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Human diseases, especially infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health and the global economy, making the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines a top priority for addressing these challenges. Among all vaccines, vector vaccines that activate T cell immune responses have significant advantages. This article reviews the immunological principles of vector vaccines, strategies for designing T cell vector vaccines, and their research advances. T cells, upon infection, can differentiate into various effector T cell subsets that play a crucial role in clearing pathogens. Research on the functions and mechanisms of effector T cells is essential for designing vaccines that can elicit T cell-mediated immunity. Currently, the development of vaccines for many viruses such as HIV and HCMV as well as cancers focuses on T cell-based vaccines. Various vectors, including viral vectors, bacterial vectors, and nucleic acid vectors, exhibit excellent performance on antigen delivery capability, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy. In addition, this article summarizes strategies for designing T-cell vector vaccines, including identifying appropriate antigen presentation pathways and vector delivery routes, ensuring biological safety, selecting suitable vaccine vectors, and evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of various vector vaccines. Notably, mRNA vaccines have played a crucial role in addressing the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Technological advancements in vector vaccines are expected to accelerate the development of novel vaccines and enhance preparedness for emerging public health events. This review provides insights for the design of vector vaccines that are both safe and efficient. With advancements in vector vaccine technology and the progress of various interdisciplinary approaches, the next generation of vaccine development will continue to drive the evolution of vaccinology.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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