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Sublethal effects of pyridaben on the development and reproduction of Petrobia harti
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Heng-guo HE
Acta Prataculturae Sinica | 2020, 29(11) : 67 - 73
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Acta Prataculturae Sinica | 2020, 29(11): 67-73
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Sublethal effects of pyridaben on the development and reproduction of Petrobia harti
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Heng-guo HE
Affiliations
  • Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
Published: 2020-11-20 doi: 10.11686/cyxb2020128
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Petrobia harti is a very serious worldwide pest mite harming Oxalis corymbosa, and pyridaben as a broad-spectrum, contact-killing acaricide that is highly effective against P. harti. To clarify the sublethal effects of pyridaben on P. harti and provide data for developing comprehensive control strategies for this mite with minimal usage of pyridaben, the toxicity of pyridaben against P. harti was determined by a leaf impregnation method. The sublethal doses used were determined by a regression equation of P. harti death rate on pyridaben concentration, in order to identify concentrations predicted to be lethal to 10% or 20% of a test population of mites (LC10 and LC20, respectively). The effects of the LC10 and LC20 sublethal pyridaben doses on the development, fertility and life-history parameters of P. harti were evaluated by establishing a life table. It was found that the fecundity of P. harti was significantly decreased after treatment with the sublethal doses of pyridaben (P<0.05) with the number of eggs laid per female reduced, respectively, by 53.37% and 55.46% in the F0 generation and 41.34% and 45.24% in the F1 generation in the LC10 and LC20 treatments, compared to the controls. Similarly, the oviposition duration was significantly shortened, respectively, by 3.11 and 4.75 days in F0 generation and 3.47 and 2.81 days in the F1 generation. The average adult longevity was also significantly shortened, respectively, by 1.45 and 2.04 days in the F0 generation and 3.24 and 4.00 days in the F1 generation. Compared to the control, after treatment with sublethal pyridaben doses, the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) of P. harti were all significantly decreased in the LC10 and LC20 treatments (the R0 from 28.54 to 16.91 and 15.48; the rm from 0.1650 to 0.1276 and 0.1249; the λ from 1.17941 to 1.1435 and 1.1330; P<0.05), while the mean generation time (T) and the population doubling time (Dt) were both significantly prolonged (the T from 20.31 to 22.17 and 21.94 days; the Dt from 4.20 to 5.43 and 5.55 days, respectively; P<0.05). The results indicated that the sublethal doses of pyridaben at LC10 and LC20 decreased the development rate and fecundity of laboratory populations of P. harti.

Petrobia harti  /  pyridaben  /  sublethal effect  /  life-table parameters
Heng-guo HE. Sublethal effects of pyridaben on the development and reproduction of Petrobia harti[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020 , 29 (11) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020128
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红花酢浆草(Oxalis corymbose)不仅因为花色鲜艳、花蜜和花粉丰富,花期长、生长迅速且易于成活被广泛应用于园林绿化和蜜源植物等方面,而且因其具有清热解毒、利湿消肿、清肺化痰的功效也被作为药用植物广泛栽种[1,2,3,4]。酢浆草岩螨(Petrobia harti),又名酢浆草如叶螨,俗称酢浆草红蜘蛛,是危害红花酢浆草的主要害虫(螨),以幼螨、若螨、成螨刺吸叶片汁液,使叶片形成许多黄白色小点,严重时密集成片,可造成全叶发黄枯萎[3,4,5]。一直以来对酢浆草岩螨的防治以化学农药为主,但长期的化学防治极易使该螨产生抗药性[6,7]。选择高效低毒的杀螨剂防治酢浆草岩螨,并对所选用杀螨剂进行全面评估势在必行。哒螨灵是一类广谱性杀螨剂,作为线粒体呼吸抑制剂,对成螨、若螨和幼螨均有效,因其用量少、见效快、击倒率高而成为发展最快、使用最多的杀螨剂,广泛用于防治各种叶螨,其中包括酢浆草岩螨[6,7,8]。但杀虫(螨)剂施用于田间后,随着时间的推移和昆虫(螨)个体间的差异,会产生亚致死效应,表现为昆虫(螨)的繁殖力、生长发育、生态行为和抗药性等方面的改变[9,10]。因此,要全面评价一种杀虫(螨)剂,不仅要看它对害虫(螨)的致死作用,还要考虑其亚致死效应。有研究发现,哒螨灵亚致死剂量对二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae)[11]、土耳其斯坦叶螨(Tetranychus turkestani)[12]、荔枝叶螨(Oligonychus litchii)[13]、截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncatus)[14]的种群增长有抑制作用,但对茶橙瘿螨(Acaphylla theae)表现为增加当代(F0)雌成螨产卵量降低F1代雌成螨产卵的作用[15]。到目前为止,有关哒螨灵对酢浆草岩螨的亚致死效应还未见报道。为此,本研究采用带螨叶片浸渍法测定哒螨灵对酢浆草岩螨的毒力,确定亚致死剂量,研究亚致死剂量哒螨灵对酢浆草岩螨当代(F0)及后代(F1)生长发育及繁殖的影响,为酢浆草岩螨的综合防治及哒螨灵的合理应用提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 供试螨源及药剂
供试螨源:酢浆草岩螨于2019年6月采自四川省南充市西华师范大学校园内红花酢浆草上,在人工气候箱内用盆栽红花酢浆草饲养多代后使用,饲养期间未接触任何药剂。饲养及试验条件为温度(26±1) ℃、相对湿度70%~75%、光周期14 h光照/10 h黑暗。
15%哒螨灵(pyridaben)乳油由江苏蓝丰生物化工股份有限公司生产。
1.2 生物测定
采用带螨叶片浸渍法进行生物测定[16]。先用清水将哒螨灵稀释成6个浓度,然后随机从室内红花酢浆草上挑取大小一致、行动活泼的前若螨40头于红花酢浆草叶碟(直径5 cm)上,待其稳定后用镊子夹住带螨叶片浸入预先配制的药液5 s,取出后迅速用吸水纸吸掉螨体及叶片上多余的药液,放入垫有吸水海绵和棉花的培养皿内(培养皿内加浅水形成孤岛状以防叶螨外逃和叶片干枯)。培养皿置于1.1所述条件的人工气候箱内,24 h检查结果,计算死亡率。重复3次,以清水处理为对照(control)。
1.3 亚致死效应的测定
随机从室内盆栽红花酢浆草上挑取大小一致、行动活泼的酢浆草岩螨前若螨约150头于叶碟上,将带螨叶片浸入预先配好的浓度为3.471 (LC10)或5.395 mg·L-1 (LC20)的哒螨灵药液5 s,取出,迅速吸掉螨体及叶片上多余的药液,放入之前的培养皿内。24 h后,将健壮活泼的螨移至新鲜叶片上进行单头饲养,羽化为成螨后进行雌雄配对,保留20对(不足的雄螨从备用中挑取),单对饲养,继续观察其产卵情况和死亡情况[考察对当代(F0)的影响]。待F0代雌成螨达到产卵高峰期时,挑取同一时段(12 h内)所产卵共约150粒(20对中每对所产卵里各挑取6~8粒)组成F1代,观察其孵化情况;待卵孵化后,将孵化后的幼螨转移至新鲜的酢浆草叶碟上进行单独饲养,每天记录蜕皮及存活情况;F1代至发育为成螨后记录好雌雄比例,同时将雌雄螨配对,保留20对(不足的雄螨从备用中挑取),单对饲养,每天记录产卵与死亡情况,并随机留取部分卵(F2代)发育为成螨记录雌雄比。重复3次,以清水处理作为对照(control)。
1.4 数据处理
采用SPSS 22.0软件计算哒螨灵的毒力回归方程[17],得出LC10、LC20及LC50;并用该软件Duncan’s新复极差法分析不同处理组酢浆草岩螨发育历期、成螨寿命、繁殖力等的差异显著性。参照丁岩钦[18]的方法构建生命表:
净繁殖率R0= ∑ l x m x ; 平均世代历期 T = ∑ x l x m x / ∑ l x m x ;内禀增殖力rm=lnR0/T;周限增长速率λ=exp(rm);种群加倍时间Dt=ln2/rm。式中:x为时间间隔(d),lx表示个体在x期间的存活率,mx表示个体在x期间的平均每雌产雌量(头)。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 哒螨灵对酢浆草岩螨的毒力
哒螨灵对酢浆草岩螨有较强的毒力,其毒力回归方程为y=-2.523+2.296x,皮尔逊拟合度的卡方检验显著水平为4.295(P>0.15),可以判断方程式对数据的拟合度是满意的。通过毒力回归方程计算出致死中浓度(LC50)为12.547 mg·L-1,95%的置信限为10.830~14.425 mg·L-1,确定LC10 3.471 mg·L-1和LC20 5.395 mg·L-1为后续试验浓度。
2.2 哒螨灵亚致死剂量对酢浆草岩螨F0代的影响
用哒螨灵LC10、LC20两种亚致死剂量处理酢浆草岩螨若螨后,与对照相比试验种群当代羽化率有所下降,但差异不显著(P>0.05);单雌产卵量显著下降(P<0.05),与对照相比分别下降了53.37%、55.46%;产卵期与成螨寿命均显著缩短(P<0.05),与对照相比分别缩短了3.11、4.75 d与1.45、2.04 d。后代雌性比例有所增加,但与对照相比差异不显著(P>0.05);两处理间差异均不显著(P>0.05) (表1)。总体来看,哒螨灵亚致死剂量可以显著降低酢浆草岩螨当代存活率、成螨寿命和产卵量。
2.3 哒螨灵亚致死剂量对酢浆草岩螨F1代的影响
2.3.1 哒螨灵亚致死剂量对酢浆草岩螨F1代发育历期的影响 哒螨灵LC10、LC20两种亚致死剂量处理酢浆草岩螨若螨后,其F1代的卵期、若螨期与对照相比差异均不显著(P>0.05);幼螨期与产卵前期与对照相比有所延长,其中LC20处理组与对照差异显著(P<0.05);成螨寿命显著缩短(P<0.05),与对照相比分别缩短了3.24、4.00 d;两处理间除产卵前期外差异均不显著(P>0.05)(表2)。
2.3.2 哒螨灵亚致死剂量对酢浆草岩螨F1代存活率和生殖力的影响 哒螨灵亚致死剂量对酢浆草岩螨F1代的存活和繁殖有较大影响,经LC10、LC20处理后,其试验种群F1代的孵化率、羽化率与对照相比分别下降了7.01%、6.28%与5.60%、6.63%,但均无显著差异(P>0.05);产卵期显著缩短(P<0.05),与对照相比分别缩短了3.47、2.81 d;单雌产卵量也显著降低(P<0.05),与对照相比分别下降了41.34%、45.24%;后代(F2)雌性比例显著增大(P<0.05),与对照相比分别增加了11.78%、6.61%;两处理组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05) (表3)。
2.3.3 哒螨灵亚致死剂量对酢浆草岩螨F1代种群参数的影响 哒螨灵亚致死剂量对酢浆草岩螨F1代生命表参数影响较大,经LC10、LC20处理后,其F1代净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)与对照相比均显著下降(R0由对照的28.54分别降至16.91、15.48;rm由对照的0.1650分别降低至0.1276、0.1249;λ由对照的1.1794分别降低为1.1435、1.1330; P<0.05),平均世代历期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)与对照相比均显著延长(T由对照的20.31 d分别延长至22.17、21.94 d;Dt由对照的4.20 d分别延长至5.43、5.55 d; P<0.05);除平均世代历期外,LC20处理组比LC10处理组变化相对更大,但两处理间均无显著差异(P>0.05) (表4)。
3 讨论
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有研究表明,一些药剂的亚致死剂量能刺激叶螨繁殖,使种群发展加快,另一些药剂则表现为降低叶螨的生长发育和繁殖,使种群发展减慢[19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]。本试验用哒螨灵LC10、LC20处理酢浆草岩螨若螨后,试验种群当代和后代(F1)雌成螨的产卵量显著降低,成螨寿命显著缩短,种群数量减小。这与前人研究哒螨灵对二斑叶螨[11]、土耳其斯坦叶螨[12]、荔枝叶螨[13]、截形叶螨[14]的亚致死效应结果一致,表明哒螨灵对多种叶螨的亚致死效应表现为降低试验种群生长发育和繁殖,抑制其种群发展。胡桂萍等[15]对茶橙瘿螨的研究发现,哒螨灵亚致死剂量LC10、LC20、LC50可刺激其当代成螨产卵,本研究结果与其不同。但他们继续观察发现,这些试验种群后代(F1)产卵量下降,从这点看,哒螨灵亚致死剂量仍然具有潜在的降低茶橙瘿螨种群数量的作用。
比较种群生命表参数是评价药剂对昆虫(螨)种群全面影响的重要方法,其中内禀增长率rm是推测种群增长或降低的重要参数[27,28]。本试验结果显示亚致死剂量的哒螨灵处理后的酢浆草岩螨种rm与对照相比显著下降,这与前人在研究哒螨灵对其他多种叶螨亚致死效应结果一致[11,12,13,14],进一步说明哒螨灵亚致死剂量可以降低大多数叶螨种群。有研究发现用药对象的龄期也影响其种群参数,如阿维菌素亚致死剂量处理柑橘全爪螨(Panonchus citri)成螨和若螨后,两个种群的当代和子代产卵量显著下降,短期内看两种处理对试验种群增长都有明显抑制作用;但子代rm却差异明显,成螨处理组后代rm显著下降,若螨处理组后代rm显著上升,F2代比F1代更明显[29]。因此要评判农药是否具有潜在的刺激或抑制害虫种群发展是一个复杂的问题,不仅要考虑用药的龄期差异,也需要一个长期连续的观察以进行综合评价。
此外,农药对害虫(螨)天敌也会产生影响,在评价农药对害虫(螨)防治效果上也需要考虑。有研究发现,哒螨灵对叶螨的多种天敌如巴氏钝绥螨(Amblyseius barkeri)[30]、巴氏新小绥螨(Neoseiulus barkeri)[31]、沃氏新小绥螨(Neoseiulus womersleyi)[32]、智利小植绥螨(Phytoseiulus persimilis)[32]都有较强的毒性,并抑制这些天敌种群的增长,这在某种程度上降低了这些捕食螨在田间对叶螨的自然控制力。因此,哒螨灵的田间使用还需在调查田间天敌发生情况的基础上选择合适的时机进行。
4 结论
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亚致死剂量的哒螨灵能够显著降低F0和 F1代酢浆草岩螨成螨的单雌产卵量,缩短F0和F1代产卵期和成螨寿命。生命表参数分析表明,与对照相比,哒螨灵LC10和 LC20处理组的净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)均显著下降,且LC20比LC10下降幅度更大;平均世代历期(T)以及种群加倍时间(Dt)显著延长。说明亚致死剂量的哒螨灵能够抑制酢浆草岩螨种群的增长。
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doi: 10.11686/cyxb2020128
  • Receive Date：2020-03-24
  • Online Date：2026-03-13
  • Published：2020-11-20
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  • Received：2020-03-24
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    Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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