During penetration, the temperature of the projectile will sharply rise due to the large amount of heat generated by the sliding friction between the projectile and the target. High temperature can soften the projectile, potentially change its shape, penetration mechanism, and further affect the penetration ability. In order to study the temperature rise of the projectile during high-speed penetration, a two-part temperature rise calculation model of the penetration is established. In the first part, the heat flux data set of the projectile at different positions in the process of penetration is obtained according to rigid body dynamics theory and the friction heat generation mechanism. The second part takes the heat flux data set as the boundary condition and calculates the temperature distribution of the projectile based on heat conduction theory and the finite difference algorithm. The stability of the model is discussed from the two aspects of time step and projectile mesh, and appropriate values are selected. The calculation model of temperature rise is used to study the heat flux and temperature distribution of the projectile, and the factors influencing the temperature rise of the projectile are discussed and analyzed. The results show that the temperature rise is obvious during high-speed penetration, but it only lasts for a very short time, and the high temperature is mainly distributed near the surface of the projectile head. The position of the highest surface temperature outside the projectile during penetration is related to the shape of the projectile. During the penetration time, the ratio of the heat conduction distance to the radius of the projectile decreases with the increase of the size of the projectile. The research results are useful for the design and material selection of high-speed penetration projectiles.