Article(id=1194649186969817901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1041.2024.0722, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691942400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1704297600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-04, onlineDate=1762756161682, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762756161682, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762756161682, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762756161682, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194643387904136153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762754779076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762756450259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194650397408203370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194650397408203371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=92, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194649187221476143, articleId=1194649186969817901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress in the application of mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a disease characterized by reduced cardiac output leading to inadequate end-organ perfusion and remains a significant issue in cardiovascular medicine. Despite significant therapeutic advancements in recent years, the mortality rate associated with CS remains high. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has emerged as an innovative therapeutic strategy, capable of maintaining hemodynamic stability and ensuring systemic perfusion of vital organs, thereby effectively improving patient prognosis and lowering mortality rates. This review summarizes the latest research progress on commonly used MCS devices, both domestically and internationally, covering aspects of CS overview, left and right heart assist, bicardial and total heart assist, as well as the selection and limitations of MCS devices. We provide an overview of the types of MCS devices currently available and their indications for use, aiming to offer better clinical guidance to physicians and enhance the treatment level of CS.

, correspAuthors=Tao You, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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心源性休克(CS)是以心输出量减少导致终末器官灌注不足为特征的疾病,为心血管领域备受关注的疾病之一,尽管近年来治疗方法取得了重大进展,但其病死率仍然很高。机械循环辅助(MCS)作为一种新的治疗策略,可维持血流动力学稳定,保证全身重要脏器灌注,有效改善心源性休克患者的预后,并降低病死率。本文从CS概述、左心辅助、右心辅助、双心辅助和全心辅助以及MCS装置选择与局限性等方面,对目前国内外常用MCS装置的最新研究进展进行综述,并简要介绍目前可用的MCS设备类型及其适应证,旨在为临床医师提供更好的指导,提高CS的救治水平。

, correspAuthors=尤涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
尤涛,E-mail:
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何小龙,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管系统疾病方面的研究

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何小龙,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管系统疾病方面的研究

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何小龙,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管系统疾病方面的研究

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心源性休克应用机械循环辅助装置的研究进展
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何小龙 1, 2 , 胡鑫鑫 2, 3 , 移康 2, 4 , 尤涛 2, 4, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025,50(1): 92-100
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025, 50(1): 92-100
心源性休克应用机械循环辅助装置的研究进展
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何小龙1, 2, 胡鑫鑫2, 3, 移康2, 4, 尤涛2, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1甘肃中医药大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730000
  • 2先天性心脏病诊疗甘肃省国际科技合作基地,甘肃兰州 730000
  • 3兰州大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730000
  • 4甘肃省人民医院心血管外科,甘肃兰州 730000
  • 何小龙,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管系统疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

尤涛,E-mail:
Research progress in the application of mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock
Xiao-Long He1, 2, Xin-Xin Hu2, 3, Kang Yi2, 4, Tao You2, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
  • 2Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
  • 3The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
  • 4Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1041.2024.0722
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心源性休克(CS)是以心输出量减少导致终末器官灌注不足为特征的疾病,为心血管领域备受关注的疾病之一,尽管近年来治疗方法取得了重大进展,但其病死率仍然很高。机械循环辅助(MCS)作为一种新的治疗策略,可维持血流动力学稳定,保证全身重要脏器灌注,有效改善心源性休克患者的预后,并降低病死率。本文从CS概述、左心辅助、右心辅助、双心辅助和全心辅助以及MCS装置选择与局限性等方面,对目前国内外常用MCS装置的最新研究进展进行综述,并简要介绍目前可用的MCS设备类型及其适应证,旨在为临床医师提供更好的指导,提高CS的救治水平。

心源性休克  /  机械循环辅助装置  /  急性心肌梗死

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a disease characterized by reduced cardiac output leading to inadequate end-organ perfusion and remains a significant issue in cardiovascular medicine. Despite significant therapeutic advancements in recent years, the mortality rate associated with CS remains high. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has emerged as an innovative therapeutic strategy, capable of maintaining hemodynamic stability and ensuring systemic perfusion of vital organs, thereby effectively improving patient prognosis and lowering mortality rates. This review summarizes the latest research progress on commonly used MCS devices, both domestically and internationally, covering aspects of CS overview, left and right heart assist, bicardial and total heart assist, as well as the selection and limitations of MCS devices. We provide an overview of the types of MCS devices currently available and their indications for use, aiming to offer better clinical guidance to physicians and enhance the treatment level of CS.

cardiogenic shock  /  mechanical circulatory support  /  acute myocardial infarction
何小龙, 胡鑫鑫, 移康, 尤涛. 心源性休克应用机械循环辅助装置的研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (1) : 92 -100 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1041.2024.0722
Xiao-Long He, Xin-Xin Hu, Kang Yi, Tao You. Research progress in the application of mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (1) : 92 -100 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1041.2024.0722
心源性休克(cardiogenic shock,CS)是心肌功能严重损害而导致心输出量减少、脏器灌注不足的循环衰竭疾病[1],临床表现为持续性低血压,伴随终末器官低灌注,需要药物或机械辅助干预。尽管近年来CS的治疗取得了显著进展,但住院期间的病死率仍超过30%,30 d后病死率增高到40%~50%[2]。机械循环辅助(mechanical circulatory support,MCS)经过数十年的发展,技术逐渐趋于成熟,目前已经成为CS救治的关键措施。本文就当前国内外临床上常用的MCS装置在CS中的研究进展进行综述,概述CS的诊断、治疗方法及MCS装置治疗CS的生理学基础,介绍目前可用的MCS设备、当前的技术水平及其临床应用的科学证据,以期为临床医师提供更好的指导,提高CS的救治水平。
CS是由于各种原因的心脏损害导致心输出量明显减少,全身重要组织及器官灌注严重不足,造成以脏器缺血、缺氧性损伤为特征的临床综合征。CS的常见病因包括急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)、心脏切开术后、急性感染性心内膜炎、暴发性心肌炎、主动脉夹层、急性肺栓塞、严重瓣膜病及心肌病等。其中CS最常见的病因为AMI(约占80%),30 d病死率为40%,1年后接近50%[3-4]。CS的诊断标准在不同的指南及临床研究中存在一定差异,但均包含持续性低血压及终末器官灌注不足两个方面。目前被广泛接受的CS诊断标准必须同时满足以下3个方面:(1)收缩压<90 mmHg超过30 min或需要药物维持才能使收缩压≥90 mmHg;(2)存在组织器官灌注不足的表现(神志异常、皮肤四肢湿冷、尿量<30 ml/h、乳酸>2.0 mmol/L);(3)心脏指数≤2.2 L/(min.m2),肺毛细血管楔压≥15 mmHg[5]
由于一直缺乏对CS不同临床阶段进行分期的可用数据,因而在确定MCS装置的使用时机及适应证等方面仍存在较明显的困难。美国心血管造影和介入学会(Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions,SCAI)于2019年提出将CS分为A-E共5期,并于2022年进行了更新:A期(风险期)指目前没有CS体征或症状,但有发生风险;B期(开始期)指出现低血压或心动过速等血流动力学不稳定的临床证据,但没有灌注不足;C期(典型期)指组织器官灌注不足,除容量复苏外仍需要药物或MCS干预以恢复灌注;D期(恶化期)指临床表现与C期相似,但经初始治疗后病情仍继续恶化,需进一步升级药物治疗或使用MCS维持灌注;E期(终末期)指实际或即将发生循环衰竭,包括经历心脏骤停接受持续心肺复苏和(或)体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)辅助[6-7]。SCAI分期具有更高的实用价值,能够指导MCS装置置入,但对于其能否降低CS患者病死率的临床研究很少,未来仍需进一步研究验证。
CS是由严重的心肌功能损害引起的,临床表现为低血压,常规液体复苏治疗无效,且伴有重要器官的低灌注,需要药物或MCS干预。正性肌力药或血管升压药被广泛用于CS患者,但随着药物剂量的增加,不良反应发生率及病死率也逐渐增高[8-9]。MCS在不增加心肌缺血风险及不降低心肌耗氧量的情况下,可为CS患者提供实质性的血流动力学支持,与血管活性药物相比具有明显的优势[10]。MCS的分类方式较多,其中根据心脏辅助部位的不同可分为左心辅助、右心辅助、双心辅助及全心辅助。目前国内外临床上可用的MCS装置有多种,常见的有主动脉内球囊反搏(intra-aortic balloon pump,IABP)、Impella系列、TandemHeart、左心辅助装置(left ventricular assist device,LVAD)、ECMO、CentriMag、Extra-VAD(MoyoAssist)及SynCardia全人工心脏等。
IABP始用于20世纪60年代,至今仍是CS支持最常用的MCS装置。它通过Seldinger经皮穿刺股动脉术(也可经腋动脉、肱动脉及锁骨下动脉)将球囊置于降主动脉,通过球囊充气及与心动周期同步的放气来提高舒张压并降低收缩压,从而增加冠脉血流量及重要器官的灌注,减少左心室后负荷及心肌耗氧量,并增加心输出量。
2012年之前,国内外指南将IABP在CS中应用的推荐级别定为Ⅰ类。IABP-SHOCK Ⅱ研究结果显示,IABP并不能降低AMI后CS患者的30 d病死率[11]。6个月及12个月的随访显示,IABP较单纯药物治疗的全因死亡率并未降低,生活质量也未见改善[12]。长达6年的随访结果分析也得出了同样的结论[13]。因此,相关指南均下调了IABP治疗CS的推荐等级。目前,美国心脏病学会基金会(American College of Cardiology Foundation,ACCF)/美国心脏协会(American Heart Association,AHA)将CS应用IABP作为Ⅱb级推荐[14]。欧洲心脏病学会(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)则将其降为Ⅲ级,不建议常规使用,仅推荐在药物治疗效果不好及AMI合并急性二尖瓣关闭不全、室间隔穿孔等机械并发症的情况下考虑使用(Ⅱa级推荐)[15]。IABP-SHOCK Ⅱ研究存在纳入患者病情严重程度差异大、IABP使用时机较晚等局限性,结合我国的实际情况,国内相关指南仍将IABP作为治疗CS的重要支持手段。《心原性休克诊断和治疗中国专家共识(2018)》[16]建议,若不具备施行ECMO的条件,应尽快置入IABP,共识还强调应早期置入及使用足够的时间。《急性心肌梗死合并心原性休克诊断和治疗中国专家共识(2021)》[17]推荐:在急诊AMI合并CS的情况下,可首先考虑使用IABP,在应用较大剂量血管活性药物后血液动力学仍不能迅速稳定、合并冠状动脉高危病变、严重左心室功能受损时,也应考虑早期快速启动IABP支持治疗,如果IABP辅助效果不佳,应考虑尽早联合启动VA-ECMO、Impella等更高级别的MCS支持。
IABP可增加冠状动脉血供并优化重要脏器灌注,减少心脏负荷及心肌耗氧量,改善CS患者的血流动力学,是目前应用最广泛的MCS装置。但IABP只能提升0.8~1.0 L/min的流量,降低心脏后负荷的能力也有限,在改善CS临床结局上并无明显优势[18];因其技术成熟、操作简便、费用相对便宜,在没有其他MCS装置或存在其他MCS装置禁忌证的情况下,IABP仍是CS患者在药物治疗无效时的合适选择。作为治疗CS最实用的MCS装置,IABP临床应用的未来更令人期待。
Impella是一种微型轴流泵系统,经皮股动脉穿刺逆行跨过主动脉瓣插入左心室,将血液从左室泵入主动脉,可降低心室压力及容量负荷,减少心室做功,同时增加心输出量,改善心肌灌注。Impella有Impella 2.5、Impella CP、Impella 5.0及Impella 5.5,以及专门为支持急性右心衰竭患者而设计的Impella RP等多种型号可供选择。其中Impella 2.5及Impella CP分别使用12F及14F鞘经皮股动脉穿刺,Impella 5.0可通过腋动脉插管,Impella 5.5可用21F导管通过外科置入。
目前仍缺乏足够有力的临床试验来评估Impella在CS中的作用。基于循证医学证据,Impella的使用可降低CS患者的病死率,改善预后,且设备相关并发症发生率及卒中风险均较低[19-21]。但也有研究表明,应用Impella并未降低CS患者的30 d全因病死率(48.5% vs. 46.4%,P=0.64),反而增高了出血(8.5% vs. 3.0%,P<0.01)及外周血管并发症(9.8% vs. 3.8%,P=0.01)的发生率[22-23]。且随着对Impella临床研究的不断深入,近年来发现其使用反而与患者的病死率增高有关。一项对1680例接受Impella或IABP治疗的AMI合并CS患者的研究发现,Impella组的病死率(45% vs. 34%,P<0.001)及院内大出血风险(31% vs. 16%,P<0.001)均高于IABP组[24]。同样,另一项研究分析了Premier Healthcare数据库中接受Impella治疗的4782例患者,结果发现,与IABP相比,Impella的使用导致了不良事件增多及治疗成本增加,且病死率(OR=1.24,95%CI 1.13~1.36,P<0.001)、出血(OR=1.10,95%CI 1.00~1.21,P=0.045)、卒中(OR=1.34,95%CI 1.18~1.53,P<0.001)和急性肾损伤(OR=1.08,95%CI 1.00~1.17,P=0.005)发生率增高[25]
上述研究表明,Impella在降低患者的病死率、改善预后方面并无明显优势,且出血、机械相关不良事件的发生率相对较高。但Impella能够直接降低CS患者心室压力及容量负荷,减轻心脏负担,帮助心功能恢复。近年来,全球Impella使用率明显增高,已成为严重CS患者的常用救治设备之一。目前中国已有少数中心开展Impella技术,但因其价格昂贵等原因使用例数较少。对于CS患者能否选择置入Impella,仍需通过大规模的临床试验进一步验证。
TandemHeart是一种经皮左心室辅助装置,通过股静脉插管,经房间隔穿刺,将引流管置入左心房,将血液从左心房引出,再通过股动脉插管泵入腹主动脉或股动脉。TandemHeart通过将左心房的血液直接泵入股动脉来增加心输出量及平均动脉压,同时可降低左心室的前负荷,减少心脏做功及氧耗。
一项纳入117例顽固性CS患者的回顾性研究发现,在IABP和(或)大剂量血管活性药物的支持下,TandemHeart能够明显改善患者的血流动力学,但30 d病死率仍达40.2%[26]。两项随机对照研究比较了TandemHeart与IABP在AMI合并CS患者中的应用效果,结果发现使用TandemHeart的患者血流动力学参数均有改善,但并发症较多,两项研究均未报告患者的30 d病死率差异有统计学意义[27-28]。这一结果在一项荟萃分析中也得到了证实,该研究对比了100例接受TandemHeart及Impella患者的临床结局,结果表明两种技术的30 d病死率无明显差异,但接受TandemHeart的患者出血等并发症发生率增高[29]
TandemHeart虽然可改善患者的血流动力学,但不能降低病死率,同时增加了出血等相关并发症的发生率。同时,TandemHeart操作复杂、创伤大,置入时需穿刺房间隔,导致手术时间延长,因此临床应用有限。目前主要推荐用于高风险经皮冠状动脉介入治疗、急性心肌梗死、心源性休克、临时血流动力学辅助或心脏移植期间的过渡等。国内尚未见该系列产品的临床应用报道。
LVAD作为一种长期MCS装置,由最初的搏动流泵发展到连续性轴流泵,再到代表目前MCS领域最新进展的全磁悬浮离心泵,已历经三代。国外的产品主要有HeartMate XVE、HeartMate Ⅱ、HeartMate 3及HeartWare HVAD等,我国目前主要有永仁心(EVAHEART Ⅰ)、苏州同心(CH-VAD)、航天泰心(HeartCon)及深圳核心(CorHeart 6)。HeartMate 3作为全磁悬浮离心泵,如今已成为全球最常用的LVAD。
LVAD近年来发展迅速,目前已经成为终末期心力衰竭的有效替代治疗手段之一。据报道,LVAD置入后1年存活率为82.3%,2年存活率为73.1%,中位存活时间>4.5年[30]。追踪HeartMate 3获批后临床表现的队列研究显示,2年存活率约为80%[31-32]。另外一项小规模队列研究显示,患者置入HeartMate 3后的5年存活率为61%(95%CI 44%~74%)[33]。相比其上代产品HeartMate Ⅱ,HeartMate 3的生存率较高,不良事件发生率较低[34]。2020年12月,美敦力发布了紧急通知,HeartWare HVAD系统在选择性或意外停止泵操作后,可能出现延迟或无法重新启动的严重设备故障。此外,越来越多的研究发现,与接受HeartMate 3的患者相比,HeartWare HVAD所致神经系统不良事件发生率及全因死亡率更高[35-36]。故美敦力公司于2021年宣布HeartWare HVAD退市。重庆永仁心公司生产的EVAHEART Ⅰ作为我国首款人工心脏,已于2019年经国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration,NMPA)批准上市。苏州同心的CH-VAD是一款国产全磁悬浮人工心脏,于2020年11月获NMPA批准,同年12月正式上市。航天泰心(HeartCon)及深圳核心(CorHeart 6)也分别于2020年8月、2021年12月获NMPA批准开始临床试验,预计在不久的将来会正式进入临床。
截至目前,HeartMate 3仍是临床上耐用性最好、应用最多的LVAD。尽管LVAD技术取得了巨大的进步,治疗效果也有所改善,但仍然受到不良事件及生活质量降低等问题的困扰。未来LVAD治疗的目标是达到与心脏移植相同的长期生存率,同时尽量减少相关并发症的发生,并减轻对患者生活质量的负面影响。
Impella RP是一种右心房-肺动脉辅助装置,通过经股静脉插管,将血液从右心房引出后直接排入肺动脉[37]。美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)于2017年9月批准了Impella RP系统的上市前申请。关于CS患者因右心室衰竭而行Impella RP支持的研究证据很少,仅限于一些小规模队列研究及个案报道。Anderson等[39]在一组前瞻性队列研究中发现,Impella RP可迅速改善右心衰竭患者的血流动力学,纠正休克并提高患者的存活率。对FDA获批后的Impella RP研究的中期分析结果表明,使用Impella RP支持后,患者的血流动力学状况立即得到改善,心脏指数从(1.8±0.2)L/(min.m2)增至(3.3±0.2)L/(min.m2),中心静脉压从(19.2±4.0)mmHg降至(12.6±1.0)mmHg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),30 d总存活率为73.3%,所有出院患者在180 d后均存活,进一步证实Impella RP可用于右心衰竭的治疗。
TandemHeart RA-PA是在TandemHeart基础上改进的右心支持系统,带有特殊插管ProtekDuo,可将回流装置放置于右心房,输出部分置于肺动脉,进而将血液绕过右心室从右心房直接引流到肺动脉。Kapur等[39]回顾性分析了46例因各种原因导致右心室衰竭而接受TandemHeart的患者,术后48 h血流动力学指标均有所改善,总体病死率为54%。对于进行性肺动脉高压引起的右心室衰竭,由于原发疾病是肺血管系统,强制灌注可能会导致肺出血,因此仅提供右心支持的MCS疗效欠佳,而VA-ECMO应该是首选[40]。与Impella RP相比,TandemHeart RA-PA的一个明显优势是其可通过颈静脉置入,因此对患者行动的限制较小。对于CS合并孤立性右心室衰竭的患者,由于其置入的微创性及在管路中可额外连接体外氧合器的可能性,在合并呼吸衰竭及低氧血症的患者中具有额外的优势,在未来的研究中应该重点关注。
ECMO是一种可用于长时间心肺支持的MCS装置,始用于20世纪70年代。静脉-动脉体外膜肺氧合(veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,VA-ECMO)经股静脉或颈内静脉插管将静脉血引出,通过人工体外膜肺进行气体交换,然后将氧合后的血液经股动脉或腋动脉泵入动脉循环[41]。其主要的缺陷是无论插管部位如何,逆行于主动脉的血流均会增加左心室后负荷,导致左心室扩张及左室舒张末压增高,从而引起左心功能不全、左室附壁血栓、肺水肿甚至肺出血。文献报道了各种左心室卸载策略,包括使用IABP或Impella等其他额外的MCS以减轻后负荷过高带来的不利影响,但关于这些装置的使用目前缺乏明确的证据支持[42-43]
截至2022年,全球共计172 835例患者被登记在体外生命支持组织的登记表中,存活率为68%,连续6年每年上机数超过10 000例,且使用人数仍在不断增加[44]。尽管ECMO的临床使用比例在过去10年中迅速增高,也取得了较好的临床效果,但其在改善CS患者临床结局方面一直存在争议。来自体外生命支持组织等大型注册机构的观察数据显示,接受ECMO治疗的756例CS患者存活率为40.2%[45]。ECLS-SHOCK试验表明,相比单纯使用经皮冠状动脉介入治疗或冠状动脉旁路移植行早期血运重建以及应用最佳药物等常规治疗,联合VA-ECMO可使CS患者在重症监护室的住院时间及机械通气时间明显缩短,但二者的30 d的存活率差异无统计学意义(33% vs. 19%,P=0.37),且随访1年后的结果仍然相似[46-47]。EURO-SHOCK随机临床试验结果也得出了类似的结论:与常规治疗组比较,VA-ECMO组30 d全因死亡率(43.8% vs. 61.1%,P=0.22)及1年全因死亡率(51.8% vs. 81.5%,P=0.22)差异也无统计学意义,但由于样本量小,其可靠性并不确切[48]。VA-ECMO治疗心源性休克的临床证据存在较大差异,其上机时机不明确,且与CS患者的预后密切相关。一项多中心回顾性研究表明,早期VA-ECMO置入组30 d死亡风险低于晚期置入组(HR=0.53,95%CI 0.28~0.99),同时也与较低的住院死亡率、脱机失败率、1年内全因死亡率或心衰再住院率以及出院时的不良神经预后相关[49]。同样Choi等[50]发现,AMI合并CS患者在血运重建前置入VA-ECMO明显降低了主要终点事件(包括院内死亡、左心室辅助装置置入及心脏移植)的发生率(32.0% vs. 49.5%,OR=0.48,95%CI 0.23~0.98,P=0.045)。但最新的ECMO-CS试验显示,与最初的保守策略相比,立即在快速恶化或严重心源性休克患者中实施VA-ECMO并未改善患者的临床结局[51]。对于心脏切开术后患者VA-ECMO上机时机的选择,最近一项纳入了2003例患者的多中心临床研究表明,心源性休克(45.3%)是术后置入ECMO的主要指征,置入时机是气管插管中位时间1 d后[四分位间距(IQR)为1~3 d];与术中置入相比,术后接受ECMO患者出现了更多的并发症,再次心脏手术比例(19.7% vs. 24.8%,P=0.011)、需经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的比例(1.8% vs. 3.6%,P=0.026)以及住院死亡率(57.5% vs. 64.5%,P=0.002)均较高[52]
VA-ECMO也可在心脏骤停时启动,称为体外心肺复苏(extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation,ECPR)。体外生命支持组织的登记数据显示,因心脏骤停接受ECPR的患者存活率约为30%[53]。Yannopoulos等[54]对30例难治性室颤患者进行的临床试验结果显示,ECPR的出院存活率为43%,而常规CPR的存活率为7%[风险差异(RD)=0.36,95%CI 0.04~0.59),差异有统计学意义。一项纳入264例院外心脏骤停患者的临床试验表明,在存活至180 d时,与常规CPR组相比,ECPR组患者的神经系统预后良好结局差异无统计学意义(32% vs. 22%,RD=0.1,95%CI -0.013~0.201,P=0.09)[55]。Suverein等[56]开展的一项随机对照试验也得出了类似的结论,该试验将160例初发室性心律失常患者随机分为ECPR与常规CPR组,结果发现两组30 d良好神经结局差异无统计学意义(20% vs. 16%,OR=1.4,95%CI 0.5~3.5,P=0.52)。上述3项试验均证实了ECPR对因心源性或初发室性心律失常而发生院外心脏骤停患者的益处,但在其他非心脏原因的院内或院外心脏骤停患者中的潜在益处尚不清楚。
ECMO是唯一能够提供强有力双室心肺支持的短期MCS装置,可用于严重或难治性CS的治疗,包括心脏骤停的患者。经验丰富的临床医师可在几分钟内迅速启动ECMO,并提供持续数天的全面心肺支持,这不仅给进一步诊断及治疗干预争取了时间,还保持了患者适当的血流动力学及气体交换,为器官恢复争取了时间。尽管多个指南均不推荐CS患者常规使用ECMO,最新的几项临床试验也未证实ECMO对CS患者的生存益处,但目前ECMO仍被认为是治疗难治性CS的一线MCS。
CentriMag于2004年首次被报道使用,是全球首个全磁悬浮MCS[57],可根据患者自身条件选择各种类型的插管,建立左心房或左心室至主动脉或锁骨下动脉、右心房至肺动脉的回路。CentriMag提供了高达10 L/min的流量,能够有效降低心脏前负荷,给予患者单心室或双心室支持。Extra-VAD(MoyoAssist)是我国最新自主研发的国产体外全磁悬浮心室辅助系统,可通过右颈内动脉-腋动脉经皮置入,于2021年在全球范围内首次成功应用于临床[58]。二者由于体外磁悬浮离心泵产生连续非搏动性血流,加上转子及血流之间的接触非常少,均很少出现血液停滞或溶血等并发症。
FDA批准CentriMag用于左心室及右心室辅助的最长时间分别为6 h及30 d,欧洲统一认证则批准其任何适应证支持时间均为30 d。已有多项研究证实CentriMag用于CS的可行性及安全性。一项单中心回顾性研究发现,CentriMag支持的中位时间为16(10~29) d,病死率为24.8%,1年生存率为51.8%,CentriMag是治疗顽固性CS的有效方法[59]。Tarzia等[60]评估了接受CentriMag与ECMO支持的CS患者的预后,结果表明,CentriMag组的平均支持时间长于ECMO组[(14.25±10.84) d vs. (8.37±8.43) d,P=0.001];ECMO组总死亡率与循环支持流量增加相关(HR=11.36,95%CI 2.19~44.20),而CentriMag组则无关(HR=1.48,95%CI 0.32~6.80)。Extra-VAD(MoyoAssist)于2022年被首次置入于1例冠状动脉旁路移植术后的CS患者,并成功持续支持9 d[61]。最近一项对5种机械泵进行比较的研究发现,CentriMag及MoyoAssist在溶血水平、血细胞计数及高分子量血管性血友病因子(von willebrand factor,VWF)降解等方面的血液损害均较少,表现出了优异的血液相容性[62]
CentriMag及MoyoAssist在血液相容性及循环支持时间等方面均优于其他MCS,一定程度上为患者治疗决策及评估提供了足够的反应时间,也为脏器功能恢复及心脏移植创造了条件。但CentriMag需要外科医师在手术室内自胸骨正中开胸置入,创伤大,技术复杂,临床推广门槛较高,目前国内尚无开展该技术的报道。Extra-VAD(MoyoAssist)可经皮置入,较CentriMag创伤小、操作简单,可使患者最大程度地获益,将来可能会满足中国CS患者的部分需求。
SynCardia全人工心脏于2004年经FDA批准使用,是目前临床上唯一可长期用于全心辅助的MCS装置,也是最常用的全人工心脏,全球已植入2000余例。SynCardia通过气动驱动,尺寸有50 ml及70 ml两种,可完全取代患者的天然心室腔及4个心脏瓣膜。已经有多项研究回顾了SynCardia的植入结果,证实其是一种安全有效的全人工心脏装置[63-64]。机械辅助循环支持机构间注册(INTERMACS)报告分析显示,接受Syncardia治疗的患者1年生存率为53.2%,2年生存率为33.9%[65]。一项Meta分析对SynCardia全人工心脏与HeartWare HVAD支持进行比较,发现HeartWare HVAD在死亡率、支持时间及不良事件发生率等方面均优于SynCardia全人工心脏[66]。SynCardia全人工心脏可为患者提供持久良好的全心支持,能够作为心脏移植的桥梁甚至取得与心脏移植相当的生存率,但其在设备便携性、耐用性及患者生活质量等方面仍存在较多缺陷,需进一步改进及完善。
对于MCS装置的选择必须综合考虑CS患者的血流动力学、获益风险比及终极治疗目标等实际情况。对于左心衰竭需要MCS支持的CS患者,可首先考虑使用IABP;当IABP支持效果不佳时,也可选择VA-ECMO、Impella及TandemHeart系统。尽管费用相对较高,且缺乏改善CS患者临床结局的确凿证据,但Impella已成为全球许多心脏中心用于左心支持的一线MCS装置。需要右心支持的CS患者可选择Impella RP、TandemHeart RA-PA及VA-ECMO设备;如果伴有呼吸衰竭或心脏骤停,则应优先采用VA-ECMO。双心室支持首选VA-ECMO,也可采用双心室Impella装置。在VA-ECMO支持的同时置入IABP或Impella等额外的MCS装置可能会提高CS患者的生存率[67]。如果需要较长时间的循环支持或作为心脏移植的桥梁,则可根据自身条件选择LVAD、CentriMag、Extra-VAD(MoyoAssist)及SynCardia全人工心脏,其中SynCardia全人工心脏甚至可获得与心脏移植相当的生存率。目前对于MCS装置的选择并未完全基于指南与临床试验证据,在很大程度上仍取决于医务人员的经验、每个中心现有的资源、设备的可用性及费用报销等方面。MCS装置的选择及使用应该由经验丰富的休克小组成员综合患者情况共同评定,并尽可能在难治性心源性CS或多器官衰竭发生前尽早开始使用。
虽然MCS装置在临床上的使用越来越广泛,但仍存在并发症较多或无法有效改善患者临床结局等弊端。最常见的并发症是出血、感染、溶血、肢体缺血、机械相关并发症及中枢神经系统障碍等,这些均是限制MCS临床应用的重要因素。另外高昂的医疗费用也在很大程度上制约了MCS的临床推广。
CS是一种进展迅速、死亡率高的急危重症,对于药物治疗无效的患者,MCS是一种能挽救生命的干预措施,尽早使用可改善患者预后。尽管MCS已广泛应用于严重或难治性CS患者,但由于缺乏确凿的高质量临床证据,国内外对各装置的使用仍一直未达成共识,为此需要通过大样本量的多中心随机对照试验来验证及指导MCS在CS患者中的应用并积累经验。随着技术的进步、新型材料的应用及临床经验的增加,患者的存活率及预后等均得到了明显改善,但MCS装置的复杂性、异质性、使用成本高、并发症发生率高以及设备便携性差等仍是临床应用的主要障碍。未来MCS装置的研发,不仅要对现有的问题及短板不断进行改进完善,还要向体积更小、侵入性更低、耐用性更高、血液相容性更好的方向不断努力。除此之外,应充分考虑CS的潜在机制,正确把握MCS的上机及撤机指征和时机,仔细评估患者的预期益处及风险,尽可能减少相关并发症及不良事件的发生,在最大程度改善患者临床结局的同时提高患者的生活质量。
我国关于MCS装置的研究起步较晚,尽管取得了一定成就,但在机械设计、生物相容性及耐久性等方面与发达国家相比仍有较大差距。随着社会经济水平的发展及人口老龄化程度的加剧,我国心血管系统疾病的患病率及发病率将持续增高,庞大的需求潜力、高额的疾病经济负担等一系列因素使得国产MCS装置的研发及临床应用更为迫切。近年来,国产MCS装置如MoyoAssist人工心脏、ECMO、LVAD系列等不断进入临床试验或获批上市并取得了令人满意的结果,与国外类似装置的差距不断缩小,未来有望从“跟踪模仿”实现“超越引领”。
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金(21JR1RA027)
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金(22JR5RA655)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1041.2024.0722
  • 接收时间:2023-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-14
  • 录用日期:2024-01-04
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Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(21JR1RA027)
甘肃省自然科学基金(21JR1RA027)
Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(22JR5RA655)
甘肃省自然科学基金(22JR5RA655)
作者信息
    1甘肃中医药大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730000
    2先天性心脏病诊疗甘肃省国际科技合作基地,甘肃兰州 730000
    3兰州大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730000
    4甘肃省人民医院心血管外科,甘肃兰州 730000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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