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In recent years, extracellular vesicles have received increasing attention due to their close association with the occurrence and development of diseases. As mechanism underlying the regulation of extracellular vesicles on the development of diseases and other kinds of biological functions has been explored persistently, their utilization as drug carriers has also been tested by scientists for targeted therapy. Extracellular vesicles as drug carriers have several intrinsic advantages compared to artificial carriers, such as higher biocompatibility, lower immunogenicity, better capacity for biofilm fusion, and particular natural homing effect on intracellular communications. However, the biomedical applications of extracellular vesicles also face challenges with their complicated surface modification, poor drug loading capacity and low product yield. Engineered extracellular vesicles refer to the artificial modification of natural extracellular vesicles to particularly fit with target recipient cells or tissues, which can achieve precise delivery of contained functional molecules and support production at a large scale, thus showing a broad prospect for their biomedical applications. Synthetic biology technology can realize the de novo design and reengineering of chassis cells to support the standardized and modular synthesis of extracellular vesicles. This article first reviews the methods and applications of surface modification and functional molecule encapsulation of extracellular vesicles, and then summarizes strategies for their preparation and production, such as extraction, and purification. In the second section, we envision the role of synthetic biology in promoting the customized design and synthesis of engineered extracellular vesicles to further facilitate fine control on attributes, improve efficiency, and expand applications to make them widely used in human health as soon as possible.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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