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Xisha Shidao karst: the woes and restoration protection of three top ecological landscapes
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Hong XU1, 2, 3, Qi LI4, Wenxu MA5, Shuyi DONG6, Gang CHEN7, Chaodong WU8, Weiwei ZHANG2, 9, Pengfei MA2, 10, Yazeng MA2, 10, Qin WANG1, 3, Qin NA2, 9, Meng TAO2, 9, Ying WANG2, 6, Yuze WANG9, Jiangyuan SHEN1, 3, Xiao MA2, 11, Junpeng MEI12, Dapeng SU3
Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) | 2026, 28(4) : 1242 - 1256
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Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) | 2026, 28(4): 1242-1256
• SPECIAL TOPIC ON THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR FENG ZENGZHAO •
Xisha Shidao karst: the woes and restoration protection of three top ecological landscapes
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Hong XU1, 2, 3, Qi LI4, Wenxu MA5, Shuyi DONG6, Gang CHEN7, Chaodong WU8, Weiwei ZHANG2, 9, Pengfei MA2, 10, Yazeng MA2, 10, Qin WANG1, 3, Qin NA2, 9, Meng TAO2, 9, Ying WANG2, 6, Yuze WANG9, Jiangyuan SHEN1, 3, Xiao MA2, 11, Junpeng MEI12, Dapeng SU3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
  • 2 First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shandong Qingdao 266061, China
  • 3 Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Shandong Qingdao 266071, China
  • 4 School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 5 Research Center for Quality Supervision and Inspection of Building Materials Industry, Beijing 100024, China
  • 6 College of Earth and Planet Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 7 College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • 8 School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • 9 School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum(East China), Shandong Qingdao 266580, China
  • 10 School of Geosciences and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong Qingdao 266590, China
  • 11 Exploration and Development Research Institute, Sinopec Shanghai Oil & Gas Branch, Shanghai 200120, China
  • 12 School of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China

    • XU Hong,born in 1957, is a Ph.D. and research fellow. He specializes in marine geology,petroleum geology,and genetic studies of reef systems. E-mail: .

About Author:

XU Hong,born in 1957, is a Ph.D. and research fellow. He specializes in marine geology,petroleum geology,and genetic studies of reef systems. E-mail: .

Published: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.095
Outline
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Shidao is the highest-altitude island in the South China Sea and a severely karst-affected area with weakly consolidated high beachrocks. It is also a challenging region for ecological protection and restoration engineering. This paper reports the findings of over a decade of field investigations,highlighting the Old Dragon Head(Laolongtou),Root Pipe Stone,and Wedge-shaped Prograding Stratification as the three top ecological landscapes and precious geological heritage resources in the Xisha Islands. The Laolongtou is the only naturally formed dragon-shaped stone in the world and a symbol of the military and civilian population’s dragon totem in the Xisha Islands. However,the rapid and destructive evolution of karstification caused by seven natural forces,including wave erosion,tidal erosion,wind erosion,high temperature,high humidity,high salinity,and freshwater leaching,as well as human activities,is alarming. Although this is an inevitable natural process,it is a tragedy for the top ecological landscapes. This paper briefly describes the characteristics of the seven natural forces of karstification and proposes the use of iron-aluminate cement-based materials with low alkalinity(pH value is 10~11),resistance to seawater corrosion,and increasing strength upon immersion(corrosion resistance coefficient>1),along with unique engineering techniques,to achieve the goal of external toughening and in-situ strengthening of the rock mass,ensuring the sustainable inheritance of the Laolongtou.

Xisha Islands  /  Shidao  /  Laolongtou  /  Root Canal Stone  /  wedge-shaped pre-sedimentary layering large section  /  top ecological landscapes  /  carbonate rock karst  /  iron-aluminum silicate cement-based nano-materials
许红, 李琦, 马文旭, 董树义, 陈刚, 吴朝东, 张威威, 马鹏飞, 马亚增, 王勤, 纳琴, 陶萌, 王英, 王宇泽, 沈江远, 马骁, 梅军鹏, 苏大鹏. 西沙石岛岩溶: 三大顶级生态景观之殇与修复保护*. 古地理学报, 2026 , 28 (4) : 1242 -1256 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.095
Hong XU, Qi LI, Wenxu MA, Shuyi DONG, Gang CHEN, Chaodong WU, Weiwei ZHANG, Pengfei MA, Yazeng MA, Qin WANG, Qin NA, Meng TAO, Ying WANG, Yuze WANG, Jiangyuan SHEN, Xiao MA, Junpeng MEI, Dapeng SU. Xisha Shidao karst: the woes and restoration protection of three top ecological landscapes[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 2026 , 28 (4) : 1242 -1256 . DOI: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.095
Funding
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  • Co-funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872114)
  • Key Research and Development Program of China(2017FY201407)
  • Sub-Project of the National Major Project for Oil and Gas(2011ZX05025-002-04)
  • Sub-Project of the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2012CB956004)
  • “Shidao Laolongtou Restoration and Protection Implementation Plan” Project of Sansha Municipal Government
Appendix
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Year 2026 volume 28 Issue 4
182
76
Cite this Article
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Article Info
doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2026.095
  • Receive Date：2026-02-03
  • Online Date：2026-09-24
  • Published：2026-08-01
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2026-02-03
  • Revised：2026-03-09
Funding
Co-funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872114)
Key Research and Development Program of China(2017FY201407)
Sub-Project of the National Major Project for Oil and Gas(2011ZX05025-002-04)
Sub-Project of the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2012CB956004)
“Shidao Laolongtou Restoration and Protection Implementation Plan” Project of Sansha Municipal Government
Affiliations
    1 School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
    2 First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shandong Qingdao 266061, China
    3 Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Shandong Qingdao 266071, China
    4 School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
    5 Research Center for Quality Supervision and Inspection of Building Materials Industry, Beijing 100024, China
    6 College of Earth and Planet Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
    7 College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
    8 School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
    9 School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum(East China), Shandong Qingdao 266580, China
    10 School of Geosciences and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong Qingdao 266590, China
    11 Exploration and Development Research Institute, Sinopec Shanghai Oil & Gas Branch, Shanghai 200120, China
    12 School of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China

Corresponding:

SU Dapeng,born in 1977, is a Ph.D. and associate research fellow. He specializes in marine geology,offshore oil and gas exploration,and genetic studies of reef-carbonate systems. E-mail: .
MEI Junpeng,born in 1986, is a Ph.D. and associate professor. He specializes in materials science and civil engineering materials. E-mail: .
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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