Based on Sentinel-1 data from 2015 to 2024, technical methods such as SBAS-InSAR deformation inversion, independent component analysis (ICA), K-means clustering analysis, and wavelet transform analysis are used to study the surface deformation characteristics of Xi'an city over approximately 10 years. The results show that the average surface deformation rate in Xi'an ranges from －40 to 11 mm/a, with a spatiotemporal heterogeneity in deformation distribution. There are three modes of surface deformation in Xi'an: stable fluctuation, continuous subsidence, and subsidence followed by uplift. K-means clustering analysis of surface deformation within a 1 km buffer zone along metro lines reveals that the stable deformation areas account for the largest proportion (54%), the subsidence areas (16.2%) distribute in the southern and western urban areas, and uplift areas (29.8%) concentrate in the central urban area. The four metro lines with the largest surface deformation are line 2, 3, 4, and 5, with most stations showing a trend of subsidence followed by stability or even uplift. Further analysis indicates that groundwater recharge in Xi'an in 2018 was the main reason for the change in deformation trend of metro lines. The rainfall is an important factor inducing seasonal fluctuations in metro line deformation. The research results provide an important basis for the safe use of urban underground space and the prevention of geological disasters.