The Huanghe River Delta is an important ecological function area in China. It is of guiding significance to explore the distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) at the estuary and its influencing factors for sediment erosion and re-suspension, and the ecological process in the estuary and coastal zone. Based on the relationship between chromaticity angle and SSC, an SSC inversion model (R² = 0.80, MRE = 11.0%, RMSE = 1.35 mg/L) suitable for the Huanghe River Estuary and its adjacent sea areas is established in this paper. With the help of the GEE (Google Earth Engine) platform, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and changing rules of SSC in the Huanghe River Estuary and its adjacent sea area during the 22 years from 2000 to 2021 were studied, and the influencing factors were analyzed from two aspects of nature and human activities. The annual average value of SSC in the study area showed a downward trend (−1.83 mg/(L·a)). The spatial distribution shows that SSC gradually decreases from near shore to far shore; the diffusion interval (SSC > 20 mg/(L·a)) is only 4.8−14.6 km away from the estuary, and the influence of sediment from the Yellow River on the current sediment diffusion at the estuary is limited. The wave and suspended sediment concentration have the same seasonal characteristics. During the non-water and sediment regulation period, there is a positive correlation between the effective wave height and the SSC interdecadal monthly average (r = 0.66, p < 0.01). During the period of water and sediment regulation, the current SSC at the mouth of the Huanghe River and Laizhou Bay is limited by wind speed and effective wave height, and water and sediment regulation is dominant. During the period of water and sediment regulation, there is a positive correlation between the incoming sediment coefficient and the area change rate of high-concentration areas. After the water and sediment regulation (within 16 days), the boundary of the high concentration area (SSC > 200 mg/L) is expanded from about 1.3 km to about 2.5 km from the coast.