As modern power system toward high renewable energy integration with wind, solar, and storage sources, the increasing share of inverter-based resources leads to stability challenges dominated by multi-loop control with wide-band frequency characteristics. In systems with high penetration of renewable energy, converter-based systems have presented new features, such as large-scale integration and long-distance transmission, causing system faults to exhibit large-signal transient characteristics. The hybrid connection of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) converters has emerged as a potential solution to enhance the stability and efficiency of new energy transmission. However, the high order and strong nonlinearity of these hybrid systems pose challenges to the assessment of their transient stability. Therefore, this study is dedicated to designing an effective method for evaluating the transient stability of GFL/GFM converter hybrid systems.

The research methodology starts with the construction of a detailed fourth-order nonlinear model of the hybrid system, integrating phase-locked loops and virtual synchronous generators, which serves as the basis for the proposed transient stability solution method based on alternating calculation. Further, by calculating the mutation portion at the failure moment, the method derives the computed initial values for each system of the transient process. The essence of the rotation calculations lies in performing energy calculations and resolving the angular velocities in the power angle domain, subsequently mapping them back to the time domain. In the method implementation, energy calculations are first performed for a certain converter system, the dynamics of this system is used to further estimate the motion of the other system in this step, and the order of calculations for the two systems is exchanged to perform the alternating calculations. In this process, the correspondence between the power angles of GFL and GFM control is established, which enables the complex interactive motion patterns of the hybrid system under severe disturbances to be evaluated. During the alternating computation process, for the GFL/GFM system, the equivalent kinetic energy change over the step is computed by integrating the relevant equations that take into account the damped power and kinematic properties, avoiding the uncertainty associated with neglecting damping. During the continuous iterative computation process, the computed values are exchanged and updated between the two systems to ensure accurate transient behavior of the system. Eventually, the computation is stopped after the judgment condition of stability is satisfied.

The experimental and simulation results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. It accurately depicts the variations in power angles, angular velocities, and GFM converter voltages during the transient processes of the hybrid system. The computational time of this method is significantly reduced compared to existing numerical methods, with at least an order of magnitude improvement. Additionally, the method is applicable to calculating the critical clearing time (CCT), achieving a resolution within 5 ms in the presented examples. It can also accurately characterize the out-of-sync operation of GFL and GFM converters during the fault recovery process.

In conclusion, this study provides a practical solution for evaluating the transient stability of hybrid converter systems. The developed method based on alternating calculation in the discrete domain exhibits clear physical mechanisms and relatively low computational requirements. It has the potential to be incorporated as a subsystem in large-scale simulations to accelerate the simulation speed.

Epoxy resin (EP) possesses advantages such as low cost, high mechanical strength, robust chemical resistance, and excellent electrical insulation properties, making it extensively utilized in various epoxy cast electrical equipment like dry transformers and reactors. Nonetheless, the three-dimensional cross-linked network of resins exhibits non-melting characteristics, posing challenges in the degradation and recycling of retired epoxy electrical equipment. Nowadays, researchers have achieved epoxy resin recycling by incorporating dynamic covalent bonds into the epoxy resin crosslinking network to develop degradable Vitrimer epoxy resin materials. However, when applied to complex environments like high temperature, humidity, and intense electric fields, the internal crosslinking network of epoxy Vitrimers material may deteriorate, impacting its operational longevity. Therefore, besides ensuring favorable electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, the enduring reliable performance of Vitrimer resin cannot be disregarded. This paper prepared dual-dynamic bonds Vitrimer resin with varying disulfide bond contents. The micromorphology, electrical characteristics, mechanical properties, dynamic thermodynamic properties, and degradation properties of Vitrimer resin at diverse aging stages were regularly investigated and the life evaluation model is constructed at last.

Firstly, dual dynamic crosslinked Vitrimer resin basded on ester bonds and varied disulfide bonds were prepared with 3,3’-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDPA) and hexahydro-4-methylphthalic anhydride (MHHPA) as the curing agent, with Triethanolamine acting as the catalyst. Subsequently, the accelerated thermo-oxygen aging tests were carried out, during which the microscopic morphology, electrical properties, bending characteristics, dynamic thermodynamic attributes, and degradation properties of vitrimer resin were periodically evaluated. Experiment results revealed alterations in the resin's microstructure under hot oxygen aging, leading to random internal cross-linked network fractures that generate abundant free radicals, ultimately causing resin failure. The resin's bending strength diminishes, rigidity increases, toughness notably decreases, and the bending fracture transitions to a brittle fracture pattern. As aging progresses, a denser cross-linked network forms on the resin's surface, elevating T_g. The integration of disulfide bonds makes the resin system more susceptible to oxidation and molecular chain breakage, resulting in reduced breakdown voltage, heightened dielectric loss factor, and increased insulation deterioration. Throughout the aging process, the degradation rate of Vitrimer resin in glycol solution decreases due to surface ester bond reduction and oxide layer formation, while the destruction of the disulfide crosslinking network prevents resin degradation in dithiothreitol solution. Lastly, a life evaluation model for the dual dynamic crosslinked Vitrimer resin was formulated based on the results of bending strength and TGA tests.

The dual dynamic crosslinked Vitrimer resin has excellent comprehensive properties and can realize the recycling of decommissioned epoxy electrical equipment. In this paper, the effect of thermal oxygen aging on the properties of dual dynamic crosslinked degradable resin was studied, which laid the experimental and theoretical foundation for the long-term service of vitrification epoxy resin in electrical equipment.

Boost PFC converter is commonly utilized in rectifier circuits due to its ability to achieve a high power factor and low input current distortion. For the single-phase boost PFC converter, large-capacity and low-priced aluminum electrolytic capacitors (AECs) are typically employed to balance the instantaneous power deviation between the input and the output. However, the failure-prone nature of electrolytic capacitors may result in system instability or even collapse. Therefore, the real-time detection of electrolytic capacitor status information, assessment of its service life, and timely replacement of the soon-to-be-failed electrolytic capacitor can provide an important technical guarantee for the reliability of PFC power supply operation. This paper proposes an improved "zero-crossing removal interval" harmonic injection method for online detection of capacitance parameters to solve current zero-crossing distortion caused by harmonic injection. Additionally, based on the harmonic response of the bus voltage, the harmonic capacitor current reconstruction is achieved, and a model for calculating the C_R and R_E parameters without capacitor current sampling is constructed.

Firstly, the AC and DC input-output power action characteristics of the Boost PFC converter are fully utilized, i.e., the high harmonic current injection of the current control loop produces a high harmonic voltage splitting phenomenon on the output voltage. The two split harmonic voltage signals are employed to reconstruct the capacitor current; the capacitor's low-frequency impedance model is used to estimate C_R; a mid-frequency domain harmonic capacitor parameter computation model is established to estimate the R_E. In addition, the high harmonic current injection in the current loop inevitably results in an asymmetric zero-crossing distortion of the input current, directly affecting the accuracy of the capacitance parameter computation model. Consequently, the zero-crossing removal interval harmonic current injection method is employed to solve zero-crossing distortion caused by inter-area injection. The improved “zero-crossing removal interval” method avoids the reconstructed high-order capacitor current calculation error, enhancing C_R and R_E accuracy.

Eighteen types of capacitor conditions are selected for simulation calculation, and 48 W/72 W/144 W Boost PFC experimental prototypes are established. The proposed detection method is verified under an input voltage of 60 V, a switching frequency of 100 kHz, and an output voltage of 120 V. The results demonstrated that the method exhibits high detection accuracy under symmetrical injection conditions with a 10% zero-crossing removal interval, a 10 V injection amplitude, and a 650 Hz frequency. Furthermore, the improved “zero-crossing removal interval” method can achieve parameter detection error within 5% under different loads (100 Ω, 200 Ω, and 300 Ω) and capacitor conditions (196 mΩ/412 μF and 216 mΩ/617 μF), regardless of light or heavy loads.

This paper presents the following conclusions. (1) The proposed method considers the impact of current on distortion caused by harmonic injection. A “zero-crossing removal interval” harmonic injection method improves the accuracy of capacitance parameter detection. (2) In the “zero-crossing removal interval” method, the capacitor current is obtained through algorithmic reconstruction, which avoids high-precision capacitor current sampling. The harmonic injection is achieved by the control algorithm without additional hardware equipment. (3) The proposed capacitance parameter calculation model is derived based on the AC-DC power balance, making it straightforward to extend to similar AC-DC converters.

The coupling between spatial-harmonic and time-harmonic currents in asymmetric multiphase motors (AMM) increases torque ripple and decreases efficiency, limiting their widespread application. Currently, active harmonic suppression strategies rely on complex filters or observers to extract harmonics and require the construction of numerous proportional resonance (PR) controllers at different frequencies, making the complexity and impracticality of harmonic suppression. Therefore, this paper proposes a single-frequency PR harmonic suppression strategy without filters based on the harmonic mapping law.

Firstly, based on the magnetic electromotive force equivalence principle, the universal space vector decoupling matrixes for AMM are established. Then, a mapping formula for harmonics of different frequency components on the subspaces is established. The general formula is decomposed into two independent components: amplitude and phase. The amplitude and phase mapping law of harmonics on the subspaces is derived according to the characteristics of the two components. Secondly, three criteria are proposed to search for the AMM with the minimum number of phases to ensure the unique mapping of harmonics. Based on the graphical representation of the mapping laws, the mapping trajectories of all harmonics are obtained to optimize the AMM topology and establish the subspaces for harmonic mapping. Then, based on the current phase-shifting method, a virtual AMM is constructed, and harmonics are extracted through the vector decoupling transformation subspaces. Finally, after unifying the frequency through linear space rotation transformation, PR controllers with the same resonant frequency are used to regulate harmonics.

Harmonic extraction and suppression experiments under steady-state and transient conditions are conducted using a dual three-phase motor. The extracted harmonic amplitudes can reach over 92% of the actual harmonics, demonstrating that the proposed algorithm can effectively separate harmonics. In the harmonic suppression experiment, the strategies of no harmonic suppression, current harmonic suppression under multiple synchronous rotating frames, and the proposed harmonic suppression strategy are compared. The proposed strategy decreases the proportions of the 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonic currents from 13.92%, 5.31%, 4.05%, and 2.96% before suppression to 3.02%, 0.43%, 0.39%, and 1.19%, respectively. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is decreased from 15.36% to 2.86%. Moreover, the harmonic suppression exhibited robustness under various operating conditions across the entire speed range.

The following conclusions can be drawn. (1) There are two harmonic mapping methods: full mapping with equal amplitudes and partial mapping with reduced amplitudes. The phase of mapping components can be divided into the α component leads or lags the β component by π/2. (2) Based on the harmonic mapping law, an optimal AMM topology selection criterion is established, and a virtual AMM is constructed, effectively avoiding the complex and inaccurate problem of harmonic extraction caused by constructing filters or harmonic observers. (3) The features of harmonic pair mapping on the selected subspace are that the difference in frequency order is equal, and the phase sequence is opposite. Thus, linear spatial rotation coordinate transformations are applied to unify frequencies, which enables single-frequency PR controllers with half the number of harmonics to regulate all harmonics.

As a typical multilevel inverter, a neutral point clamped (NPC) three-level inverter is suitable for large-capacity and high-voltage converters, which can effectively reduce current harmonic content. However, the NPC three-level inverter has the problem of neutral point voltage imbalance due to the structural characteristics of capacitive voltage division. The traditional virtual space-vector pulse width modulation (VSVPWM) has limited ability to suppress neutral point voltage fluctuation. Correcting its offset is challenging, especially in the medium and high modulation depths. Therefore, this paper proposes a sector reconfiguration VSVPWM. By introducing equivalent medium vectors and reconstructing sectors in medium and high modulation depths, small and medium vectors can fully participate in neutral point balance adjustment while retaining fixed sector division. This method can effectively suppress the neutral point voltage fluctuation and accelerate the recovery of the neutral point offset. There is only one balance coefficient for each fixed sector, which is easy to implement.

Firstly, the equivalent relationship between a large vector and a medium vector is analyzed. An equivalent medium vector with constant amplitude is then constructed. The equivalent medium vector can participate in the neutral point balance by adjusting the proportion of medium and large vectors. After that, a virtual vector group, including equivalent medium vectors, is constructed. Furthermore, an equivalent medium vector VSVPWM (EMV-VSVPWM) is proposed, which improves the neutral point adjustment ability in the sector with a medium vector. Secondly, the level of modulation depth is divided based on the operational sector position, and the neutral point margin of the EMV-VSVPWM strategy depths is analyzed in one modulation period. It is found that the regions with weaker capacity of neutral point balance exist in high modulation depth. Therefore, a sector reconstruction VSVPWM (SR-VSVPWM) is then designed. The sector boundary and vector selection boundary in the medium and high modulation depths are separated to increase the proportion of small and medium vectors in such regions, which can enhance the neutral point adjustment margin. Furthermore, the neutral point balance coefficient of small and medium vectors is unified to reduce the computational complexity. Meanwhile, the vector sequence is optimized according to the principle of constant switching state, and the switching loss is reduced.

The initial neutral point voltage offset and modulation depth experiments are carried out on a hardware experimental platform in the loop. The results indicate that the SR-VSVPWM strategy can achieve the fast balance of the middle point in pure resistor load and resistor-inductance load conditions. Compared with the traditional VSVPWM single small vector adjustment, the neutral point voltage offset is eliminated, and the balance time in the high modulation depth is reduced by about 46%. In addition, the current harmonics are also reduced. When the experiment on variable modulation depth is considered, SR-VSVPWM still exhibits strong suppression of neutral point fluctuations and good current quality in high modulation depth. After the switching frequency is reduced to 5 kHz, the neutral point fluctuation level of SR-VSVPWM is 79.1% of the traditional VSVPWM.

The rotating rectifier is the key part of multiphase annular brushless excitation systems. Nevertheless, the rectifiers often experience faults caused by diode failures, which brings security risks in practice. Accurately diagnosing faults in the rotating rectifier is pivotal for ensuring the safe operation of multiphase annular brushless excitation systems. However, the types of rotating rectifier faults are diverse, and the characteristics of different faults are inherently weak. Traditional mechanism-driven diagnostic schemes offer interpretability but often struggle with precise fault diagnosis. New data-driven diagnostic schemes exhibit speed and accuracy but encounter challenges in training and debugging in practical applications. This paper proposes a hybrid mechanism-data-driven diagnostic scheme for rotating rectifier faults.

Based on the fault mechanism, the frequency domain characteristics of the excitation current after the fault are derived, and the fault characteristic patterns are summarized. Then, thresholds of the mechanism diagnosis model are calculated using finite element simulation data. Extracting the frequency domain characteristics of the excitation current allows the fault mechanism to be clearly described, thus providing a solid foundation for subsequent fault diagnosis. The current waveform under normal operation and different fault conditions can be simulated by adjusting the models, which allows for determining thresholds for various operating conditions.

Then, the fast dynamic time warping (Fast-DTW) algorithm is introduced to calculate the similarity of excitation current time-domain waveforms, subsequently forming a data-driven model combined with the k-nearest neighbors (kNN) classifier. The fast-DTW algorithm can align waveforms of different time lengths and start points to capture subtle differences between waveforms. By combining the fast-DTW algorithm with the kNN classifier, the data-driven model can realize the diagnosis of rotating rectifier faults.

Mechanism-driven and data-driven diagnostic schemes are integrated based on ensemble learning principles. Ensemble learning significantly enhances the overall performance of the model by combining the results of multiple learners. Five mechanism-driven and five data-driven models are established to obtain a final diagnostic result based on the absolute majority voting method. The hybrid diagnostic scheme exhibits the advantages of mechanism-driven and data-driven models, effectively overcoming the limitations of a single-driven model.

Finally, the verification of prototype experiments indicates that the hybrid scheme’s diagnostic accuracy reaches 100%, significantly surpassing single-driven models. Establishing diagnostic models requires offline simulation data, reducing training difficulty and improving practicality on-site. The hybrid scheme maintains a reasonable diagnostic speed while ensuring high accuracy.

In conclusion, the proposed hybrid mechanism-data-driven fault diagnosis scheme combines mechanism analysis and data-driven methods to enhance the accuracy and robustness of fault diagnosis, demonstrating excellent test performance in prototype experiments. The diagnostic approach based on the time-frequency characteristics of the excitation current demonstrates excellent interpretability, achieving accurate fault diagnosis solely through training with simulation data.

In order to realize the freedom of placing pots, the free zone induction cooker with multiple induction heating coils is gradually developing. It can perform user-customized heating of different pots, greatly improving the flexibility of using the induction cooker. In actual work, the induction heating coil in the corresponding area needs to be triggered based on the real-time position. Therefore, the correct identification of the pot position affects the working status and heating performance of the free zone induction cooker system. As a result, pot position identification has become a key factor that needs to be solved urgently. Traditional pot position identification methods are easily affected by fluctuations in external factors, require a large amount of sample data, and need to improve the accuracy and speed of pot position identification. This paper indicates that the misalignment of the pot affects the mutual inductance M between the pot and the induction heating coil, thereby affecting the impedance and current phase of the system. An identification method is proposed using the current phase to control the switch array, which achieves positioning and heating of the pot. The proposed pot position identification strategy requires a small amount of sample data, and the branch current phase is only related to the position of the pot. It is not easily affected by system voltage and current fluctuations, so the position of the pot can be judged in real-time.

Secondly, regarding the impact of pot misalignment on current and power, this paper introduces a power regulation strategy based on an adjustable capacitor circuit. Under the misaligned working condition of the pot, the disturbance observation method of maximum current search is used to adaptively adjust the adjustable capacitor. The maximum power output of the induction cooker is obtained, and the heating speed of the pot is improved. The pot position identification strategy and the power regulation strategy coordinate to ensure accurate identification of the pot position and rapid heating, which only needs to collect the current information of the system branch. Thus, the sampling circuit is simplified.

Finally, an experimental prototype of a free zone induction cooker based on three coils was built. Experimental results show that in the pot position identification strategy, the accuracy of the theoretical and experimental phases is over 96%, and the identification speed is 0.8 ms. The maximum temperature rise within three minutes is 17.3℃ using the power regulation strategy, higher than without the power regulation strategy. The proposed pot position identification strategy can correctly identify the exact position of the pot and achieve the maximum power output of the induction cooker after the power regulation strategy. The correctness of the pot position identification strategy and the power regulation strategy are verified.

The bipolar DC distribution network offers high power supply reliability, extensive transmission capacity, and adaptable voltage levels. Developing a bipolar DC distribution network represents an effective strategy for constructing a new type of distribution network. Voltage unbalance constitutes a distinctive power quality issue within bipolar DC distribution networks. Power flow calculation serves as the fundamental tool for analyzing voltage imbalance. Nevertheless, conventional power flow calculation methods merely illustrate the transfer outcomes of voltage unbalance, failing to depict its transfer process within the network. Furthermore, in practical engineering, power is often the measured electrical quantity rather than current, making the existing power flow model based on injected current unsuitable for meeting the application requirements. Hence, this paper proposes a power-injection equation to analyze and quantify the transfer characteristics associated with voltage unbalance.

Initially, the generation and transfer mechanism of voltage unbalance within the bipolar DC distribution network is studied. The voltage unbalance transfer matrix grounded on sensitivity is established to depict the transfer characteristics of voltage unbalance factors at individual nodes. Furthermore, the analytical formulations for each component of the voltage unbalance transfer matrix are derived, and a power flow calculation technique based on the Newton-Raphson method is proposed for determining the matrix. The suggested method employs a power-injection equation for power flow modeling and integrates droop control and comprehensive load models of distributed generation. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated via the modified IEEE 33-node test system. Three case studies are conducted.

Numerical results reveal the following findings. (1) The proposed power flow calculation method exhibits a negligible sacrifice in accuracy, with no more than a 0.83% deviation and a calculation efficiency enhancement of 44%. Additionally, it offers the advantage of accommodating constant power loads, which is suitable for high prevalence power load or load data readily available scenarios. (2) The voltage unbalance transfer matrix effectively illustrates voltage unbalance factors’ alterations and transfer conditions at each node under disturbance conditions. Disturbances induce voltage unbalances that propagate throughout the network following the direction of power flow. Measures must be implemented to block or suppress it at critical network nodes. For instance, strategies such as load switching and energy storage scheduling encourage multi-point loads to adjust in a more balanced manner simultaneously, curtailing unbalanced transfer. Moreover, incorporating a power spring in series with a constant resistance load near the line's terminus can introduce intelligent load management, affording greater flexibility in system voltage unbalance adjustment. The deployment of voltage-regulating equipment, such as DC transformers and voltage balancers, is instrumental in obstructing unbalanced voltage transfer.

Implementing sensorless control is necessary to reduce the system volume of linear oscillatory machines (LOM) used in linear compressors and achieve efficient and reliable operation. The existing piston stroke observers have low observation accuracy and are susceptible to DC components, resulting in a decrease in system compression performance or cylinder collision risk. Therefore, this paper designs an improved high-precision piston stroke observer for linear oscillation machines based on a high-order generalized integrator (HOGI).

Firstly, a theoretical analysis is conducted on traditional back electromotive force integration, low-pass filter (LPF), and second-order generalized integrator (SOGI), elucidating the existence of integral saturation problems in back electromotive force integration, amplitude attenuation, and phase shift problems in LPF. SOGI performs slightly better than the previous two but still cannot eliminate the DC component. When operating at low resonant frequencies or in systems with large DC components, SOGI is no longer applicable. Secondly, in response to the shortcomings of traditional integrators, this paper adopts HOGI as a piston stroke observer. This method can eliminate the DC component, and no DC bias exists in the observed stroke signal. The paper also uses the forward Euler method to derive the digital implementation method of HOGI. Finally, experiments are conducted to compare SOGI and HOGI. The experimental results show that the piston stroke observed by HOGI is more accurate than SOGI without additional DC bias. Furthermore, when an additional 0.2 A DC bias is added, the piston stroke average offset observed by SOGI at the given value of 5 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm is 1.367 5 mm, 1.365 mm, and 1.351 5 mm, respectively. The piston stroke observed by HOGI is unaffected by DC bias. Therefore, the piston stroke observer with HOGI is suitable for occasions with serious DC disturbance.

The contributions of this paper are as follows. (1) Based on traditional SOGI, an improved HOGI piston stroke observation structure is designed. Multiple filtering feedback characteristics are used to eliminate the influence of DC components on stroke observation results, improving the accuracy of the piston stroke observation. (2) The complex frequency domain method is used to analyze the pure integrator, LPF, SOGI, and HOGI. The superiority of HOGI is theoretically proven. (3) Based on the forward Euler method for discretization and digital implementation of HOGI, this method has the advantages of simple calculation and easy implementation.

The LLC converter plays a pivotal role in the infrastructure supporting electric vehicles, where efficiency and reliability are paramount. Its ability to efficiently transfer energy between different voltage levels makes it particularly suitable for EV charging stations, where power conversion efficiency directly impacts operational costs and environmental sustainability.

Synchronous rectification has emerged as a promising strategy for optimizing LLC converter performance. By replacing traditional diode rectifiers with active switches that operate synchronously with the converter's switching frequency, synchronous rectification minimizes energy losses and improves overall efficiency. However, existing synchronous rectification methods have faced challenges, such as complex control algorithms, sensitivity to load variations, and the need for high-frequency sampling.

Unlike conventional approaches that rely on high-frequency sampling for precise timing control, the novel synchronous rectification scheme utilizes a streamlined time-domain analysis. This approach dynamically adjusts the timing of the synchronous rectifier based on real-time feedback from the LLC converter's operating modes, ensuring optimal efficiency across a wide range of operating conditions with high-frequency sampling and alleviating the computational burden.

By reducing the complexity of control algorithms and eliminating the need for high-frequency sampling circuits, the scheme not only lowers manufacturing costs but also enhances reliability by reducing potential points of failure. This simplification is particularly advantageous in high-power applications like EV charging stations, where robustness and operational uptime are essential.

Simulation studies have validated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme under different load conditions and frequencies. Simulations have shown significant efficiency improvements compared to traditional methods, highlighting the scheme's potential to reduce energy losses and improve overall system performance.

Furthermore, experimental validation using a 6.6 kW prototype shows that the proposed scheme delivers consistent and efficient operation under steady-state and dynamic conditions, further supporting its potential for commercial EV charging infrastructure integration.

The adoption of the proposed synchronous rectification scheme promises to enhance the efficiency and reliability of LLC converters and accelerate the transition to electric mobility. As governments and industries worldwide prioritize sustainability goals and seek to reduce carbon footprints, improvements in energy conversion technologies play a crucial role in supporting the widespread adoption of electric vehicles.

In conclusion, the synchronous rectification scheme represents a significant step in evolving LLC converters for electric vehicle charging infrastructure. By overcoming traditional limitations and leveraging streamlined control strategies, the scheme enhances performance and contributes to the sustainability of transportation systems. As research continues to refine and optimize power conversion technologies, the ongoing advancements in LLC converter designs underscore their pivotal role in shaping a cleaner, greener future for global transportation.