This study investigated the temperature adaptability of three grass species （Elymus nutans， Bromus inermis， and Festuca sinensis） through the controlled experiments simulating diurnal thermal regimes （10℃/5℃， 15℃/5℃， 20℃/5℃， 25℃/10℃） characteristic of their natural habitat during March-November. We systematically analyzed seed germination dynamics （quantified by germination rate， potential， and index）， seedling growth parameters， and physiological stress markers to elucidate species-adaptive responses to temperature gradients in Alpine region. With the increase of temperature， the germination rate， germination potential and germination index of the Elymu snutans seeds all increased first and then decreased. The germination rate， germination potential and germination index of Bromus inermis and Festuca sinensis seeds increased significantly with the increase of temperature. The contents of malondialdehyde （MDA）， soluble sugar （SS） and free proline （Pro） of the three grass seedlings increased with decreasing temperature. The results showed that the optimum temperature was 20℃/5℃ for Elymus nutans， 25℃/10℃ for Bromus inermis and Festuca sinensis. The comprehensive evaluation of the membership function showed that the temperature adaptability of the three grass species was Elymu snutans > Bromus inermis > Festuca sinensis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of dominant Clostridia community and screen targeted bacteriostatic lactic acid bacteria in high-moisture alfalfa silage through high-throughput sequencing combined with correlation network analyses. Sucrose group （sucrose added at 20 g·kg^-1 fresh matter， FM）， LAB group （LAB inoculant was composed of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus buchneri and applied at 10⁶ cfu·g^-1 FM） ， and control group were established. All groups were subjected to 56 days of anaerobic ensiling at ambient temperature. The results showed that severe butyric acid fermentation occurred in both the control and LAB groups. Compared to the control and LAB groups， the sucrose group significantly increased the lactic acid content （P<0.05）， while significantly decreased butyric acid， ammonia nitrogen， and Clostridia counts （P<0.05）. Clostridium sp. BTY5， Garciella sp. GK3， and Clostridiales bacterium mt11 were significantly positively correlated with butyric acid， ammonia nitrogen， and Clostridia counts （P<0.05）. L. buchneri and Lactobacillus melliventris were significantly negatively correlated with these three key Clostridia （P<0.05） and were significantly negatively correlated with pH， butyric acid， ammonia nitrogen， and Clostridia counts （P<0.05）. In conclusion， Clostridium sp. BTY5， Garciella sp. GK3， and Clostridiales bacterium mt11 were identified as the key Clostridia responsible for butyric acid fermentation in high-moisture alfalfa silage. The addition of sucrose can effectively improve silage fermentation quality. L. buchneri and L. melliventris have the potential to inhibit targeted key Clostridia.

To optimize the artificial cultivation model of Astragalus dahuricus （Pall.） DC.， this study used a wild domesticated variety from the Hunshandak Sandy Land in Inner Mongolia as material， and employed a three-factor four-level orthogonal experimental design to investigate the effects of row spacing （40， 50， 60， 70 cm）， seeding rate （10， 15， 20， 25 kg·hm^-2）， and the application amount of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer （105， 210， 315， 420 kg·hm^-2） on yield and quality. Results showed that row spacing had the greatest effect on forage yield， with the order of influence being row spacing>seeding rate>fertilizer application rate. The orthogonal experiment range analysis identified the optimal cultivation combination for forage yield as 40 cm row spacing， 25 kg·hm^-2 seeding rate， and 315 kg·hm^-2 fertilizer application rate， under which the fresh and dry forage yields were the highest. Different cultivation measures had no significant effects on the contents of Neutral detergent fiber， Acid detergent fiber， Crude protein， Coarse ash， Stem-Leaf Ratio and Ether extract content. However， given the critical role of forage quality in production systems， a comprehensive evaluation integrating quality indices and yield was performed using the entropy weight method. The optimal cultivation regime balancing yield-quality synergy was ultimately established as： 50 cm row spacing， 25 kg·hm^-2 seeding rate， and 420 kg·hm^-2 fertilization rate. This study provides a scientific basis for the large-scale cultivation of A. dahuricus， and is of significant importance for improving forage production efficiency in the sandy lands of northern China.

In order to explore the effects of symbiosis between endophytic fungi and Hordeum bogdanii on nutrient contents and enzyme activities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils， Hordeum bogdanii with Epichloë endophytic fungi （E+） and without Epichloë endophytic fungi （E-） were planted in two fields in Wensu County， Xinjiang in this experiment. The contents of total phosphorus， available phosphorus， total potassium， available potassium， total nitrogen and organic carbon in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and the activities of soil urease， invertase， catalase and alkaline phosphatase were determined. The results showed that the contents of available phosphorus， total potassium， available potassium and organic carbon， and the activities of urease， sucrase， catalase and alkaline phosphatase in E+ and E- rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in non-rhizosphere soils. The correlation analysis of soil nutrients and enzyme activities showed that the activities of urease， sucrase and alkaline phosphatase in rhizosphere soil were significantly positively correlated with soil total phosphorus and organic carbon content. In non-rhizosphere soil， soil urease， invertase and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly positively correlated with organic carbon. In addition， soil nutrient and enzyme activity redundancy analysis showed that organic carbon was the most important factor affecting rhizosphere soil enzyme activity. The above results showed that the symbiosis of endophytic fungi and H. bogdanii could improve the rhizosphere soil nutrient contents and enhance the rhizosphere soil enzyme activities， thereby improving soil quality and providing new ideas and scientific basis for soil improvement.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of co-adding Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and cellulase on the fermentation quality of mulberry （Morus alba） leaf silage and to provide a basis for the feed utilization of mulberry leaf resources.The experiment comprised three treatments： the CK group （no additives）， the SL group added with L. plantarum （5×10⁵ CFU·g^-1 FM）， and the SLC group added with L. plantarum （5×10⁵ CFU·g^-1 FM） and cellulase （0.3% FM）. Each group had six replicates. After 60 days of fermentation， we analyzed sensory indicators， nutritional components， fermentation quality， and the number of major microorganisms. The gas production characteristics were evaluated by an in vitro fermentation test. The results showed that compared with the CK group， the contents of dry matter， crude protein， water-soluble carbohydrates， lactic acid， acetic acid， and the number of lactic acid bacteria in the SLC group showed significant increases （P<0.05）， while the contents of neutral detergent fiber， acid detergent fiber， pH value， the number of yeast， mold， and aerobic bacteria decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the CK group， the organic matter degradation rate， gas production， and gas production rate of the SLC group increased （P<0.05）. It is evident that the co-addition of L. plantarum and cellulase can significantly improve the fermentation quality of mulberry leaf silage， reduce nutrient loss， and enhance the feeding value.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the novel osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide （TMAO） enhances drought tolerance of Lotus japonicus and to preliminarily reveal the corresponding physiological mechanisms. L. japonicus ecotype ‘Miyakojima’ MG-20 was used in the study. Five concentrations of TMAO （0.1 mmol·L^-1， 0.5 mmol·L^-1， 1 mmol·L^-1， 5 mmol·L^-1， and 10 mmol·L^-1） and ddH₂O were sprayed on MG20 leaves daily for 7 d， plants were then immediately subjected to drought treatment for 28 d， followed by rewatering for 7 d. Based on plant phenotype， 5 mmol·L^-1 TMAO was selected as the best concentration to improve the drought tolerance of L. japonicus. To further investigate the underlying physiological mechanism， 5 mmol·L^-1 TMAO was sprayed on leaves for 7 d followed by drought tolerance evaluation. After 28 days of drought， plant height， leaf relative water content （LRWC）， chlorophyll content （Chl）， and photochemical efficiency （F_v/F_m） were significantly lower in both drought-stressed plants sprayed with ddH₂O （D-W） or TMAO （D-T） compared to well-watered controls sprayed with ddH₂O （W-W） or TMAO （W-T）. However， these parameters were significantly higher in the D-T group than in the D-W group. Concurrently， leaf relative electrolyte leakage （EL） and superoxide anion （O^2-） accumulation in leaves were significantly higher in the D-W and D-T groups compared to the W-W and W-T groups， but significantly lower in the D-T group than in the D-W group. Following 7 days of rewatering， chlorophyll content remained significantly higher in the D-T group compared to the D-W group， while no significant differences were observed in the other measured parameters between these two groups. These results indicate that foliar application of TMAO can alleviate drought-induced damage in L. japonicus， providing an effective approach for improving cultivation under drought conditions.

Soil salinization of grassland seriouly affects the development of regional animal husbandry. It is urgent to improve the salinized land to enhance its quality and ensure the ecological security of grassland production. In this study， cattle manure （NF） was utilized as raw material to produce biochar through carbonization at different temperatures （400℃， NF4； 500℃， NF5）， with corresponding Ca（NO₃）₂-modified counterparts （Ca4， Ca5）. These amendments were systematically evaluated for their remediation effects on saline-alkali grassland soils， to provide data and technical support for sustainable manure valorization and salinized soil improvement. Biochar and its modified counterparts amendments significantly reduced both soil pH and total alkalinity （P<0.05）， with NF4 showing the greatest pH decrease and NF5 exhibiting the maximum alkalinity reduction. Soluble sodium content was significantly reduced （P<0.05）， with NF4 and Ca4 showing the highest reductions. Biochar amendments also significantly increased soil organic carbon （P<0.05）， available phosphorus， and exchangeable potassium， with carbonized manure demonstrating the greatest improvements. Overall， NF4 optimally balanced alkalinity reduction and nutrient enhancement， suggesting its priority for saline-alkali soil remediation when using cattle manure to improve saline soil.

Fertilization and reseeding are currently main restoration methods for degraded grasslands. Clarifying the impacts of fertilization and reseeding on the stability of plant communities and the interspecific relationship in alpine meadows is of great significance for grassland restoration. In this study， after applying organic fertilizer and reseeding in the alpine meadows of Maqu County， the structure and composition of plant communities were investigated. The Euclidean distance was used to evaluate the community stability， and methods such as the Levins method， variance ratio method， and Pearson correlation test were employed to comprehensively analyze the ecological niches and interspecific relationships of main species within the study area. The results showed that from 2022 to 2024， the stability of plant communities in the alpine meadows decreased year by year. After fertilization and reseeding， the increase in the Euclidean distance was 7% lower than the control， significantly reducing the declining rate of community stability （P<0.05）. After fertilization and reseeding， the proportion of Gramineae and Cyperaceae increased by 122.9% and 73.7%， respectively， and the community stability and the proportion of the biomass of forbs rebounded in the third year. After fertilization and reseeding， the ecological niche breadth of main Gramineae increased， while the forbs decreased. The values of ecological niche overlap among species increased， the degree of interspecific association rose， and the anti-interference ability of the community enhanced. In conclusion， the measures of fertilization and reseeding had a positive effect on restoring the degraded alpine grasslands and maintaining community stability within three years of restoration. However， the succession process of plant community was not a one-way improvement， and measures needed to be taken in the later stage to delay the rebound of stability.

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of citral （Citral， C） on the growth of Aspergillus flavus （A. flavus） and the synthesis of aflatoxin B1 （AFB1） in whole-plant corn silage. The experiment used whole-plant corn at the milk stage as the material， which was ensiled for 90 days and then inoculated with A. flavus spores （1.0×10⁷ cfu·g^-1）. Citral was added at 0.4 mL·kg^-1 （C group）， with an untreated group as the control （CK group）. The antifungal activity of citral was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC）， mycelial dry weight， colony diameter， fermentation parameters， microbial counts， and the AFB1 content after aerobic exposure. The results showed that the MIC of citral against A. flavus was 0.4 μL·mL^-1， significantly inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination （P<0.05）. After 7 days of aerobic exposure， the AFB1 content in the C group was below the detection limit （0.05 μg·kg^-1）， while it reached 3.66 μg·kg^-1 in the CK group. Additionally， citral significantly reduced the abundance of E. coli， yeasts， and harmful fungi （e.g.， Aspergillus） （P<0.05）， while mitigating pH increase and dry matter loss. In conclusion， citral effectively suppressed A. flavus growth and AFB1 synthesis， improving the aerobic stability of silage， thereby providing a theoretical basis for the development of plant-derived antifungal agents.

To evaluate the potential impacts of grazing on grassland soil carbon pools， this study investigated the effects of different grazing intensities on the contents of soil organic carbon （SOC） and its fractions—including particulate organic carbon （POC）， mineral-associated organic carbon， light fraction organic carbon （LFOC）， heavy fraction organic carbon （HFOC）， easily oxidizable organic carbon （EOC）， and dissolved organic carbon （DOC）-in alpine meadows. The results showed that with increasing grazing intensities， the contents of SOC and most of its fractions significantly decreased （except for EOC and DOC）， and the stability of the organic carbon pool declined. Under extreme grazing， SOC and POC contents were significantly reduced by 33.54% and 56.21%， respectively， compared with light grazing. The ratios of EOC/SOC and DOC/SOC exhibited significant fluctuations in response to grazing intensity， making them important indicators for evaluating the impacts of grazing on soil carbon pools in alpine meadows. The contents of SOC and its fractions were significantly correlated with soil total nitrogen （TN） content， bulk density （BD）， and aboveground biomass （AGB）， with TN being the key factor influencing SOC and its fractions. Appropriate grazing intensity is crucial for maintaining and enhancing soil quality and carbon pool functions in alpine meadows， as overgrazing reduces SOC accumulation and stability. This study provides a scientific basis for grazing management and soil organic carbon pool conservation in alpine meadows of the East Qilian Mountains.