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Outline
Cross wedge rolled Ti-6Al-4V （TC4） titanium alloy workpieces with a large cross-section reduction， often display surface necking and internal defects during the forming process. True stress-strain（ɛ） curves for TC4 titanium alloy are derived from hot compression tests conducted within a deformation temperature range of 800-950 ℃ and a strain rate （） range of 0.1-30 s⁻¹. An Arrhenius constitutive model， which includes strain compensation， and DMM （dynamic material model）-type processing maps are developed to analyze the deformation and defect evolution in cross-wedge rolling. The influence of rolling temperature and heating methods on process defects is thoroughly investigated. The results indicate that both the necking and internal defects of the rolled workpieces diminish as the experimental temperature rises， corroborating the precision of the processing maps and finite element simulations. Microstructure characterization and mechanical property tests reveal that the better surface and internal quality of rolled workpieces can be obtained by induction heating compared with resistance furnace heating. Workpieces rolled using induction heating at 900 ℃ show a tensile strength of 1073.18 MPa， while retaining a hardness of approximately 400HV. The mechanism for internal defects formation in rolled workpieces is the preferential nucleation of microscopic voids at β phase regions or α/β phase interfaces. These voids then undergo axial extension under applied stress， leading to a banded distribution of microscopic cracks.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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