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Multi-temporal InSAR analysis for assessment of earthquake precursory deformation
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Gopal Sharmaa, *, Karan Nayakb, Prakash Biswakarmaa, Rekha Bharali Gogoia, M.Somorjit Singha, K.K. Sarmaa, S.P. Aggarwala
Geodesy and Geodynamics | 2026, 17(3) : 314 - 325
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Geodesy and Geodynamics | 2026, 17(3): 314-325
Research Paper
Multi-temporal InSAR analysis for assessment of earthquake precursory deformation
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Gopal Sharmaa, *, Karan Nayakb, Prakash Biswakarmaa, Rekha Bharali Gogoia, M.Somorjit Singha, K.K. Sarmaa, S.P. Aggarwala
Affiliations
  • aNorth Eastern Space Applications Centre, Umiam 793103, India
  • bFaculty of Earth and Space Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico
  • Dr. Gopal Sharma has obtained a PhD in Crustal deformation study from IIT Dhanbad. Presently, he is a Senior Scientist at the North Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC), Shillong, Department of Space, Government of India. His research interests include Earthquake precursors, Crustal Deformation, and strain accumulation measurements. His ongoing research focuses on large-network GNSS Ionosphere variability for earthquake precursor detection and InSAR-based crustal deformation studies in the northeastern region of India and beyond.

    Mr. Karan Nayak. He is currently a full-time student in the PhD program at the Department of Earth and Space Science from Autonomous University of Sinaloa (UAS), Mexico. He received his M.Sc. degree in Applied Geology from Central University of Karnataka, India in 2021. His research interests include Crustal deformation, Earthquake precursors, Stress manifestation and Strain accumulation studies.

    Dr. Prakash Biswakarma is a Geoscientist specializing in Geohazard studies with a Ph.D. in Slope Failure Analysis. Currently a Research Scientist at NESAC, Dept. of Space, Govt. of India, he has over 20 peer-reviewed publications and experience across academia, research, and field applications. He has also received several International Travel Grants to attend International Conferences. He is proficient in GIS, remote sensing, SAR tools, and has completed numerous advanced trainings in geospatial technologies.

    Dr. Rekha Bharali Gogoi joined NESAC on February 27, 2009 and has since been actively involved in various projects involving space applications for disaster management. She played a key role in operationalizing Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) at NESAC, particularly for the Flood Early Warning System project for Assam. She also leads the operationalization of ensemble-based weather forecasting for a World Bank-funded project. Additionally, she has contributed to the Hazard Vulnerability and Risk (HRVA) project for Assam, serving as the lead for seismic hazard assessment in selected towns of the state. As the Focal Scientist (Coordinator) for NERDRR, she oversees the efficient execution of the program by coordinating key activities.

    M Somorjit Singh is heading the Geoscience Division at the North Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC), Shillong, Department of Space, Government of India. In 20 years of service, he has contributed to various operational and R&D projects. He has been honoured 'ISRO Team Excellence Award for his significant contribution as a team member in 'National Geomorphology and Lineament Mapping (NGLM). His research interests include Geomorphology & Lineament Studies, Infrastructural Planning, road & railway alignment/realignment, Natural/Geo-hazard, Manmade Hazard (Industrial Hazard), Environmental Studies/Pollution (Heavy Metals) etc.

    Dr. K. K. Sarma is a leading expert in geospatial applications, currently serving as the Group Head of the Remote Sensing Applications Group (RSAG) at the North Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC), Department of Space. He also holds the position of Deputy Project Director for the North Eastern Regional node for Disaster Risk Reduction (NER-DRR) program. Dr. Sarma's work focuses on leveraging space technology for various applications, with a notable specialization in forest management, biodiversity assessment, and disaster risk reduction. His expertise is reflected in his successful completion of over 60 projects across diverse domains. His passion for research is evident in his extensive publication record in national and international journals.

    S. P. Aggarwal is the Director of the North Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC), Dept. of Space, Govt. of India, Shillong. He holds a B. Tech. degree from Allahabad University, a Postgraduate and Ph.D. degree from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. He did his postdoctoral research from ITC/IHE, The Netherlands. A distinguished space applications scientist and visionary leader, Dr. Aggarwal has been pivotal in spearheading transformative initiatives that harness space technology for sustainable development across the North Eastern Region of India. Under his leadership, NESAC has adopted cutting-edge technologies (AI, ML, UAVs), enhanced stakeholder engagement through NeUIM, and earned national accolades for excellence in geospatial applications. His contributions span a wide spectrum of applications, including natural resource management, climate-resilient infrastructure planning, disaster risk reduction, weather forecasting, satellite-based communication, and geo-governance. He has published over 200 scientific articles and book chapters, and has delivered more than 100 invited lectures at reputed national and international forums. He has supervised over 26 M. Tech. and 5 Ph. D. theses, mentoring the next generation of scientists and engineers. In recognition of his exemplary contributions to the field of space applications and geospatial sciences, he has received numerous prestigious awards, including the National Geospatial Award for excellence and the National e-Governance Award. He is a life member and honorary fellow of several national and international scientific societies. Currently, he serves as the President of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing (ISRS), and has previously held key editorial and leadership roles, including Executive Editor of the Journal of ISRS.

Published: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.1016/j.geog.2025.08.004
Outline
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Ground deformation is a key parameter in interpreting precursory stress and strain patterns and provides valuable information for seismic studies. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a robust technique capable of measuring such deformations with high precision. In this study, we applied Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PS-InSAR) and Small Baseline Subset InSAR (SBAS-InSAR) techniques to analyze surface deformation patterns prior to the MW7.8 Türkiye earthquakes. A total of 40 Sentinel-1 SAR images in ascending mode (path-014) were used, covering the period from January 2022 to May 2023 with a 12-day repeat cycle, both before and after the February 6, 2023, seismic events. The area near the MW7.8 earthquake epicenter exhibited deformation rates ranging from - 42.9 mm/yr to +44.3 mm/yr based on PS-InSAR, while SBAS-InSAR indicated deformation in the range of - 58.5 mm/yr to +47.7 mm/yr for the same location. The line-of-sight (LOS) deformation from the PS-SBAS merged analysis ranged from - 43.4 mm/yr to +36.0 mm/yr. The integration of PS-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR provided greater reliability than single-method techniques. Several parameters were analyzed, including the PS-SBAS merged time series, wavelet power spectrum analysis of deformation values near the epicenter, and the first principal component (PC1) of wavelet coefficients, to identify precursory deformation before the earthquake. The PS-SBAS merged time series showed progressive phase decorrelation during the months preceding the event, indicating pre-seismic ground deformation. The wavelet power spectrum of the LOS deformation showed consistently high power from October 2022 to May 2023, suggesting abnormal pre-seismic activity. Furthermore, the monthly rate of change of wavelet PC1 revealed a declining trend prior to the earthquake, followed by an increase afterward. These observations point toward the potential for small-area precursory deformation monitoring using multitemporal InSAR techniques.

Ground deformation  /  Earthquake precursor  /  Wavelet  /  PS-SBAS  /  Precursory deformation  /  Türkiye earthquake
Gopal Sharma, Karan Nayak, Prakash Biswakarma, Rekha Bharali Gogoi, M.Somorjit Singh, K.K. Sarma, S.P. Aggarwal. Multi-temporal InSAR analysis for assessment of earthquake precursory deformation[J]. Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 17 (3) : 314 -325 . DOI: 10.1016/j.geog.2025.08.004
Year 2026 volume 17 Issue 3
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doi: 10.1016/j.geog.2025.08.004
  • Receive Date:2025-05-16
  • Online Date:2026-07-23
  • Published:2026-05-10
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History
  • Received:2025-05-16
  • Revised:2025-08-12
  • Accepted:2025-08-19
Affiliations
    aNorth Eastern Space Applications Centre, Umiam 793103, India
    bFaculty of Earth and Space Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico

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* Corresponding author. E-mail address: (G. Sharma).
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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