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The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is essential for balancing resource use, yet most assessments overlook mismatches between administrative boundaries and ecological processes. This study developed a dual-scale framework for 105 counties and 89 sub-watersheds in Anhui Province, China, to quantify WEF supply-demand relationships and guide spatial governance. The InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) model, supply-demand index (SDI), 4-quadrant model, and entropy-weighted TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) model were applied to assess water yield, carbon storage, and food production supply-demand relationships. Additionally, a 4-step methodology was developed to delineate management zones. The results showed the following: (a) From 2000 to 2020, water supply increased by about 92% while demand rose by 97%. Food supply grew by 63%, whereas demand declined by 37%. Energy supply remained nearly stable, but demand surged by more than 340%. Both county and sub-watershed scales captured these overall patterns, while the sub-watershed perspective revealed sharper local fluctuations. Cross-service interactions were observed with trade-offs between W-F and E-F and synergies between W-E supply, reflecting the complex ecological coupling within the WEF nexus. (b) Supply-demand matching indicated that water and energy were deficit-dominated and food was surplus-oriented. The food SDI improved more markedly at the sub-watershed scale (0.04 to 0.50) than at the county scale (0.01 to 0.37), showing stronger local recovery and more evident clusters of mismatches. (c) The study area was divided into 3 resource partitioning zones, 4 matching typologies, and 4 priority strategies, and merged into 9 integrated governance zones. This research can give complementary insights from dual scales enabling targeted strategies for integrated WEF management in ecosystems.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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