Latest ArticlesGeneration of 3-sulfonated 2H-pyrrol-2-ones through a three-component reaction of allenoic amides, sulfur dioxide, and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under metal-free conditions is achieved. This transformation proceeds under mild conditions without the addition of catalysts or additives, giving rise to 3-sulfonated 2H-pyrrol-2-ones in moderate to good yields. Good functional group compatibility is observed. A plausible mechanism is proposed, which is initiated by aryl radicals formed in situ from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates and DABCO·(SO2)2. Additionally, excellent chemoselectivity and regioselectivity are presented in this transformation.
The recent development of microwave-assisted aqueous synthesis of polyheterocyclic-fused quinoline-2-thiones through 6π-electrocyclization was highlighted.
Polypeptides are one kind of promising biodegradable and biocompatible biomedical polymers with the structural units of various α-amino acids. Polypeptides were first polymerized by the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) by Leuchs and Hermann in 1906. In the past decades, several effective strategies, including the selection of initiators, the adjustment of reaction conditions, and the introduction of catalysts, have been reported to improve the controllability of the ROP of various α-amino acid NCAs to synthesize different polypeptides with precise chemical structures and low polydispersity indexes. In this Review, the strategies, mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities for controlled synthesis of polypeptides by the ROP of different α-amino acid NCAs have been declared.
Multifunctional bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanomaterials exhibit significant potential as nanomedicines for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. These nanomaterials act as excellent photothermal agents and radiation sensitizers for the treatment of tumors, and they can also act as contrast agents for computed tomography (CT) imaging, photoacoustic imaging (PA), and other forms of imaging to provide real-time tumor monitoring and testing guidance. Compared with other nanomaterials, Bi2S3 nanomaterials can readily adapt to different applications by virtue of the fact that they can be easily functionalized. However, these nanomaterials have some limitations that cannot be ignored and need to be addressed, such as poor biocompatibility, toxicity, and low chemical stability. It is widely believed that appropriate functionalization of Bi2S3 nanomaterials could remedy such defects and significantly improve performance. This review summarizes the ways in which Bi2S3 nanomaterials can be functionalized and discusses their applications in cancer theranostics over the last few years, focusing particularly on imaging and therapy. We also discuss issues relating to how Bi2S3 nanomaterials can be analyzed, including how we might be able to use these systems to inhibit and treat tumors and how current limitations might be overcome to improve treatment efficacy. Finally, we hope to provide inspiration and guidance as to how we might create a more optimized multifunctional nano-system for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
The tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly influences cancer evolution and therapeutic efficacy. Targeting biofunctional molecules to the TME has long been appreciated as a means of raising local drug concentrations and reducing systemic toxicities. The booming nanotechnology field has realized the importance of cathepsin B to derive a variety of intelligent enzyme-responsive nanosized drug delivery systems (nanoDDS) to improve treatment responses and clinical outcomes. In this tutorial review, after introducing the molecular structure and physiological/pathological functions of cathepsin B, the outstanding achievements of cathepsin B-responsive nanoplatforms in the precise diagnosis, targeted therapy, and synergistic theranostics of malignant tumors are systematically described. Finally, the challenges of enzyme-substrate incompatibility, low diagnostic sensitivity, mass production and biocompatibility of multifunctional nanoDDS are considered in order to successfully promote them to clinical applications.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have become a research hotspot and widely used in the biomedical field in recent decades due to their unique magnetic properties. This minireview summarizes the specific gene transfection of magnetic particles (magnetofection) during eversy dynamic process of gene delivery (gene binding, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, intracellular trafficking and in vivo targeting). Meanwhile, the synergistic biomedical application of magnetofection and the effects of MNPs have also been discussed, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic mediated hyperthermia (MMH), Fenton reaction and autophagy. Finally, the clinical prospect of magnetofection was briefly expected.
As a class of metal-free two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor materials, polymeric carbon nitrides have attracted wide attention recently due to its facile regulation of the molecular and electronic structures, availability in abundance and high stability. According to the different ratios of C and N atoms in the framework, a series of CxNy materials have been successfully synthesized by virtue of various precursors, which further triggers extensive investigations of broad applications ranging from sustainable photocatalytic reactions and highly sensitive optoelectronic biosensing. In view of topological structures on their electronic structures and material properties, the as-reported CxNy could be generally classified into two main categories with three- or six-bond-extending frameworks. Owing to the effective n→π* transition in most CxNy materials, the relative energy level of the lone-pair electrons on N atoms is high, which thus endows the materials with the capability of visible light absorption. Meanwhile, the different repeating units, bridging groups and defect sites of these two kinds of CxNy allow them to effectively drive a diverse of promising applications that require specific electronic, interfacial and geometric properties. This review paper aims to summarize the recent progress in topological structure design and the relevant electronic band structures and striking properties of CxNy materials. In the final part, we also discuss the existing challenges of CxNy and outlook the prospect possibilities.
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite materials have attracted significant attention of most researchers in recently years, which is ascribed to the superior photoelectric properties, such as the suitable band gaps for harvesting sunlight, and exhibit high optical adsorption, high charge-carrier lifetimes and long diffusion lengths. The photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells and photocatalysts represent the remarkable applications for the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite materials. Herein, we review the recent progress of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite-based photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells and photocatalysts. The challenges and outlook for the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite-based photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells and photocatalysts are considered.
As a highly strained small molecule, [1.1.1]propellane has been widely used in various synthetic transformations owing to the exceptional reactivity of the central bond between the two bridgehead carbons. Utilizing strain-release approaches, the rapid development of strategies for the construction of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) and cyclobutane derivatives using [1.1.1]propellane as the starting material has been witnessed in the past few years. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in this field. Accordingly, the reactivity of [1.1.1]propellane can be divided into three pathways, including radical, anionic and transition metal-catalyzed pathways under appropriate conditions.
Chromone and flavone are both central backbones of natural products and clinical medicines. Synthesis of diversely functionalized chromones and flavones constitutes significant research contents of the modern synthetic science because abundant molecular libraries of such types are crucial in providing candidate compounds for the discovery of new pharmaceuticals and functional materials. The direct C-H bond activation or functionalization on these heterocyclic backbones provides highly powerful tools for the rapid accesses to densely functionalized chromone and flavone derivatives. Considering the importance of the functionalized chromone and flavone compounds as well as the notable advances in the synthesis of such products by direct C-H activation or functionalization, we review herein the research advances in the C-H bond activation and functionalization reactions of chromone and flavones, in hope of showing the current states and promise of the research domain.
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