Under the impetus of "dual carbon" targets, new energy sources are increasingly integrated into the power grid through power electronic converters, leading to a gradual decline in the proportion of synchronous machines. To enhance the stability of "highly renewable and highly flexible" systems, the flexible controllability of converters can be leveraged by employing grid-forming control to provide reliable voltage and frequency support to the system. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control emulates the operating characteristics of synchronous generators to achieve voltage and frequency regulation, providing active frequency and voltage support capabilities while effectively increasing the inertia level of new energy units. VSG control has garnered significant attention due to its active support features; however, the factors influencing its voltage support capability are not yet fully understood, necessitating further research on VSG control strategies that balance voltage support with short-circuit current limitations.

To address these issues, this paper first analyzes the equivalent impedance of each control stage of grid-forming converters based on VSG control during steady-state operation and establishes an equivalent circuit model of the system. Secondly, based on the system's equivalent circuit, the expression for terminal voltage is derived, quantifying the relationship between terminal voltage, internal electromotive force, and system impedance, and analyzing the factors affecting the voltage support capability of VSG. Subsequently, improvements to VSG control are made considering both current limitation requirements and voltage support capability, proposing adaptive control strategies for virtual impedance and voltage compensation coefficients. Finally, the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy are verified using the Matlab/Simulink electromagnetic simulation platform.

The analysis results show that reducing virtual impedance, reactive power voltage droop coefficient, or increasing the voltage compensation coefficient can enhance the voltage support capability of VSG. However, decreasing virtual impedance and reactive power voltage droop coefficient reduces the system's equivalent impedance, while increasing the voltage compensation coefficient increases the system's internal electromotive force, thus imposing higher demands on the system's current-limiting capacity. By adopting the proposed adaptive control strategy for virtual impedance and voltage compensation coefficients, virtual impedance can be self-adaptively configured according to the system state, ensuring voltage support capability under the premise of meeting current-limiting requirements.

Through theoretical analysis and simulation experiments, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) When the grid-forming converter system based on VSG control enters a steady state, its various control stages can be represented by equivalent impedance, which characterizes the relationship between terminal voltage, internal electromotive force, and system impedance. (2) The voltage support capability of VSG is related to virtual impedance, reactive power voltage droop coefficient, and voltage compensation coefficient. Reducing the reactive power voltage droop coefficient, decreasing virtual impedance, and adding voltage compensation control to the reactive power loop can all improve voltage support capability. (3) Voltage support capability and short-circuit current limitation of VSG interact. Through adaptive control of virtual impedance and voltage compensation coefficients, short-circuit currents can be fully utilized, maximizing the voltage support capability of VSG without exceeding the short-circuit current limit.