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Along with the widespread applications of lithium batteries in industry and daily life, the efficiency and speed under balanced charging strategies for lithium battery packs have become increasingly important. A modular cell-to-pack-to-cell(CPC) balanced charging system is constructed to solve the problem of fast equalization charging for lithium battery packs. First, the equalization system is modularized, and the equalization circuits within and between modules are established. Then, an optimization strategy for balanced charging is proposed, under which the proposed model is solved hierarchically, i.e., the charging time is calculated using the binary method in the top layer, and the charging current is optimized using the gradient descent method in the bottom layer. Finally, through a comparison with the charging time, equalization time, cell terminal voltage and equalizer voltage under the non-modular balanced charging strategy, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy are verified.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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