Extracting the junction temperature of an insulate-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module is an essential part for its health monitoring and lifetime evaluation. The commonly used open-loop observer suffers from a lack of disturbance rejection capability, while the closed-loop scheme is infeasible since the states of a heat transfer system are not completely observable. Therefore, a composite observer suitable for online IGBT junction temperature extraction is proposed, where a closed-loop part is built therein via the observable states and the residual unobservable states construct an open-loop part. Aimed at an H-bridge inverter constructed with FF225R12ME4 IGBT chip, the design procedure of the composite observer is given in detail. Finally, real-time simulations of the composite observer were conducted on a hardware-in-loop (HiL) system, i.e., dSPACE DS1202. The HiL simulation results verified the superiority of the proposed composite observer in suppressing the effect of loss calculation errors on the estimation accuracy over the conventional open-loop observer.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |