Full
Outline
An empirical atmospheric weighted average temperature (Tm) model for Qinghai was established based on data from 7 radiosonde stations in Qinghai from 2019 to 2022. This model was then used to retrieve precipitable water vapor (PWV) from 42 GNSS stations in the province for analyzing the spatiotemporal characteristics of water vapor during multiple heavy rainfall processes in August 2022. The results show that: 1) The newly established Tm model has a mean bias of 0.4 K and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.41 K, indicating its accuracy is significantly superior to the Bevis model and China-regional models, while being comparable to that of the single-station models. 2) The GNSS PWV retrieved based on the localized Tm model highly agrees with radiosonde results (correlation coefficient of 0.98). 3) Before heavy rainfall occurs, PWV exhibits a rapid increase sustained for several hours, and its 3-hour variation (PWV*) remains positive, whereas before weak rainfall, PWV shows fluctuating changes. 4) Short-term heavy rainfall is likely to occur when the regional PWV value exceeds 34 mm and PWV* is positive; conversely, rainfall intensity is lower.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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