^a Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi’an 710061, China

^b School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

^c Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

^d Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China

^e School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China

^f School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China

^g Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

^h Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

ⁱ CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an 710061, China