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On-Orbit Performance Assessment of Onboard Atomic Clocks for Galileo Eccentric-Orbit Satellites
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Yunlong BAI1, Le WANG1, 2, 3, *, Guanwen HUANG1, 2, 4, Shichao XIE1, 5, Wei XIE6, Yu CAO1, Lihong FAN6
Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics | 2026, 46(6) : 685 - 694
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Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics | 2026, 46(6): 685-694
On-Orbit Performance Assessment of Onboard Atomic Clocks for Galileo Eccentric-Orbit Satellites
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Yunlong BAI1, Le WANG1, 2, 3, *, Guanwen HUANG1, 2, 4, Shichao XIE1, 5, Wei XIE6, Yu CAO1, Lihong FAN6
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center of Intelligent BDS, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 3 Shaanxi Yellow River Science Research Institute, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, MNR, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 5 School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
  • 6 National Time Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China
Published: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.315
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In this study, 1 216 consecutive days of ESA precise clock products (January 2022 to April 2025) were analyzed by combining clock-fit parameters, frequency-stability metrics, and spectral analysis to assess the long-term behavior of the onboard clocks. Results show that E14 experienced three phase jumps and two frequency jumps during this period, more frequently than nominal circular-orbit satellites. Following the frequency jump in April 2024, its frequency drift and fitting accuracy deteriorated markedly: residual peaks exceeded 10 ns, and an anomalous periodicity of about 0.63 h emerged with increasing amplitude and no evident secondary component. The frequency stability simultaneously worsened, showing oscillatory behavior near 100 s. After another frequency jump in March 2025, both residuals and stability improved, with stability reaching 2.50×10-13, 6.52×10-14, and 9.70×10-14 at 100 s, 1 000 s, and 10 000 s, respectively. No dominant periodic term was observed afterward, but the drift exhibited a systematic bias, and a "dip" feature appeared near 4 000 s. In contrast, the co-orbital E18 satellite maintained stable performance throughout the same period, with fitting residuals confined within ±0.2 ns, no significant high-frequency periodic components, and frequency stability comparable to that of nominal MEO satellites, showing no anomalous behavior.

Galileo  /  eccentric-orbit  /  E14  /  E18  /  clock offset polynomial fitting  /  spectrum analysis
Yunlong BAI, Le WANG, Guanwen HUANG, Shichao XIE, Wei XIE, Yu CAO, Lihong FAN. On-Orbit Performance Assessment of Onboard Atomic Clocks for Galileo Eccentric-Orbit Satellites[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (6) : 685 -694 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.315
Year 2026 volume 46 Issue 6
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Article Info
doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.315
  • Receive Date:2025-09-17
  • Online Date:2026-07-09
  • Published:2026-06-15
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  • Received:2025-09-17
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Affiliations
    1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
    2 Engineering Research Center of Intelligent BDS, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710054, China
    3 Shaanxi Yellow River Science Research Institute, Xi'an 710054, China
    4 Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, MNR, Xi'an 710054, China
    5 School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
    6 National Time Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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