The linear induction machine (LIM) drive system can get direct thrust and linear motions without transmission, which enjoys strong climbing capability, high acceleration or deceleration ratio, and small mechanical losses. The LIM drive systems have been developed and commercialized in over 20 linear metro lines worldwide. However, due to the large air gap, end effects, and high-power, low-switching frequency drive, the LIM drive system in urban rail transit needs better efficiency. Although the existing efficiency optimization control strategies have improved machine efficiency, the parameter robustness and system efficiency still need to be addressed. This paper proposes a robust efficiency optimization strategy for three-level inverter-fed LIM systems under low switching frequency.

Firstly, the primary flux-based LIM loss model considering end effects is built, where the loss is expressed as a convex function of primary flux. Its parameter sensitivity and limitation are analyzed. Furthermore, combined with the gradient descent method, a hybrid optimal primary flux search method is proposed to eliminate the influence of parameter changes on optimal flux selection. Then, the cost function containing multiple objectives, such as primary flux control, switching frequency constraint, and neutral point voltage balance, is derived. A model-free predictive flux control based on the nonlinear-extended state observer is proposed to manipulate optimal flux flexibly under low switching frequency.

Finally, experimental comparisons with the existing methods on a 3 kW LIM confirm that efficiency and parameter robustness can be improved for the drive system under low switching frequency. The system efficiency with the proposed method can be improved by 1.22% and 0.64% compared with the mature control strategy and the existing efficiency optimization strategy under the working conditions of 8 m/s and 200 N.

The following conclusions can be drawn. (1) The proposed method takes the minimum DC-link current as the search objective, which considers the harmonic loss and inverter loss, thus improving the system’s efficiency. (2) Considering multiple objectives, such as the switching frequency constraint and neutral point voltage balance, a model-free predictive flux control with adaptive switching frequency regulation is developed. (3) By combining the hybrid optimal primary flux search method with model-free predictive flux control, the proposed method effectively avoids the influence of parameter changes and modeling errors on optimal flux selection and manipulation. In this way, the parameter robustness of the efficiency optimization control strategy is significantly enhanced.

As the power source of the robotic manipulators, the motors inside the joint servo systems generally start with a load directly and cannot execute position calibration due to the operating conditions. Therefore, the commonly used position acquisition scheme is the Hall position sensor during motor start-up. However, this scheme cannot start the motor with the maximum starting torque, as the Hall position sensor only provides the present sector of the motor rather than the precise angle. The traditional processing method utilizes a square-wave voltage to start up or take the middle value of the Hall sector as the angle input to the motor drive algorithm, thereby obtaining a large torque across the entire angle range of the Hall sector. These methods are simple but lose some torque in the event of a significant deviation in the position estimation.

This paper proposes a quick-startup method for surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs) based on a Hall position sensor. Firstly, the start-up process of different curves of random initial angles is analyzed. The deviation between the actual rotor position and the imprecise estimated position decreases the starting torque, as the Hall sector spans an angle range of 60°. Under these conditions, combined with the field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm and the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) strategy, the quick start-up method is proposed, and the critical start-up curve parameters are numerically calculated. Although the initial and precise angles during the start-up process are not available, the proposed curve can be close to the average locus to a great extent.

The simulation and an experiment are conducted using an actual servo motor under different initial angles. The results show that when the initial rotor position is close to the minimum angle of the Hall sector, the proposed method exhibits a pronounced acceleration effect. Due to the short stroke, although the position tracking of the proposed method is slightly behind the traditional method, the time difference is negligible when the initial position approaches the maximum angle. Combined with the average start-up time of the entire initial angle in the Hall sector, the proposed method can effectively reduce the average start-up time.

A quick start-up method for SPMSM based on a Hall position sensor is proposed. In the conventional control method, the maximum starting torque and the minimum statistical value of the start-up time cannot be achieved over the entire range of initial angles. Therefore, the novel position curve is designed to improve the start-up time for small initial angles in each Hall sector while considering the start-up process at other angles. Statistical analysis has demonstrated a significant reduction in the start-up time expectation of the entire initial rotor positions. The method optimizes the torque reduction problem during the start-up process, which is caused by imprecise positioning in the first Hall sector. Moreover, the ease of transplantation allows the method to be applied to various motor drive algorithms.

The large-scale development of wind power is a major demand for the development and utilization of new energy sources, and the high-performance service of the wind turbine fleet is an important guarantee for realizing the goal of the national carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. With the continuous increase of stand-alone capacity and installed capacity, wind conditions, sea conditions, and other complex environments make the synergistic optimization between service performance of large-scale wind turbine fleet- safe operation capacity-power generation benefits complex, and the unit safety and accurate warning and service quality control face serious challenges.

Firstly, the advantages and disadvantages of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of key components of WTGs and reliability assessment are sorted out and compared. The current status of their service quality regulation is investigated. Secondly, the impacts of WTG’s healthiness, corrosive environment, and thunderstorms on the service quality of WTGs are elaborated, and the impacts of WTG FM strategy on the service quality are summarized. Then, the factors that affect the service quality of the wind turbine fleet are analyzed. The characteristics of voltage control strategy, operation and maintenance, and tail current control are analyzed.

High-quality power generation, operation and maintenance strategies, and tailing effects are analyzed at the level of the wind turbine fleet based on the service quality control methods of key components, wind turbines, and the wind turbine fleet. An outlook of the possible future direction is made to enhance the service performance of the wind turbine fleet and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the wind power industry.

The electromagnetic rail launch process exists in high current, ultra-high speed, high temperature-rise, strong friction, and extreme impact conditions. The high heat generated causes the surface of the aluminum armature to melt, resulting in a transition at the pivot-rail interface from solid-solid electrical contact to a solid-liquid-solid melt process. Eventually, molten aluminum solidifies on the rail surface, forming a complex deposition layer. This deposition layer has implications for the performance of the pivot rail system during subsequent launches. The operational environment characterized by ultra-high-speed friction during repeated launches results in a low melting point in the armature. A portion of molten material forms a liquid transferred onto the rail, enhancing the interface and diminishing the electromagnetic rail's longevity. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate the impact of the aluminum deposition layer on the sliding electrical contact at the pivot-rail interface.

This study conducted small-diameter electromagnetic launching tests with varying launching times to examine the carrier friction wear behavior of the friction sub-material of the pivot rail. The results revealed that a significant amount of molten aluminum was transferred to the rail surface after multiple launches, increasing the roughness of the pivot-rail interface due to the residual deposit layer. As a result, the pivot-rail friction sub-contact deteriorated, characterized by organizational features such as gouges and cracks on the rail surface. The wear intensity escalated with an increase in the number of launches. However, after a certain number of launches, the aluminum alloy oxide layer on the rail surface reached a critical thickness, reducing the wear on the rail body. Nonetheless, mechanical and electrical wear simultaneously intensified the environmental conditions at the pivot-rail contact surface.

Finally, a liquid film fusion deposition model at the pivot-rail interface was developed, and the deposited layer’s impacts on the operational dynamics of the liquid film and the electrical contact condition of the pivot-rail interface were studied. The study involved the calculation of the thickness of the deposited layer and the deposition efficiency for varying launch times. During high-speed launches, the aluminum liquid layer experienced significant viscous forces, and pronounced velocity variations of the liquefied layer at the armature tail exit increased viscous dissipation forces. With multiple launches, heightened interfacial friction can counteract the viscous forces within the aluminum liquid layer, destabilizing the interfacial liquid film. Thickening the aluminum deposition layer on the rail surface can exert extrusion effects on the liquid film, introducing destabilizing factors to the flow of the liquefied layer. Consequently, the aluminum liquid layer, which serves as a lubricant between the armature and the rail, may be extruded from the interface. Therefore, the armature’s normal operation is compromised, and the rail's longevity is diminished.

Due to its shared structure, the dual Buck/Boost-CLLC three-port converter has a simple structure and few power devices. The integrated interleaved parallel Buck/Boost unit significantly reduces input current ripple, while the integration of CLLC units endows the converter with excellent buck-boost conversion capability and soft-switching capability. However, the large number and volume of magnetic components in the shared structure are the main factors limiting the size of the power converter. Increasing the switching frequency or using magnetic integration can increase the power density of the power converter. However, in some studies, some schemes integrate two energy storage inductors and the resonant inductor in the converter to enhance coupled inductor current sharing and converter power density. Nonetheless, these schemes can only integrate full inverse coupling at a fixed duty cycle and cannot control the inverse coupling coefficient. Integration schemes with controllable coupling coefficients have been proposed, but two magnetic components remain after integration.

This paper proposes a fully integrated magnetic structure based on a dual Buck/Boost-CLLC three-port converter. By unevenly distributing the windings and establishing low reluctance paths, all magnetic components are integrated into a single magnetic element under variable duty cycle and coupling coefficient conditions. The proposed fully integrated magnetic component achieves inverse coupled inductor current sharing and ripple reduction, thereby enhancing system stability. Additionally, by integrating all magnetic components into a single magnetic element, the increased magnetic flux cancellation within the core further reduces core losses. Fig.A1 shows the proposed fully integrated magnetic structure, which consists of a cover magnetic core and a base magnetic core.

Fig.A1 Structure of the topology and fully integrated magnetic component structure

Firstly, based on the partially integrated structures and the proposed fully integrated structure, magnetic circuit models were established for both partially integrated and fully integrated magnetic components. The magnetic flux distribution and cancellation with different integration methods were compared. It is shown that the proposed fully integrated structure exhibits more magnetic flux cancellation and has lower losses. Next, the

performance-influencing parameters were analyzed, and a loss model was developed. Low losses for the fully integrated magnetic component were achieved through finite element parameterization scanning. Finally, a 500W prototype platform was built, and comparative experiments of non-integrated, partially integrated, and fully integrated magnets were conducted. Steady-state and dynamic experiments verified the feasibility of the integrated magnetic design. Efficiency and temperature comparison experiments validated the effectiveness of the integrated magnetic design.

The results show that the proposed fully integrated magnetic component maintains the same volume and footprint and exhibits more magnetic flux cancellation and uniform temperature distribution. The fully integrated magnetic component achieves an efficiency of 94.6% under full load, demonstrating higher power density and efficiency compared to non-integrated and partially integrated structures.

Developing high-voltage silicon carbide (SiC) devices has enabled breakthroughs in voltage levels, power density, and efficiency in power electronic systems. Research institutions and manufacturers have recently created high-voltage SiC devices with ratings over 10 kV and 15 kV. These devices can increase the voltage level of large-capacity converters to 10 kV or higher and achieve megawatt power levels using only two- or three-level topologies. However, as voltage levels rise, the isolated power supplies for the SiC device drive circuits face greater challenges in voltage-withstand capability. These isolated power supplies draw power from the low-voltage side to supply the high-potential drive circuits. While they only need a few watts, they must withstand isolation voltages from several kilovolts to tens of kilovolts because they connect to the main circuit of the converter.

The high-frequency current transformer (HCT) is a promising isolated power supply structure known for its strong resistance to dv/dt. This advantage comes from the high integration of ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic coupling and the low coupling capacitance of single-turn coils on the primary side. However, current research on HCT-isolated power supply mainly targets optimizing transmission efficiency, power, and coupling capacitance. There has been little systematic study of its unique insulation characteristics. As a result, the optimization design methods are unclear, and assessing insulation voltage capacity is challenging.

This paper investigates the insulation characteristics of the HCT-isolated power supply for high-voltage SiC devices. It examines six key structural factors: the inner diameter, height, and thickness of the magnetic core, as well as the winding method and wire diameter for both primary and secondary windings. This paper proposes an electric field optimization design method under compact size constraints. Additionally, a high voltage experimental platform was established to clarify the relationship between key structural parameters and the initiation voltage and discharge magnitude of partial discharges. The voltage withstand characteristics of the HCT isolated power supply were also verified. Simulation and experimental results indicate that using concentrated winding for the secondary winding results in a more uniform electric field within the structure. The inner diameter and height of the magnetic core, as well as the turns and diameter of the secondary winding, have significant effects on the electric field and partial discharge. However, the thickness of the magnetic core has a relatively weak influence on insulation capability. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of the HCT-isolated power supply and experimentally verifies the specific effects of key structural parameters on insulation performance.

As China advances its dual carbon strategy, integrating new energy sources into power grids has grown significantly, making power system operations more complex and dynamic. For deep learning-based models used in transient stability assessment to be reliable, the training data and the data encountered in real-world applications must be independent and identically distributed. However, because power systems are time-varying and uncertain, models trained offline may not perform well in new operational scenarios. This paper proposes a transient stability assessment-discriminative domain adaptive (TSA-DDA) framework to address variations in operating scenarios.

Firstly, an inter-domain dual distribution adaptation method was proposed. While aligning the marginal probability distributions of the source and target domains, this method also used Bayes' theorem to align the conditional probability distributions, achieving optimal domain adaptation. Secondly, both mean and variance differences between the source and target domains were comprehensively considered in the domain adaptation process. A new transfer regularization term was constructed to measure the inter-domain distribution differences, improving the model's domain adaptation capability. Finally, a discriminant Softmax function with adjustable parameters was developed to make intra-class sample features more compact while keeping inter-class sample features away by adjusting the parameters. This improvement can enhance the applicability of the assessment model to power grids.

In the case studies, the TSA-DDA framework's ability to address variations in operational scenarios was first validated on the New England 10-machine 39-bus system. Subsequently, four alternative TSA-DDA frameworks, each with specific modules removed, were established to evaluate the effectiveness of individual components. The prediction accuracy of the target and source domain test sets was compared using a fine-tuning algorithm and the TSA-DDA. The TSA-DDA’s capacity for continual learning is confirmed. The TSA-DDA was then benchmarked against mainstream transferred learning approaches to verify its effectiveness in scenarios with limited new data. Finally, to assess the generalization capability of the proposed scheme, experiments were conducted on a larger and more complex provincial power grid in Southwest China. The experimental simulations utilized the PSD Power Tools and Dynamic Simulation Program to offer high-fidelity power system simulation data for model training and testing.

The conclusions of this paper are given as follows. (1) The inter-domain dual distribution adaptation method comprehensively measures differences in marginal and conditional probability distributions between domains from both mean and variance perspectives. It constantly forces the feature extractor to narrow these differences, ensuring effective feature alignment across domains and enhancing the model’s adaptability. (2) The discriminant Softmax function improves the model’s learning of discriminative features by compacting intra-class features and separating inter-class features, which enhances the performance of the domain adaptation framework in transient stability assessment tasks. (3) Using voltage trajectory clusters with clustering and convergence properties as model inputs, the proposed framework ensures effective transferability across systems with varying structures and scales.

The maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control strategy can fully use the reluctance torque to output the maximum torque per unit stator current and improve the operating efficiency of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs). Still, the traditional formula method or the high-frequency signal injection method requires the installation of at least two phase-current sensors to obtain the current information of the motor. Once the current sensor fails, the closed-loop control of the system will fail and cause unpredictable damage. The paper proposes an MTPA control strategy for IPMSM without current sensors. The strategy can accurately realize the MTPA control of the permanent magnet synchronous motor by calculating the optimal voltage control instruction only from the rotational speed information and the mathematical model of the system.

Firstly, the relationship between the control voltage command and the rotational speed is calculated using the formula method according to the mathematical model of the IPMSM and the conditions of the MTPA control. Secondly, inverter nonlinearity can cause the inverter output voltage to deviate from the commanded voltage, resulting in the motor deviating from the MTPA operating point. Therefore, the mean value compensation method is proposed to compensate the command voltage for the nonlinearity. Thirdly, the effect of current estimation error on the calculated voltage compensation value is analyzed. The analysis shows that even if the current estimation error exists, the average error of the voltage compensation value based on the estimated current is still 0. Finally, the effect of parameter deviation on the control strategy is analyzed, and the influence of parameter deviation on the optimal voltage command amplitude and the response current is given.

The experimental results for steady-state conditions show that the A-phase current fundamental wave amplitude of the motor with the proposed strategy is smaller than that with the traditional strategy. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified. The experimental results at the same load torque under different speeds show that the current vector amplitude error of the MTPA control with the proposed method is small. Its maximum error does not exceeding 0.5%, while the traditional method is 14%~30%. The experimental results at the same speed with different load torques show that the current vector magnitude error of MTPA control with the proposed method is small, with the maximum error not exceeding 1%. In contrast, the traditional method’s maximum error is in the range of 2%~37%. The experimental results of dynamic operation and loaded starting conditions show that the proposed control strategy is robust to parameter deviations and has good dynamic performance.

The following conclusions can be drawn. (1) The proposed method can realize MTPA control of IPMSM without current sensors, which is of great significance to the fault-tolerant control capability of current sensor failures in the IPMSM drive system. (2) The proposed method has good dynamic performance and is robust in the variation of motor parameters. (3) The proposed MTPA control strategy considers the effect of VSI nonlinearity, and the control voltages are compensated, effectively improving the running accuracy in MTPA.

In distributed power supply and distributed energy storage technologies, a bidirectional AC-DC converter is an important energy conversion device connecting AC-DC hybrid microgrids, and its performance index directly affects the overall performance and effect of hybrid microgrids. Compared with the two-stage topology, the single-stage dual active bridge (DAB) AC-DC converter removes the intermediate DC bus capacitance with a large capacitance value, reduces the conversion link, and has apparent power density and cost advantages. The traditional DAB AC-DC converter mainly adopts the modulation strategy of phase shift, which has the problems of high current stress and narrow soft-switching range. In addition, only adopting the phase shift control leads to the nonlinear relationship between the system input current and the shift ratio, increasing the control complexity. Therefore, this paper proposes a linearization-based minimum current stress control strategy for the converter to address the problems of modulation nonlinearity and high current stress in a single-stage dual active bridge AC-DC converter. This control strategy reduces the converter’s control complexity and current stress, ensuring a wide zero voltage switch (ZVS) range of the switching tubes.

Firstly, the switching characteristics of the extended phase-shift (EPS) modulation strategy are analyzed. For the nonlinearity between the input current and the shift ratio, the input current i_ac and the shift ratio D₁ are linearly related by introducing the phase shift index k and the maximum switching frequency f_smax. The expressions of the shift ratio D₁ and the switching frequency f_s are obtained combined with power factor correction. The switching characteristics of the EPS modulation strategy are analyzed. The trajectory of the phase-shift index k under the minimum current stress is obtained by the differential polarity method. Then, the expression of the shift ratio D₂ is obtained. Finally, the soft-switching ranges are analyzed for switch tubes S₂, S₅, and S₈. Except for the DC-side switch tube S₅, which is difficult to realize soft-switching in the small range under extreme light-load conditions, the other two switch tubes can realize ZVS in the wide range in other cases.

This paper verifies the proposed control strategy by combining simulation and experiment. Firstly, regarding simulations, the proposed control strategy can achieve the linearization between the input current and the shift ratio, effectively reducing the converter current stress. An experimental prototype is constructed with an AC 50 V input, DC 12 V output, and 100 W output power. The current stress is compared before and after optimization under different input voltages and the soft-switching realization under different load conditions. The control strategy effectively reduces the current stress of the converter while ensuring that the switching tubes have a wide ZVS turn-on range.

As a non-contact power supply method, wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is widely used in medical, automotive, and cellular devices because of its reliability, safety, and high degree of freedom. However, the parameter drift phenomenon of the coupler inevitably occurs in practical applications, which leads to the fluctuation of self-inductance and makes the WPT system suffer from frequency detuning. Thus, its transmission characteristics and stability are affected. Traditional bilateral frequency tuning methods are non-uniform because of the type of topology, and some require communication equipment and complex optimization of control parameters. This paper proposes a unified decoupling control strategy of frequency tuning for high-order compensated WPT systems.

Four T-type higher-order compensation networks of LCC/LCC, LCC/S, CLC/CLC, and CLC/S are analyzed as examples. Based on the impedance model, the bilateral resonance characteristics of the primary-side LCC-compensated WPT system and the primary-side CLC-compensated WPT system are deduced. If the primary side is in a resonant state, the RMS value of the input current will reach the minimum. If the secondary side is in a resonant state, the RMS value of the current will reach the maximum. Finally, the generalized criterion is obtained for bilateral tuning decoupling control of higher-order compensated WPT systems.

This paper proposes a control strategy to realize the bilateral tuning decoupling control without communication or parameter identification. Instead of the inherent compensation capacitance, the switched capacitor converter (SCC) structure is used, and the equivalent capacitance of the SCC is varied by changing the conduction angle of the control signal. Based on the generalized tuning criterion, the conduction angle of the SCC control signal is changed with the help of the double-step perturbation observation method, and the primary and secondary currents are searched until the minimum value of the primary input current and the maximum value of the secondary coil current. Therefore, the WPT system reaches the resonant state while the conduction angle is optimal. The primary and secondary resonance parameters are realized independently and adaptively, and the bilateral tuning and decoupling control is achieved.

Finally, an experimental prototype of a 180 W LCC/LCC WPT system is built. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed generalized tuning decoupling control strategy. The results show that the method can effectively suppress the frequency detuning problem caused by the parameter drift of the coupler and the self-inductance fluctuation, improving the transmission efficiency and stability of the WPT system. In addition, the proposed method is applicable to the high-order WPT system with a π-type compensation network.