The hourly surface AWS data, conventional suface and radiosonde observation data and NCEP-FNL reanalysis data over the period of 2008−2018 were used for analyzing the cyclonic gale processes in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. The cyclone deepening rate and the pressure gradient were also discussed to analyze the relationship between themeteorological factors and the strength of the cyclone. Based on the Petterssen equation of the surface cyclone development, the effects of temperature advection, vorticity advection and diabatic heating in cyclone development were discussed. The results show: (1) 70.5% of the cyclones were strengthened after entering the sea, 14.7% of them became explosive cyclones, 17.6% of them were invariant, and 11.7% of them weakened. The extratropical cyclones which caused strong winds in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea mainly occurred in autumn, secondly in spring and winter, and hardly appeared in summer. The enter sea cyclones were developed on the leftside of the exit of upper-level jet stream or the diverging region, and weakened on the right side of the exit of upper-level jet stream. (2) There are three kinds of cyclones which have effects on the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea: the Mongolian cyclones (17.6%) which moved from the northwest to the southeast; the Yellow River cyclones (49%) moved from the west to the east, the Changjiang-Huaihe cyclones (33.4%) moved from the southwest to the northeast which tend to develop into explosive cyclones in autumn. The maximum wind speed region often appears in the northwest (or the west) quadrant of the cyclone in the autumn and winter season, and the maximum wind speed region appears in the southeast quadrant of the cyclone in the spring. (3) The correlation coefficient of the temperature advection and cyclone deepening rate is higher than that of vorticity advection and adiabatic heating. The correlation coefficient temperature advection and cyclone deepening rate, vorticity advection and cyclone deepening rate are greater than the correlation coefficient of the barometric gradient and cyclone deepening rate. The temperature advection and vorticity advection in the four analyzed explosive cyclones events were stronger than in other cyclones events. The correlation of diabatic heating and the barometric gradient is stronger than it with the cyclone variation rate. (4) The temperature advection and diabatic heating have important effects on the Huang-huai and Jianghuai cyclone. The effects from the vorticity advection on the Yellow River cyclone are more important, and the effects from the vorticity advection and diabatic heat-ingon the Mongolian cyclone are the least.

The scatterometer onboard China-France oceanography satellite (CFOSAT) uses rotating fan beams to measure sea surface radar backscatter values at different incidence and azimuth angles. The backscatter measurements of CFOSAT scatterometer (CSCAT) are with relatively high spatial resolution. Therefore, it presents unprecedented opportunities for retrieving offshore wind fields. This paper introduces the main procedures as well as the key techniques of the coastal wind retrieval for CSCAT. In particular, a box-window is used to aggregate the high-resolution backscatters (namely slices in the level 1B data) into a certain wind vector cell (WVC) before performing the wind inversion. The coastal winds derived from the advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) and the QuikSCAT scatterometer are then used to verify the results of CSCAT coastal wind retrieval. It shows that the CSCAT winds are of good quality over the sea surface with offshore distance larger than 40 km, but degrades rapidly in quality for WVCs with offshore distance below 40 km. Further analysis indicates that the degraded statistical scores are mainly caused by some outliers that may be contaminated by the sea ice. In general, the CSCAT offshore winds are in good agreement with both the model forecasts and the buoy winds.

The formation of vertical sedimentary rhythmic layers of tidal flat mainly depends on periodic tidal conditions, including flood and ebb tide, spring and neap tide, seasonal and longer term scale tidal characteristics. In order to investigate the distribution and mechanism of sediment bedding on tidal flats, a one-dimensional numerical model was used to simulate the rhythmic layers of long-term tidal flat bedding layers under spring and neap tidal cycles. Results indicate that the periodicity of spring-neap tide is the main reason for the rhythmicity of sedimentary bedding. One couplet in the rhythm layer corresponds to the spring-neap tidal period, which is formed by the mud-dominated layer during the neap tide and the sand-dominated layer during the spring tide. The thicknesses of layers also show a cyclical change: bedding layers are thicker during the spring tide and thinner during the neap tide. The boundary sediment concentration is also an important factor affecting the structure of tidal couplets. An increasing boundary concentration of silt makes the tidal rhythm layer coarser and increases the overall thickness of the sand-dominated layer. When the boundary sediment concentration significantly increases, the vertical tidal rhythm layers on the tidal flat are more intact with an evident increase in layer thickness. The formation and characteristics of tidal bedding layers are the result of the joint action of many factors (e.g., waves, storms, biological factors and etc.), which await further research effort in the future.

Marine biotechnology refers to the applied science and technology for large-scale production marine bioproducts and provision of services for industry and community based on sustainable utilization and management of marine bioresources. The 1st International Marine Biotechnology Conference was held in Tokyo, Japan in 1989. Over the last 30 years, the global marine biotechnology had progressed rapidly in promoting the sustainable and healthy development of marine aquaculture, the development of novel marine bioproducts, the conservation of marine environment and bioresources, and the construction of “harmonic ocean” etc. It served not only the upgrade of traditional marine bioindustry of fisheries and aquaculture, but also the growth of many newly emerging industries such as marine pharmaceuticals, marine biomaterials and marine functional foods. The theme of 12th International Marine Biotechnology Conference held in Shizuoka, Japan on 9−13 September 2019, with “the next generation of marine biotechnology” as the theme. The conference served to strengthen the platform for the global exchange of new advances in marine biotechnology and the effective development of cooperations for government, academy and industry. This conference had promoted heavily on the roles of young scientists and entrepreneurs for the advances in marine biotechnology. This review, based on new advances reflected in the conference, proposes notable key directions in marine biotechnology for China over the next 5−10 years, and suggests the priorities of training young talents especially those integrated with entrepreneurs’ skills and to developing the leading strategic position in fostering new industries.

The benthic macroinvertebrate is the important ecological group in river ecosystem. The study of the community composition and distribution characteristics on the benthic macroinvertebrate can provide theoretical support for river ecosystem management. In June (summer) and November (autumn) 2018, surveys on the benthic macroinvertebrate with trawl and ground cages were carried out in 16 fixed sampling sites in the inland rivers of Chongming Island. The community composition, distribution characteristics and corresponding influencing factors of the benthic macroinvertebrates were analyzed then. A total of 14 species belonging to 5 orders, 8 families of the benthic macroinvertebrates were collected in the surveys. Most of them were arthropods. Among them, 10 species were freshwater type, 3 species were estuarine brackish water type and 1 species was catadromous migration type. And 12, 6 and 11 benthic macroinvertebrate species were recorded in the Beiheng Canal, Nanheng Canal, and the vertical canals respectively. The dominants of the benthic macroinvertebrates were freshwater species, and the common species were Macrobrachium nipponense, and Exopalaemon modestus. The number of species, abundance and biomass of the benthic macroinvertebrates in the Beiheng Canal and the vertical canals were higher than those in the Nanheng Canal. The number of species, abundance and biomass of the benthic macroinvertebrates in the summer were higher than those in the autumn. Seasonal variations were one of the important features of the characteristics of the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in the inland rivers of Chongming Island. Add all these together, the inland rivers of Chongming Island had some characteristics of both estuaries and inland rivers, which were related to the geographical location, hydrological conditions, riverine habitats, water quality characteristics and regional human activities of the Chongming Island.

To study the effect of hypoxia on immune function of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum), the transcription level of immune related genes were detected in gills, liver, intestines, and spleen after exposing to (3.15±0.21) mg/L hypoxia stress for 28 d. The results showed: (1) in gills, the transcription level of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and type 2 interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R2) extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 1 d and 14 d of stress. On 28 d of stress, TNFα extremely decreased (p<0.01) while IL-1R2 significantly decreased (p<0.05). Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) extremely increased (p<0.01) on 1 d and then significantly decreased (p<0.05) on 7 d and extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 14 d. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 1 d and then extremely increased (p<0.01) . Interleukin-17C (IL-17C) extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 7 d and 14 d, while heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) significantly decreased (p<0.05) on 1 d and extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 14 d and 28 d. (2) In liver, the transcription level of TNFα and IL-1R2 significantly decreased (p<0.05) on 1 d and 28 d and extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 14 d. TNFAIP3 extremely increased (p<0.01) on 1 d and extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 14 d and 28 d. IL-1β extremely increased (p<0.01) at all stress time points, while IL-17C extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 7 d, 14 d and 28 d. HSP70 continued to increase and reached the maximum on 28 d (p<0.01). (3) In the intestine, the transcription level of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-1R2, IL-17C and HSP70 genes were higher (p<0.01) than those in the control group at all stress time points. TNFAIP3 extremely increased (p<0.01) on 1 d and significantly decreased (p<0.05) on 7 d and extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 14 d. (4) In spleen, the transcription level of TNFα and IL-17C extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 1 d, 7 d, 14 d and significantly decreased (p<0.05) on 28 d. IL-1β extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 1 d, 28 d and significantly decreased (p<0.05) on 7 d and 14 d. IL-1R2 extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 1 d, 7 d, 28 d and significantly decreased (p<0.05) on 14 d, while HSP70 extremely decreased (p<0.01) on 1 d, 7 d and 28 d. The results indicated that immune genes of transcription level in juvenile cobia showed significantly change after 28 d of hypoxia stress, suggesting that long-term hypoxia may inhibit the immune function, cause intestinal inflammation, and increase the risk of pathogen infection in cobia.

Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) is one of the important economic fisheries in the Southeast Pacific Ocean. The stock abundance is inherently affected by recruitment. To find out the status of recruitment is of great significance to the sustainable yield and scientific management of resources. The recruitment of Chilean jack mackerel between 1971 and 2017 is divided into different regimes based on regime test. Then, the Bayesian model averaging is applied to the relationship between recruitment and five environmental factors (sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, sea surface height, El Niño and Pacific decadal oscillation), and the impact of regime change in recruitment forecast is also discussed. The results show that the first regime (1971−1980) is more disturbed by fishing; in the second regime (1981−1990), El Niño has the highest probability of explaining for the change of recruitment; the environmental factor with the highest explanatory probability is Pacific Decadal Oscillation in the third regime (1991−2001); in the fourth regime (2002−2015), El Niño most likely explains the change in recruitment; comparing the analysis of regime shift and no regime shift models, there is a significant difference between the two. However, the results, with different regimes, are more reasonable to explain the change of recruitment. Recruitment abundance is affected by multiple environmental factors, but in different regimes, the dominant environmental factor changes. The regime shifts of recruitment are induced by the alternation of cold and warm periods of interdecadal Pacific decadal oscillation, and El Niño. It is suggested that different regime shift and their impact factors should be considered in the future assessment and management of Chilean jack mackerel resources.

The composition and distribution of mangrove species are crucial to the protection and restoration of mangrove wetland ecosystems. In this study, mangrove species distribution was identified by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral images from Zhangjiangkou mangrove national nature reserve. Spectral characteristics, spectral differential, and spectral continuum removal were analyzed, 17 spectral parameters of 911 group spectral data from different vegetation species were obtained. Furthermore, 13 parameters for decision tree construction were selected by stepwise discriminant analysis. As a result, an accurate distribution map of mangrove species in the study area was obtained through C5.0 decision tree classification model. The vegetation species present different distribution types from top to bottom in the Zhangjiangkou mangrove national nature reserve. The upper part of the study area was dominated by the mixed type of Aegiceras corniculatum and Kandelia obovata. The middle area showed symbiosis status of three different mangrove species Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum and Kandelia obovata. The lower part of the study area was dominated by Avicennia marina, and a small amount of Kandelia obovata. Through the confusion matrix, the overall classification accuracy is 87.95% and the Kappa coefficient is 83.81%, showed a satisfactory precision. Therefore, our mangrove species identification results from UAV hyperspectral images could be used as a reference for ecological protection of regional mangrove wetland, and also as a identification method reference for mangrove species.

The CO₂ flux at the sea-air interface, which is equal to the product of the gas transfer velocity, solubility, and the CO₂ partial pressure difference between sea and the atmosphere, is estimated using the bulk equation, where the gas transfer velocity is usually associated with the wind speed. Different authors have proposed different parameterization schemes, in which the gas transfer velocity is a polynomial of different powers of the wind speed. In this paper, we summarize the main findings on the gas transfer velocity as a function of wind speed. We discover that the observation method has a greater influence on the gas transfer velocity than the power of the wind speed polynomial. On this basis, this paper calculates the global CO₂ flux from 1982−2018 using several different parametric formulas for the gas exchange rate. The ocean is a sink for atmospheric CO₂, the equatorial sea area is a source, and the ocean near 40° in the northern and southern hemispheres forms a strong absorption zone along the latitudinal direction. The annual average value of oceanic CO₂ absorption (in terms of carbon) over 1982−2018 is (−1.53±0.15)Pg/a. The oceanic absorption decreases year by year until 1999, reaching a minimum in 1999, after which the oceanic absorption begins to increase, with the increase in oceanic absorption occurring mainly in the Southern Ocean.

The cumulative human impact assessment of marine ecosystems is an ecological method to scientifically recognize the response and feedback laws of the system to external disturbances. In order to explore and reveal the inherent mechanisms, the region of coastal seas of China as the research scope in this article, selecting 16 ecological factors in four aspects, marine fishery, marine shipping, land-based and offshore pressures, and climate change. And by spatial quantization and standardization, the cumulative exposure and impact assessment of the 9 marine habitat types in the study area are carried out under the 1 km×1 km spatial grid scale. The results show that the cumulative exposure in the study area is generally higher in the coastal seas than in the pelagic, and gradually decreases to the far ocean; the coastal seas ecosystem is mainly affected by land-based pollution and fishing, and overall climate change contributes the most; 22.8% and 7.6% of China’s coastal seas are respectively highly and extremely highly affected, among which the Changjiang River Delta is the most affected by human activities.