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The early development of the human embryo includes three important stages: ①the pre-implantation stage from the zygote to the late blastocyst; ②the peri-implantation stage from late blastocyst to pre-gastrulation embryo; and ③the most mysterious post-gastrulation stage from gastrulation to early organogenesis. The latter two stages are collectively referred to as the early post-implantation developmental stage. During pregnancy, infertility (implantation failure or miscarriage) and birth defects of the fetus are largely due to abnormalities in human early postimplantation development. Human early postimplantation embryo, due to its small size and location in the mother’s uterus, is difficult to observe and study. Therefore, the embryonic development process at this stage has been in a black box state for a long time. In recent years, with the emergence of single-cell omics technology and extended in vitro culture system of human blastocysts, as well as the rapid development in the fields of embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells, organoids and embryoids, the mystery of the human early postimplantation development is gradually being lifted. In order to help understand the mysteries of early human embryonic development, this review primarily introduces the lineage diversification, key developmental events and known developmental principles during early human embryogenesis; summarizes recent progress in the research on human embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells (including totipotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, trophoblast stem cells, primitive endoderm stem cells and extraembryonic mesoderm cells); presents the effects of cell communication, lineage interaction, signal gradient, adhesion molecules, biomechanics, and extracellular matrix on cell sorting, migration rearrangement and self-organization in embryoids and organoids; reviews the current research status of human early post-implantation embryogenesis, stem cell-based embryo models and organoids; and finally proposes the prospects and possible solutions to the problems and challenges existing in the research of human early post-implantation development using stem cell-derived embryo models or organoids.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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