To better understand the gene regulatory network during seed development in Pennisetum glaucum， this study performed transcriptome analysis using seeds at the flowering stage （F） and grain-filling stages （S₁， S₂， S₃）. The results revealed the highest number of differentially expressed genes （DEGs） in the S₁ vs F comparison， totaling 7166. Pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that plant hormone signal transduction， starch biosynthesis， and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis played important roles in seed development， with 160， 19， and 51 DEGs enriched in these pathways， respectively. These genes exhibited stage-specific high expression during seed development； among which， AUX1 and GID1 were highly expressed in early seed development， while ethylene signaling genes （ETR， EIN2， EIN3） increased in expression as seeds matured. Among the DEGs， 859 transcription factors （TFs） were identified， including members of AP2/ERF and bHLH families， primarily involved in seed development-related pathways such as plant hormone signaling and circadian rhythm. This study constructed a gene expression profile for P. glaucum seeds development based on transcriptome data from different stages， providing a reference for further research of its molecular mechanism.

Pennisetum glaucum  /  Seed development  /  Transcriptome sequencing  /  DEGs