
体温(℃)36.90±0.1737.00±0.1637.00±0.1837.00±0.210.2230.879
心率(次/min)360±17361±22345±19355±171.0830.375
MAP(mmHg)133±4137±6135±5138±41.1210.360
Lac(mmol/L)0.77±0.300.78±0.200.94±0.400.85±0.200.5440.657
EF(%)71.8±6.269.8±2.969.3±5.170.9±6.20.4640.710
MBF(分)2.98±0.102.93±0.202.93±0.202.99±0.100.6670.581
胸外按压8 min的CPP(mmHg)21.7±1.120.9±0.621.7±1.721.0±0.91.1930.239
DF次数(次)1.6±1.11.3±0.81.9±1.21.3±0.50.5910.552
VF-ROAC时间(min)8.2±0.68.1±0.18.5±0.98.1±0.20.7580.334
), ArticleFig(id=1208791324912915262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208791317140869635, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Duration of survival, survival rate and NDS of ROAC rats (n=7)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标37℃组35℃组33℃组28℃组F/χ2P
生存时间(h,$\bar{x}±s$)13.1±10.1(1)(2)(3)63.5±18.7(3)56.2±20.8(3)25.7±6.817.273<0.001
生存数(只)    29.021<0.001
 24 h1673
 48 h0650
 72 h0640
NDS评分(分,$\bar{x}±s$)
 24 h478±59(1)(2)311±106(3)314±49(3)438±6310.383<0.001
 48 h500±0(1)(2)189±150(3)291±174(3)500±012.634<0.001
 72 h500±0(1)(2)131±172(3)251±235(3)500±011.306<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1208791325017772867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1208791317140869635, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ROAC大鼠低温治疗后生存情况及NDS评分(n=7)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标37℃组35℃组33℃组28℃组F/χ2P
生存时间(h,$\bar{x}±s$)13.1±10.1(1)(2)(3)63.5±18.7(3)56.2±20.8(3)25.7±6.817.273<0.001
生存数(只)    29.021<0.001
 24 h1673
 48 h0650
 72 h0640
NDS评分(分,$\bar{x}±s$)
 24 h478±59(1)(2)311±106(3)314±49(3)438±6310.383<0.001
 48 h500±0(1)(2)189±150(3)291±174(3)500±012.634<0.001
 72 h500±0(1)(2)131±172(3)251±235(3)500±011.306<0.001
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不同靶目标低温治疗对心肺复苏大鼠循环功能及预后的影响
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刘杰 1 , 苗慧 2 , 董静 3 , 陈威 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 论著 2021,46(11): 1077-1084
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解放军医学杂志 | 论著 2021, 46(11): 1077-1084
不同靶目标低温治疗对心肺复苏大鼠循环功能及预后的影响
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刘杰1, 苗慧2, 董静3, 陈威1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院海南医院重症医学科,海南三亚 572000
  • 2解放军总医院第三医学中心急诊医学科,北京 100039
  • 3解放军总医院第二医学中心老年医学科,北京 100853
  • 刘杰,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事危重症医学方面的研究

通讯作者:

陈威,E-mail:
Effects of different target hypothermia treatment on the circulation function and prognosis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation rats
Jie Liu1, Hui Miao2, Jing Dong3, Wei Chen1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Critical Medicine, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
  • 2Department of Emergency, the Third Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
  • 3Department of Gerontology, the Second Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2021-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.11.03
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目的 研究不同靶目标低温治疗对心肺复苏后大鼠循环功能及预后的影响。方法 选取健康成年雄性清洁级SD大鼠44只,电刺激诱导大鼠室颤8 min后开始心肺复苏,复苏8 min后给予电除颤。共有28只大鼠心肺复苏成功,恢复自主循环后,将大鼠随机分入4组:37 ℃常温组、35 ℃低温组、33 ℃低温组及28 ℃低温组,每组7只。立即采用物理降温方式降温至靶目标温度,低温治疗4 h后开始复温至(37.0±0.2) ℃,继续观察72 h。低温治疗期间及复温后监测心肺复苏大鼠平均主动脉压(MAP)、心率、射血分数(EF),颊黏膜微循环血流(MBF)、血乳酸(Lac)、生存时间、生存率及神经系统缺陷评分(NDS)等指标并进行组间比较。结果 在复苏过程中,大鼠冠脉灌注压、电除颤次数、室颤-自主循环恢复时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。低温治疗期间,28 ℃组大鼠心率最低,37 ℃组心率最高;低温组MAP及EF值高于常温组,其中33 ℃组及28 ℃组EF值(%)明显高于35 ℃组(63.8±6.1,67.8±8.4 vs. 54.0±5.2,P<0.05];33 ℃组及35 ℃组Lac值明显低于37 ℃组及28 ℃组(P<0.05);低温组MBF值低于常温组,3个低温组间MBF值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。复温后,35 ℃组大鼠EF值(%)明显高于其他组(52.9±3.3 vs. 46.9±6.2,38.5±7.5,35.8±7.3,P<0.05);33 ℃组及35 ℃组MBF值与28 ℃组比较明显恢复(2.8±0.4,2.4±0.5 vs. 1.6±0.6,P<0.05),33 ℃组与35 ℃组MBF值无明显差异(P>0.05)。35 ℃组及33 ℃组生存时间、生存率、NDS评分明显优于37 ℃组及28 ℃组(P<0.05),35 ℃组与33 ℃组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 靶目标温度为33 ℃及35 ℃的低温治疗可以保护心肺复苏后大鼠循环功能,减轻神经功能损伤,改善预后。35 ℃低温治疗可能是临床心跳骤停患者复苏后治疗的一个新选择。

心肺复苏  /  低温  /  微循环  /  预后

Objective To investigate the effects of different target hypothermia on the cardiovascular function and prognosis of rats after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods A total of 44 male SD rats were induced with electrical stimulation to ventricular fibrillation (VF) for 8 minutes, then cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed for 8 minutes followed by electric defibrillation (DF). Totally 28 SD rats survived VF, and randomized into either 37 ℃ normothermia group, 35 ℃hypothermia group, 33 ℃ hypothermia group or 28 ℃ hypothermia group (7 each) after restoration of autonomic circulation(ROAC). Hypothermia was immediately induced with surface cooling to the target temperature. The target temperature was maintained for 4 hours before rewarming to (37±0.2) ℃. Survived animals were observed for up to 72 hours. Mean aortic pressure(MAP), ejection fraction (EF), heart rate (HR), blood lactate level (Lac), microcirculation of buccal flow (MBF), duration of survival, survival rate and neurological deficit score (NDS) were measured during hypothermia and post-rewarming. Results During CPR, there were no difference in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), times of DF, duration of VF-ROAC (P>0.05). During hypothermia treatment, the slowest HR was observed in the 28 ℃ hypothermia group, and the highest HR was observed in the 37 ℃ normothermia group; The levels of MAP and EF were higher in hypothermia groups than in normothermia group, among which the EF level (%) was obviously higher in 33 ℃ hypothermia group and 28 ℃ hypothermia group than in 35 ℃ hypothermia group [(63.8±6.1, 67.8±8.4)% vs. (54.0±5.2)%, P<0.05]; the Lac level was markedly lower in 33 ℃ hypothermia group and 35 ℃ hypothermia group than in 37 ℃ normothermia group and 28 ℃ hypothermia group (P<0.05); the MBF levels were lower in hypothermia groups than in normothermia group, while no statistical significant difference existed in MBF level among the 3 hypothermia groups (P>0.05). After rewarming, the EF level was markedly higher in 35 ℃ hypothermia group than in the 33 other groups [(52.9±3.3)% vs. (46.9±6.2, 38.5±7.5, 35.8±7.3)%, P<0.05]; MBF was obviously recovered in 33 ℃ and 35 ℃hypothermia groups compared with that in 28 ℃ hypothermia group [(2.8±0.4, 2.4±0.5) vs. (1.6±0.6), P<0.05], but no difference existed between 33 ℃ and 35 ℃ hypothermia group. The duration of survival, survival rate and NDS score were much better in 33 ℃ and 35 ℃ hypothermia groups than in 28 ℃ hypothermia groups and 37 ℃ normothermia group, but no difference between 33 ℃ and 35 ℃ hypothermia groups (P<0.05). Conclusions Hypothermia therapy with 33 ℃ and 35 ℃ target temperature may protect the blood circulation function of rats after CPR, reduce nerve function injury and improve prognosis. Hypothermia therapy with 35 ℃ target temperature might be a new choice for treatment of patients with clinical cardiac arrest after recovery.

cardiopulmonary resuscitation  /  hypothermia  /  microcirculation  /  prognosis
刘杰, 苗慧, 董静, 陈威. 不同靶目标低温治疗对心肺复苏大鼠循环功能及预后的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (11) : 1077 -1084 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.11.03
Jie Liu, Hui Miao, Jing Dong, Wei Chen. Effects of different target hypothermia treatment on the circulation function and prognosis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation rats[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (11) : 1077 -1084 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.11.03
随着科技的创新发展及心肺复苏知识的普及,院外心跳骤停患者自主循环恢复(restoration of autonomic circulation,ROAC)率逐渐增高[1],但患者出院存活率及长期生存率仍处于较低水平,出院存活率仅4.5%~16.2%,1年生存率仅4.0%~11.5%[2]。如何提高心肺复苏后的存活率、改善患者预后是临床最为关注的问题。心肺复苏后低温治疗可以降低机体代谢率[3],并减轻再灌注损伤,已被证实是改善复苏后患者预后的唯一有效疗法[4-7]。2020年国际心肺复苏指南建议,低温治疗目标温度为32~36 ℃,但未明确最佳的靶目标温度[8]。不同的靶目标低温对心肺复苏后患者存活时间、复苏后循环功能及神经功能恢复会产生不同的影响,但目前相关的系统研究较少。在临床实践中,为达到更低的靶目标低温,往往需要花费更多的时间及医疗资源去探索可用的最适合靶目标温度。本研究以心跳骤停大鼠为模型,比较不同靶目标低温治疗对心肺复苏后大鼠循环功能及预后的影响。
健康成年雄性清洁级SD大鼠44只,体重(494±18) g,购于长沙市天勤生物技术有限公司,许可证号:SCXK(湘)2019-0014。分笼饲养,室温(22±1) ℃,12 h/12 h昼夜周期,自由进食及饮水。所有大鼠适应性饲养1周后进行实验。实验过程符合国家及单位有关实验动物的管理及使用规定。小动物人工呼吸机(ZS-MV-HX,北京众实迪创科技发展有限责任公司),多功能监护仪(GE Solar 8000,美国通用电气医疗系统信息技术公司),控温毯(KN-02,北京康诺佳宁科技发展有限公司),动脉血气分析仪(GEM Premier 3000,上海寰熙医疗器械有限公司),彩色多普勒超声仪(CX50,美国飞利浦公司),暗场成像视频显微镜(MicroScan,荷兰医疗显微镜公司),DVD播放器(EZ47V,华录松下大连有限公司)。14-Gauge、23-Gauge聚乙烯导管(Intermedic PE-50,美国贝迪公司),3-F聚乙烯导管(C-PMS-301J型,美国库克公司)。
大鼠实验前1 d禁食。戊巴比妥(45 mg/kg)腹腔注射麻醉,约间隔1 h予5 mg/kg戊巴比妥维持麻醉。手术暴露气管,并用14-Gauge导管经口气管插管,连接小动物人工呼吸机通气(潮气量为0.65 ml/100 g,呼吸频率为100次/min,吸氧浓度21%)。连接四肢电极,常规导联Ⅱ心电连续监测。左颈外静脉置入23-Gauge聚乙烯导管至右心房,测量右心房压力;左股动脉置入23-Gauge聚乙烯导管进入胸主动脉,测量主动脉收缩压(systolic aortic blood pressure,SAP)和舒张压(diastolic aortic blood pressure,DAP),并采集动脉血。右颈外静脉置入3-F聚乙烯导管进入右心房,预制导丝通过该导管进入右心室,诱发心室颤动(ventricular fibrillation,VF)。所有导管用含2.5 U/ml肝素的生理盐水间断冲洗。经肛门插入肛温探头监测核心体温,在心肺复苏开始前,将大鼠体温维持在36.8~37.2 ℃。
通过进入右心室的导丝诱发VF,用60 Hz电流从1 mA开始逐渐提高至3.5 mA,直至诱导产生VF,并持续3 min电流刺激,以避免大鼠自发除颤恢复窦性心律[9],同时停止机械通气。VF 8 min后,用自制胸外心脏按压器进行胸外心脏按压,频率200次/min,同时进行机械通气,吸氧浓度为100%。调整按压深度,使冠状动脉灌注压(coronary perfusion pressure,CPP)维持在(22±2) mmHg。按压8 min后,给予2 J电除颤(defibrillation,DF),3次DF仍未恢复自主循环,则继续胸部按压30 s,进行下一轮DF,直至自主循环恢复或重复3个循环的DF,结束模型的建立。ROAC成功标准:恢复室上性自主节律,平均主动脉压(mean aortic blood pressure,MAP)>50 mmHg至少维持5 min[9]。ROAC大鼠立即给予低温治疗,并随机分为4组:37 ℃常温组、35 ℃低温组、33 ℃低温组、28 ℃低温组,每组7只。后3组使用冰袋及电风扇降温,分别在4 min、9 min及24 min内达到靶目标温度35 ℃、33 ℃及28 ℃,用控温毯维持靶目标温度4 h。4 h后复温,复温速率为第1小时1 ℃,以后2 ℃/h,直至核心体温恢复到(37.0±0.2) ℃。ROAC后30 min,呼吸机吸氧浓度由100%降至50%,1 h后降至21%。大鼠麻醉苏醒后,拔出气管插管等一切有创置管。复温完成后,将大鼠放置在有加热垫的笼子中,体温维持在(37.0±0.2) ℃,观察72 h。
采用GE多功能监护仪持续监测大鼠VF前、低温治疗过程中的心率、SAP、DAP以及复温后的心率,并计算MAP。MAP=DAP+(SAP-DAP)/3。采用GE多功能监护仪监测大鼠VF和心肺复苏过程中的VF开始时间、DF次数、ROAC时间、右心房压(right atrial pressure,RAP)等,并计算CPP。CPP=DAP-RAP。使用GEM Premier 3000动脉血气分析仪检测大鼠VF前及低温治疗4 h后的动脉血乳酸(Lac)值。
采用彩色多普勒超声分别在VF前,低温治疗1 h、2 h、3 h、4 h及复温后检测大鼠左室射血分数(ejection fraction,EF)。
利用暗场成像视频显微镜分别在VF前、低温治疗4 h及复温后监测大鼠颊黏膜微循环血流(microcirculatory blood flow,MBF)。显微镜配备5倍光学探头,最终可在显示器上呈现×276放大图像。每次均在大鼠颊黏膜3处不同的部位采集微循环血流视频,利用DVD播放器回放图像,采用Spronk等[10]的方法对每个视频进行离线分析。利用视频中预先叠加的千分尺选择直径<20 μm的血管作为观察的微循环血管,采用半定量评分赋值观察血管的血流状况:无血流为0分,明显减少血流为1分,减少血流为2分,正常血流为3分。由3名未参加实验者根据大鼠实验分组独立进行微循环血流赋值评分。观察者评分的不一致性在4%以内时,计算血流赋值评分的均值,获得MBF值[9]
采用Hendrickx法测定ROAC大鼠低温治疗过程中的NDS:无神经功能缺陷为0分,脑死亡或临床死亡为500分[11]。复温后每24 h评估1次,共评估72 h。记录ROAC后72 h大鼠存活时间及存活率。
采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用SNK-q检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验;生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,并行对数秩检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
44只大鼠中3只因麻醉及出血在动物准备过程中被排除,13只因未实现ROAC被排除,余28只ROAC大鼠纳入实验。在心肺复苏开始前,4组大鼠体重、体温、心率、MAP、Lac、EF值、MBF值等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);心肺复苏过程中,4组大鼠胸外按压8 min的CPP、DF次数及VF-ROAC时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
在低温治疗过程中,大鼠心率28 ℃组<33 ℃组<35 ℃组<37 ℃组,其中28 ℃组大鼠心率在低温治疗开始后就明显低于其他3组,33 ℃组大鼠心率在治疗开始阶段明显低于35 ℃组,之后两组心率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图1A);低温组MAP、EF值均高于常温组,在低温治疗4 h后差异最明显(P<0.05),MAP低温组3组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图1B),EF值33 ℃组及28 ℃组明显高于37 ℃组及35 ℃组。复温后EF值下降,35 ℃组EF值明显高于其他3组,28 ℃组EF值下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图1C)。
低温治疗4 h后,33 ℃组及35 ℃组Lac值明显低于37 ℃组及28 ℃组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图2)。
低温治疗4 h后,大鼠37 ℃组MBF值明显大于28 ℃组(P<0.05)。复温后,低温组大鼠MBF值增加,33 ℃组及35 ℃组MBF值明显高于28 ℃组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图3)。
3个低温组大鼠生存时间及生存率指标均明显优于常温组,其中35 ℃组及33 ℃组明显高于37 ℃组及28 ℃组(P<0.05),35 ℃组与33 ℃组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。35 ℃组及33 ℃组的NDS评分明显低于37 ℃组及28 ℃组,35 ℃组与33 ℃组间差异无统计学意义(P<0.05,表2图4)。
心跳骤停患者循环功能的恢复包含体循环和微循环功能的恢复,目前临床更多关注的是体循环及心脏功能恢复情况,心肺复苏指南推荐用药也主要是用于恢复体循环和心功能,如提升MAP、恢复自主心律以及提升心脏EF等[8]
目前,心跳骤停患者ROAC及体循环恢复情况已逐渐好转[2,8],但微循环的变化与体循环的变化并没有直接联系,体循环的恢复不代表微循环的恢复。在发生心跳骤停进行心肺复苏并恢复体循环后,微循环的改变与脏器功能障碍的发生及预后明确相关,微循环不恢复,则临床预后没有明显提升[2,12]。因为体循环与微循环没有明确的线性关系,所以,临床上不能用反映体循环的指标来评估微循环的改变。
有研究发现,血Lac及颊黏膜MBF可反映微循环恢复情况[13]。心肺复苏预后改善的标志是可以延长复苏后生存时间、提高生存率及恢复中枢神经系统功能,其中是否能恢复中枢神经系统功能是判断临床预后的关键因素[14]。通过观察心肺复苏后大鼠上述指标在低温治疗后的变化,可以了解不同靶目标低温治疗的疗效。本研究结果显示,与常温组比较,低温组可以明显降低ROAC大鼠心率,更好地维持EF及MAP,维持组织灌注压;复温后大鼠心率增快,EF下降。为了更加系统地研究亚低温对心肺复苏后脏器功能的影响,明确过度低温的后果,本研究将28 ℃低温纳入到实验中。结果显示,28 ℃组在低温治疗过程中能更好地维持EF,但复温后的EF明显低于35 ℃及33 ℃组。考虑其原因主要为:①低温治疗可增强心肌收缩功能,损害心脏舒张功能[15-18],但因心率明显减慢,心室舒张时间相应延长,弥补了舒张功能受损的不足,能够维持相应的EF;②28 ℃低温可损害心肌组织,加重舒张功能障碍[16-17],心率减慢时尚可较好地维持EF,但复温后心率增快,造成EF下降更加明显。本研究结果表明,28 ℃低温治疗后EF对温度变化更为敏感,提示临床在低温治疗期间应加强温度管理,精细控制体温,防止过度低温及意外复温,28 ℃低温治疗后复温要缓慢,同时要注意保护心功能。
微循环是全身组织代谢的场所,对于维持复苏后脏器功能至关重要,而低温治疗可以影响微循环血流。持续低温可增强凝血酶受体激活肽活性,诱导血小板活化,形成微血栓[19]。形成的微血栓及增加的水肿损害微循环,导致微循环血流速度减慢,血流量减少,引起组织代谢障碍[19-22]。本研究观察到心肺复苏后大鼠颊黏膜MBF、Lac与低温治疗的靶目标温度有关,35 ℃组及33 ℃组MBF在低温治疗期间优于28 ℃组,而Lac明显降低。尽管MBF的差异没有统计学意义,但Lac的明显变化说明28 ℃组存在组织代谢障碍及微循环功能障碍,而35 ℃及33 ℃低温治疗对微循环的影响较小。同时本研究也观察到,体循环及心功能的变化与MBF不同步,虽然心肺复苏后低温治疗组大鼠保持了较好的MAP及EF(P<0.05),但其MBF有随低温深度增加而减少的趋势,低温治疗4 h后28 ℃低温组MBF明显低于37 ℃常温组(P<0.05)。提示临床工作中要考虑低温对微循环血流产生的不利影响,不能因为低温治疗有利于体循环及心功能的恢复,而给予长时间、深度低温,因其最终可能会导致微循环及组织代谢障碍,影响预后。
中枢神经系统损伤是影响心脏骤停后患者预后的重要因素。目前的心肺复苏指南指出,亚低温治疗是唯一可能改善心肺复苏预后的措施,但未能明确具体的靶目标温度[8]。亚低温治疗对中枢神经系统的保护机制包括降低大脑的新陈代谢率、防止缺血再灌注损伤[4-6,23]、抑制细胞凋亡、提高存活神经元数量[24-25]。在临床工作中达到更深的目标低温意味着需要花费更多的时间及医疗资源,因此在相同的治疗效果下,适当提高目标温度可以减轻临床压力,提高临床工作效率。本研究在室颤8 min后进行心肺复苏,延长了缺血缺氧损伤时间,加重了中枢神经系统及其他脏器的损伤,降低了实验大鼠生存率,可以更加突出实验干预的效果。结果显示,无低温干预的37 ℃常温组平均生存时间仅有13 h,生存超过24 h的仅有1只。低温治疗组大鼠的生存时间、生存率及NDS等指标均明显优于常温组,其中33 ℃组及35 ℃组预后最好,两组比较差异无统计学意义。提示靶目标温度35 ℃与33 ℃一样,可以起到保护神经功能的作用,亦可减少医疗资源的消耗,可能成为临床心肺复苏后低温治疗的最佳选择。
本研究也存在一些局限性。一是研究采用的是健康大鼠室颤动物模型,大鼠没有冠状动脉疾病或其他器质性心脏病,因此复苏后心功能的变化与临床有一定差距;二是在复温过程中大鼠逐渐苏醒,由于自发运动导致有创置管脱落,因此在复温中拔除了有创置管,造成复温后有创检测项目缺失,例如SAP、动脉血Lac值等;三是尽管目前最佳复温速率尚不明确,但与临床推荐的复温速率(0.25~0.5 ℃/h)相比[26-27],本研究中的复温速率较快,可能会对长期生存率造成影响[28],但如果采用推荐的复温速率,会延长实验大鼠低温状态时间。既往研究表明,长时间的低温治疗会降低大鼠生存率及微循环血流[9],因此本研究采取了快速升温的方法,以缩短大鼠低温治疗的时间。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,靶目标温度为33 ℃及35 ℃的低温治疗可以保护心肺复苏后大鼠的循环功能,减轻神经功能损伤,改善预后;靶目标温度为35 ℃的低温治疗可能是临床心跳骤停患者复苏后治疗的一个新选择。
  • 海南省自然科学基金面上项目(818MS156)
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2021年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.11.03
  • 接收时间:2021-05-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2021-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-25
  • 修回日期:2021-09-02
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Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(818MS156)
海南省自然科学基金面上项目(818MS156)
作者信息
    1解放军总医院海南医院重症医学科,海南三亚 572000
    2解放军总医院第三医学中心急诊医学科,北京 100039
    3解放军总医院第二医学中心老年医学科,北京 100853

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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