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Beibu Gulf is located in the northwestern part of the South China Sea and is experiencing a significant increase in the frequency, duration and extent of harmful algal blooms (HABs) outbreaks in the last 30 years. To characterize phytoplankton and bacterial communities during the massive Noctiluca scintillans bloom in the Beibu Gulf, seawater samples were collected from the area of a massive N. scintillans outbreak west from Weizhou Island on February 21, 2021, and environmental factors, along with phytoplankton and bacterial communities were analyzed. The results showed that the sea water quality of this area met the standards of Chinese Class I seawater quality, mainly in the absolute phosphate limit state. In recent years, other studies reported low nutrient content and limited phosphorus in waters adjacent to Weizhou Island and in the central part of Beibu Gulf during the non-harmful algal bloom (HAB) period. Therefore, N. scintillans bloom investigated in this study belonged to a non-eutrophication HAB event. Two phyla, five genera, and five species of phytoplankton were identified in seawater, among which N. scintillans was the absolute dominant species, with a cell density of 2.00×103–3.75×103 cells/L. The red discoloration of the sea water was caused by the red heterotrophic N. scintillans. Both phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses demonstrated that the causative N. scintillans in the Beibu Gulf was similar to N. scintillans along the coast of China. High-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene in seawater samples revealed that the number of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) in bacterial community ranged from 294 to 414, with Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria as the dominant groups. The bacterial community structure was affected by various environmental factors, including COD, DO, DIN, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P, and N/P, among which COD was predominant. This research provides new insights into the environmental characteristics and microbial composition of sea water during a massive N. scintillans bloom and will aid bloom management in the Beibu Gulf.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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