^a State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China

^b Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy

^c Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Unit of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy

^d School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China

^e Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore