Latest ArticlesExtensive research has been performed on cell membrane camouflaged-based drug delivery systems in recent years. Herein, we provide an overview of the challenges in system preparation, functional design, continuous industrial production of these systems, and solution strategies for these challenges. Further, we analyze and discuss the frontier medical applications of cell membrane-camouflaged drug delivery systems in anti-inflammatory, anti-pathogenic microorganisms, and biological detoxification. This review takes a challenge-oriented perspective and seeks innovative strategies, provides a literature review of research into cell membrane-camouflaged drug delivery systems, and promotes the development of personalized clinical treatments.
An efficient and facile method for C–H amination of quinoxalinones with heteroaromatic amines under metal-free conditions has been described. In the presence of hypervalent PIDA reagent, the desired products with various groups were obtained with moderate to high yields.
Lithium-sulfur battery is strongly considered as the most promising next-generation energy storage system because of the high theoretical specific capacity. The serious "shuttle effect" and sluggish reaction kinetic limited the commercial application of lithium-sulfur battery. Many heterostructures were applied to accelerate polysulfides conversion and suppress their migration in lithium-sulfur batteries. Nevertheless, the effect of the interface in heterostructure was not clear. Here, the Co2B@MXene heterostructure is synthesized through chemical reactions at room temperature and employed as the interlayer material for Li-S batteries. The theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that the interfacial electronic interaction of Co2B@MXene induce the transfer of electrons from Co2B to MXene, enhancing the catalytic ability and favoring fast redox kinetics of the polysulfides, and the theoretical calculations also reveal the underlying mechanisms for the electron transfer is that the two materials have different Fermi energy levels. The cell with Co2B@MXene exhibits a high initial capacity of 1577 mAh/g at 0.1 C and an ultralow capacity decay of 0.0088% per cycle over 2000 cycles at 2 C. Even at 5.1 mg/cm2 of sulfur loading, the cell with Co2B@MXene delivers 5.2 mAh/cm2 at 0.2 C.
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARδ) agonists are reported to improve insulin sensitivity, reduce glucose levels, and alleviate dysfunctional lipid metabolism in animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Metabolism plays an essential role in the biological system. Monitoring of metabolic changes in response to disease conditions or drug treatment is critical for better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms. In this study, metabolic profiling analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry integrated with targeted analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was carried out in plasma samples of db/db diabetic mice after six-week treatment of PPARδ agonist GW501516. GW501516 treatment significantly altered levels of metabolites, such as branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), BCAA metabolites (3-hydroxyisobutyric acid and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid), long-chain fatty acids, uric acid and ketone bodies (3-hydroxybutyric acid and 2-hydroxybutyric acid) which are all associated with the impaired systemic insulin sensitivity. The present results indicate the beneficial effect of PPARδ agonist in alleviating insulin resistance of diabetic mice by favorably modulating metabolic profile, thus providing valuable information in understanding the therapeutic potential of PPARδ agonists in correcting metabolic dysfunction in diabetes.
Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) play an increasingly important role in the field of medicine and affects public health in the world. Although more and more strict has been employed to ensure the quality and safety of CHMs, pesticide residues in CHMs remain a serious issue and are the bottleneck for the global development of CHMs. In this work, we applied molecularly imprinted membrane electrospray mass spectrometry (MIM-ESI MS) for rapid detecting 4 classes of pesticide residues in CHMs, including organophosphorus (OPP), carbamates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids in CHMs. Compared with our previous ambient ionization method MESI, MIM-ESI is capable of achieving a ~50-fold increase in the detection limit of conventional analytical methods owing to the specificity recognition and unique enrichment of MIM. The optimal experimental conditions were determined, and the method was further validated for its sensitivity and specificity. Our data showed that MIM-ESI MS is applicable for the direct quantitation of pesticide residues in CHMs. This detection technology may help to ensure the quality of CHMs in the future.
A novel route for tandem C–C/C–N formation, annulation and aromatization of hydrazones with 1, 2-dichloroethane to synthesize 1H-pyrazoles has been developed. Furthermore, the 1, 2-dichloroethane serves as alkylation reagent in good to excellent yields. This methodology features mild reaction conditions and good functional group tolerance, providing a direct approach for the preparation of 1H-pyrazoles.
When treated with an alkoxide base like t-BuOK in aprotic solvent, N-diphenylmethyl imino oxindoles, made conveniently through condensation of corresponding isatins with N-diphenylmethyl amine, are deprotonated to form azaallyl anions. Allylation and alkylation of this type of intermediates proceed smoothly with diverse C-electrophiles. Acidic work up finishes 3-amino-3-allyl/alkyl oxindoles. The overall transformation equals to an umpolung process at the C3 of isatins.
2D halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials because of their stability and passivation effect in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the introduction of bulky organic ammonium cations from 2D halide perovskites would decrease the device performance generally compared to the traditional 3D MAPbI3. Incorporation of ultrathin 2D halide perovskite nanosheets (NSs) with 3D MAPbI3 could address this issue. Herein, we report a rationally designed PSCs with dimensional graded 3D/2D MAPbI3/(PEA)2PbI4 heterojunction, in which 2D (PEA)2PbI4 NSs were synthesized and incorporated between 3D MAPbI3 and hole-transporting layer. Besides the significantly improved stability, a notable increasement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20% was obtained for the 3D/2D perovskite solar cells due to the favourable band alignment among (PEA)2PbI4 NSs and the other components. The graded structure of MAPbI3/(PEA)2PbI4 would upshift the energy level continuously, which enhances the hole extraction efficiency thus reduces the interface charge recombination, leading to the increasements of VOC from 1.04 V to 1.07 V, JSC from 21.81 mA/cm2 to 23.15 mA/cm2 and the fill factor from 67.89% to 74.78%, and therefore an overall PCE of 18.53%.
Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a promising photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. However, the severe charge recombination and sluggish water oxidation kinetics extremely limit its use in photohydrogen conversion. Herein, a co-activation strategy is proposed, namely through phosphorus (P) doping and the loading of CoAl-layered double hydroxides (CoAl-LDHs) cocatalysts. Unexpectedly, the integrated system, CoAl-LDHs/P-Fe2O3 photoanode, exhibits an outstanding photocurrent density of 1.56 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), under AM 1.5 G, which is 2.6 times of pure α-Fe2O3. Systematic studies reveal that the remarkable PEC performance is attributed to accelerated surface OER kinetics and enhanced carrier separation efficiency. This work provides a feasible strategy to enhance the PEC performance of hematite photoanodes.
In this paper, the process of ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis generate H2 on the transition metal Fe@Co core-shell structure has been obtained. According to the different roles played by H2O molecules and the number of H2O molecules involved, there are three schemes of reaction paths. Route Ⅰ does not involve the dissociation of H2O molecules and all H atoms come from AB. Moreover, the H2O molecule has no effect on the breaking of the BH bond or the NH bond. The reaction absorbs more heat during the formation of the second and third H2 molecules. Route Ⅱ includes the dissociation of H2O molecules and the cleavage of BH or NH bonds, respectively, and the reaction shows a slight exotherm. Route Ⅲ started from the break of the BN bond and obtained 3H2 molecules through the participation of different numbers of H2O molecules. After multiple comparative analyses, the optimal hydrolysis reaction path has been obtained, and the reaction process can proceed spontaneously at room temperature.
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