^aCenter for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

^bSpin-X Institute, School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China

^cSchool of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China

^dFaculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 China

^ei-Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China

^fCAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

^gState Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China

^hInstitute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China

ⁱHefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

^jInstitute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

^kState Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China

^lCollege of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

^mBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

ⁿSchool of Material and New Energy, South China Normal University, Shanwei 516600, China

^oInternational Center for Quantum Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

^pHerbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

^qResearch Center of Green Catalysis, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

^rKey Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science Technology, Shanghai 200237, China

^sSchool of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China

^tDepartment of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China

^uCAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China

^vCollege of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China

^wSchool of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

^xDepartment of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330033, China

^yState Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

^zDonostia International Physics Center, Centro de Fisica de Materiales CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain

^aaInstitute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan

^abInterdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China

^acTianjin Key Laboratory of Epigenetics for Organ Development of Preterm Infants, Central Laboratory, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300450, China

^adSchool of Physical Science and Technology, Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China

^aeSchool of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China

^afNational Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China

^agDepartment of Chemical Sciences National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing 100085, China

Received	Accepted	Published
2024-02-09	2024-05-26
Issue Date
2025-11-26