A deep analysis of the transformation trajectory and structural changes of land use in the Yellow River Basin is a key factor to enhance the sustainable utilization efficiency of land resources in the area. Using remote sensing （RS） and geographic information systems （GIS） technology， this study selected six periods of RS imagery from 1990 to 2018 as data sources. It combines geoscience information mapping and statistical methods to analyze the spatial patterns and structural characteristics of land use changes in the Yellow River Basin. The study found that： （1） Between 1990 and 2018， changes in cultivated land and construction land were the most dramatic， with a net decrease of 8663 km² in cultivated land and a significant increase of 13 109 km² in construction land； unused land decreased by 8131 km²， while forested and grassland areas experienced slight growth； （2） There were frequent conversions among different land types， particularly notable transformations among grassland， forestland， and cultivated land， as well as the conversion of cultivated land to construction land； （3） Although there were significant replacements in land use types over the 28 years， the overall land use pattern in the basin remained basically stable， with relatively smooth structural evolution， showing zonal differentiation characteristics from upstream to downstream. This study systematically revealed the temporal and spatial evolution patterns and structural transformation characteristics of land use in the Yellow River Basin， providing strong data support and decision-making references for spatial planning， ecological restoration， and land policy formulation in this region.

Calcium-dependent protein kinases （CDPK/CPK） are a class of Ca²⁺-sensitive Ser/Thr protein kinases， which play important roles in plant growth and development， as well as in response to abiotic stresses. CDPKs could autophosphorylate or phosphorylate metabolic enzymes， ion channels， transcription factors， and membrane transporters， forming complex signaling networks to respond to abiotic stresses， such as salinity， drought， and low temperature. Meanwhile， CDPKs also participate in plant hormone signaling pathways such as abscisic acid and salicylic acid to modulate plant growth and development. This study reviews the research achievements concerning the structure， classification， regulatory mechanisms， roles in abiotic stress responses， and breeding applications of plant CDPKs.This paper also proposes future application prospects for CDPKs in the field of breeding， aiming to provide genetic resources and a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of crop stress resistance and biological breeding.

To obtain high-yielding， high-quality， and anthocyanin-rich new germplasm of forage grass， in this study we utilized a diploid Pennisetum glaucum ‘Ningza No.4’ as the maternal parent and a tetraploid P. purpureum ‘purple’ as the paternal parent to conduct interspecific hybridization. The germination and seedling establishment rates of the hybrid F₁ seeds， along with authenticity verification， indicated that despite certain hybridization barriers between P. glaucum ‘Ningza No.4’ and P. purpureum ‘purple’， hybrid offspring could still be produced. Furthermore， it was confirmed that due to the similarity in DNA content between the parental lines， flow cytometry was not suitable for authenticity verification of the hybrid offspring； instead， a combination of chromosome counting and molecular marker methods proved to be more accurate and effective. Further integration of agronomic traits and nutritional quality measurements of parents and their hybrid offspring showed that parents and hybrid offspring exhibited significant differences. Some individual hybrid plants had a 46% higher fresh weight than their paternal parent and a 27% higher anthocyanin content. Multiple superior individual plants were selected and propagated. Data collected in the second year indicated that the superior hybrid lines outperformed the parental lines in terms of fresh forage yield， dry forage yield， and anthocyanin content. The triploid hybrid superior strain selected in this study showed excellent performance in terms of yield and anthocyanin content， providing important materials for the subsequent breeding of new forage varieties.

Enclosure is an important measure for restoring degraded grasslands， however， the effects of short-term enclosure on soil quality and multifunctionality of the alpine meadow remain unclear. In this study， we compared the two years effects between enclosure and free grazing （control） on soil physicochemical properties， plant community diversity and soil multifunctionality of a typical alpine meadow in the Xizang Three Parallel Rivers region. The results showed that： （1） short-term fencing significantly affected soil temperature， electrical conductivity and soil organic carbon （F₁=6.945， F₂=5.216， F₃=25.344， P<0.05）. （2） Compared with 2022， plant community diversity （0.966） and the importance value of Poaceae （19.296） were greater than those under fencing in 2023， whereas root-shoot ratio （17.671） and the importance value of Forbrich （8.215） were increased accordingly， as well as Cyperaceae （90.628）. （3） Mantel tests indicated that the correlations between plant diversity and soil physicochemical properties were strengthened in 2023. For grazing control treatment， plant communities were more sensitive to soil changes， while enclosure enhanced correlations between different soil factors. （4） Multifunctionality analysis presented results that ecosystem functions for this alpine meadow were relatively stable under short-term enclosure， whereas greater fluctuations at high-threshold occurred under a control grazing. Overall， the short-term enclosure had limited direct effects on soil physicochemical properties but may indirectly influence soil multifunctionality by regulating plant community structure.

Investigating the responding mechanisms of species diversity and community stability to disturbance has significant importance. This study examined the seasonal responses of species diversity and community stability to different grassland management practices （control， nitrogen application， mowing， mowing + nitrogen application） in the meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia. Research findings showed that nitrogen addition reduced species diversity overall， whereas mowing maintained higher species diversity. Species diversity and community stability exhibited asynchronous changes across different months within the growing season， yet showing an overall positive correlation. The Pielou evenness index demonstrated a highly significant positive correlation with community stability （P<0.01）. All grassland management measures enhanced community temporal stability， and significant improvements observed under mowing plus nitrogen application and mowing treatments （P<0.05）. Nitrogen addition reduced species asynchrony， whereas both mowing plus nitrogen application and mowing treatments increased species asynchrony. Community temporal stability showed a significant positive correlation with species asynchrony （P<0.05）. Species diversity and species asynchrony jointly maintained community stability. Mowing enhanced species diversity and asynchrony， thereby promoting community stability. Nitrogen addition reduced species diversity， but this negative impact could be mitigated through mowing. The findings of this study provide a reference basis for sustainable grassland management.

Evaluation of the effect of degraded grassland restoration is of crucial for optimizing restoration measures and achieving sustainable utilization of grassland resources. However， current restoration evaluation mainly relies on manual ground surveys， making it difficult to meet the demands of large-scale， long-term dynamic monitoring. This study takes the restoration of degraded alpine grassland in Qilian Mountain National Park as an example. The spatial-temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model and multi-source remote sensing data were used to acquire a high spatial-temporal resolution NDVI dataset. Then the remote sensing estimation models for key grassland parameters were constructed to evaluate the restoration status of degraded grassland. The results show that （1） The models constructed based on high spatiotemporal resolution NDVI exhibited high accuracy， with R values of 0.82 and 0.89 and RMSE values of 12.02% and 32.36 g·m^-2 for the coverage and above ground biomass （AGB） models， respectively. （2） The inversion results show that grass growth conditions significantly improved after the implementation of restoration measures （P<0.05）， with coverage and AGB reached 1.32-2.17 times and 1.42-3.3 times of the values before the implementation of restoration measures， respectively. （3） Over the past 25 years， coverage and AGB increased at annual rates of 1.24% and 3.23 g·m^-2， respectively. The findings of this study provide technical support for evaluating the restoration effects of degraded alpine grasslands and offer a scientific basis for timely adjustments to restoration measures for degraded grasslands.

Leymus chinensis is the main dominant species in the eastern Eurasian steppe， with significant ecological and production values. However， its low seed yield severely restricts its practical application. To identify the associated loci for the seed yield traits of L. chinensis and to discover key molecular markers， this study used 300 diverse accessions of L. chinensis as materials， measured five yield traits including spikelet number per spike， floret number per spikelet， total number of florets， seed number per spikelet and seed setting rate， and conducted a genome-wide association analysis （GWAS） using a mixed linear model. The results showed that seed number per spikelet exhibited the highest coefficient of variation （CV=0.52）， indicating substantial potential for genetic improvement. The seed setting rate was regulated by an independent genetic mechanism and was the key limiting factor for seed yield. GWAS analysis combined with gene functional annotation identified 120 key single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） and identified EZ1 and multiple MADS-box and WRKY transcription factors as key candidate genes regulating seed yield. Based on 14 SNPs significantly associated with seed setting rate， 8 elite alleles were obtained. Notably， the CT genotype at the Lc5Ns_97563471 locus exhibited a high mean seed setting rate of 66.6%. This study revealed the genetic characteristics of L. chinensis seed yield being regulated by multiple genes， and the identified candidate genes and elite SNP loci can serve as direct targets for molecular marker-assisted breeding.

ERD15 （EARLY RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 15） is an important regulatory factor involving in plant stress responses. In this study， the MsERD15 gene from alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） was cloned， and its potential role in stress tolerance was investigated through bioinformatics， expression profiling， and functional analyses. The MsERD15 gene was cloned by RT-PCR， and the physicochemical properties， conserved domains， and phylogenetic relationships of the encoded protein were analyzed. The expression patterns of MsERD15 under drought， high salinity， and abscisic acid （ABA） treatments were examined using qRT-PCR. A MsERD15-YFP fusion construct was generated for subcellular localization analysis， and heterologous expression in yeast was performed to evaluate its stress tolerance function. The results showed that the coding sequence of MsERD15 was 402 bp in length， encoding a protein of 134 amino acids. The gene was significantly induced by drought， high salinity， and ABA treatments. Subcellular localization indicated that the protein was localized in the cytoplasm. Expression of MsERD15 in yeast significantly enhanced tolerance to high salinity and polyethylene glycol （PEG） stress. These results indicated that MsERD15 participated in stress responses and night serve as a candidate gene for improving stress tolerance in alfalfa through molecular breeding.

This experiment aimed to address the problem of growth inhibition of Avena sativa L. under shading and low light conditions between photovoltaic panels. Using ‘Kona’ oats and plant regulator melatonin （MT） as materials， treatments， including a normal light control （CK-Z）， a shading stress control （CK-F）， and treatments with 20， 40， 60， 80， and 100 mg·L^-1melatonin （MT） sprayed under shade a pot experiment were conducted. The growth and physiological indicators at 30 and 50 days after emergence were measured， and the regulatory effect was evaluated by correlation analysis and membership function. Compared with CK-Z， CK-F significantly reduced oat stem thickness， dry weight， and antioxidant enzyme activity， while increasing plant height， fresh weight， and MDA （Malondialdehyde） content （P<0.05）； Spraying MT could improve its growth physiological indicators， with a significant positive correlation between stem thickness and fresh weight， dry weight， etc. （P<0.01）， a positive correlation between SOD （Superoxide dismutase） and plant height （r=0.075， P<0.05）， and a negative correlation between MDA and dry weight； The membership function indicated that the comprehensive evaluation value （D=0.89） was the highest when treated with 80 mg·L^-1 MT for 50 days. Exogenous MT enhanced the antioxidant system and alleviated shade stress. The optimal combination of 80 mg·L^-1 MT treatment for 50 days provided a solid theoretical basis for improving oat shade tolerance and grass cultivation in photovoltaic areas.

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of heterogeneous habitats on the reproductive strategies of clonal plants. By using the clonal bunchgrass Elymus excelsus in the Songnen Plain as the research objects， three habitats， roadside （H1）， riverside （H2） and meadow （H3） were established. The number of ramets， biomass， and reproductive traits were measured at the maturity stage and the post-fruiting stage. The results showed that， at the maturity stage， the number of reproductive ramets in H3， the height of reproductive ramets in H2 and H3， as well as inflorescence biomass and reproductive allocation II across all habitats， were significantly higher than those at the post-fruiting stage （P<0.05）. Significant differences in numerical and biomass traits were observed among different habitats. Overall， plants in H1 exhibited the best performance in reproductive and vegetative ramet number and biomass. In contrast， plants in H2 and H3 showed divergent patterns in growth and reproduction， with most reproductive traits in roadside habitats exceeding those in meadow habitats despite smaller tuft size. With the increasing of tuft size， the number and biomass of vegetative ramets， reproductive ramets and total ramets exhibited significant linear relationships across habitats and growth stages （P<0.05）. The results indicate that E. excelsus adapts to heterogeneous habitats by flexibly adjusting its numerical traits and biomass allocation.