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This paper reviews development history and academic achievements of the research of physical oceanography branches in China over past 70 years since foundation of new China. The physical oceanography research in China began with studies of sea waves, tides, offshore circulation, water masses, and ocean meteorologic disasters with emphasis on the storm surge. With the rise of China, the research fields have been gradually expanded. Meanwhile, a great deal of significant research results have been achieved, such as, developed general wind wave spectra and swell spectra that are adapted broadly by the international community as well as the third generation sea wave numerical models; establishment of analytical and forecast methods for tides and tidal currents including quasi-harmonic analytical methods and permanent forecast methods of tides and tidal currents; discovered and named Mindanao Undercurrent, revealed multi-core structures and mechanisms of multi-scale variability of the Kurohsio in the East China Sea, and systematically described the circulation system of the western boundary of the Pacific; proposed the South China Sea Branch of Indonesian Throughflow (the South China Sea Throughflow); gradually improved continental shelf circulation systems of China offshore waters, and obtained deep understandings on the South China Sea circulation, the Kuroshio and its branches, Taiwan Warm Current, Zhejiang-Fujiang Coastal Current, the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass Circulation, the Yellow Sea Warm Current, the Bohai Sea Circulation and continental shelf trapped waves; systematically summed up inter-ocean interactions of the Pacific Ocean-the Indian Ocean-the Atlantic Ocean through the atmospheric and oceanic bridges; developed methods for the water mass analysis of shallow seas, generally clarified features and mechnisms of distribution and evolution of water masses in China offshore waters, and had contributions to studies of distribution and movement of water masses in deep oceans and polar oceans; clarified general features and generation mechanisms of mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea, explored 3-D structure of eddies, and quatitatively estimated material and energy transportation abilities of eddies in global oceans; basically clarified spatial distribution and seasonal variability features of ocean fronts in China offshore waters, proposed frontogenesis mechnisms including topograpgy, barotropic and baroclinic instabilities; built mooring observation net for internal waves in the South China Sea, achieved systematic understanding of mechnisms for the full process of generation-evolution-dissipation of internal waves; development of shear instability theories of turbulence and ocean turbulence models, proposed a concept of current edge instability and new methods for turbulence-mixing paraterization; obtained new understandings for ocean interior mixing mechanisms and energy sources, and clarified effects of mixing on the deep layer circulation and nutrient material transportation processes; developed the Global Wave-Tide-Current Coupling Model, and a series of ocean and climate models; developped ocean data assimilation systems that may assimilate the majority of ocean observation data and coupling assimilation systems used for ENSO prediction; built physical model experiment platforms with ageostrophic water tanks/pools and geostrophic rotation platforms that satisfy the international standards; developed error analysis methods for ENSO prediction, built theory systems for inter-decadal variability of ocean and climate systems, explored response of mid-deep ocean layers to global climate change; primarily built ocean observation net in China offshore waters; continued Arctic and Antarctic expeditions; built operational forecast systems for typhoon, storm surge, extremely high waves and tsunami to provide supports for reducing meteorologic disasters in China; broke through foreign blockade to ocean technologies, successfully developed 10 km deepwater hydrophone and a series of instruments for observing ocean optical features; developed prediction models for oil spilling and dangerous/chemical material drifting and spreading in order to provide scientific supports to emergence processes and warning/forecast of risk events that are brought along ocean resources development. A great deal of literatures of academic results cited in this paper (maximum 3 papers selected for each first author) show that the development of physical oceanography research over past 70 years has trained a research team with solid strength. This is the most precious achievement. This research team will serve as a principal force to scale new heights in physical oceanography in China.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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