An efficient battery thermal management system is crucial for the performance and safety of batteries. A liquid cooling-air cooling coupling thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries was proposed, and the effects of coolant flow rate and radial thermal conductivity of batteries on the system’s cooling performance were analyzed. In addition, the comprehensive effect of the liquid cooling-air cooling composite system on the heat dissipation characteristics of batteries was also investigated. Results show that increasing the coolant flow rate can improve the cooling performance while leading to an increase in pressure drop, resulting in higher system power consumption and a lower economic efficiency. The more pronounced the anisotropic characteristics of battery thermal conductivity, the worse the uniformity of temperature distribution. By increasing the radial thermal conductivity of batteries, the maximum temperature of batteries was effectively reduced, and the temperature uniformity was also improved. Compared with a single liquid cooling system, the liquid cooling-air cooling composite system significantly optimized the temperature distribution and heat dissipation performance of the battery module, e.g., the maximum temperature was reduced by 3.20 K, and the maximum temperature difference was reduced by 3.36 K. Moreover, adopting an intermittent air cooling operation strategy can effectively reduce the system energy consumption while maintaining the operation of batteries within the optimal temperature range.