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Synthesis of Z-scheme g-C3N4 nanosheets/Ag3PO4 photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance for the degradation of tetracycline and dye
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Meng Dinga, Juanjuan Zhoua, b, Hongcen Yanga, Ruya Caoa, Shouwei Zhanga, Minghui Shaoa, Xijin Xua
Chinese Chemical Letters | 2020, 31(1) : 71 - 76
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Chinese Chemical Letters | 2020, 31(1): 71-76
• Communication •
Synthesis of Z-scheme g-C3N4 nanosheets/Ag3PO4 photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance for the degradation of tetracycline and dye
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Meng Dinga, Juanjuan Zhoua, b, Hongcen Yanga, Ruya Caoa, Shouwei Zhanga, Minghui Shaoa, Xijin Xua
Affiliations
  • a School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Ji'nan 250022, China
  • b College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
Published: 2020-01-15 doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.05.029
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Graphene-like C3N4/Ag3PO4 photocatalysts are synthesized by calcination and solutions precipitating method. The obtained g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composites display excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline (TC) under visible light irradiation. The solutions containing RhB (10 mg/L) and MO (10 mg/L) can be efficiently degraded within 15 min and 30 min. Especially, nearly 80% of TC (50 mg/L) is degraded within 20 min, which are much better than those of pure g-C3N4 nanosheets and Ag3PO4, implying that strong interaction and reasonable energy band alignment in the contact interface can effectively transfer the carries. Furthermore, the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composites exhibit the improved stability, and only a slight decrease is observed after three recycling runs. Moreover, the impact of inorganic ions and PH values on the degradation performance is rather small. The Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism of the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composites based on the active species trapping experimental is proposed. This work demonstrates the promising applications of the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composites in environmental issues.

g-C3N4/Ag3PO4  /  Tetracycline  /  Photocatalytic activity  /  Photocurrent  /  Impedance
Meng Ding, Juanjuan Zhou, Hongcen Yang, Ruya Cao, Shouwei Zhang, Minghui Shao, Xijin Xu. Synthesis of Z-scheme g-C3N4 nanosheets/Ag3PO4 photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance for the degradation of tetracycline and dye[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2020 , 31 (1) : 71 -76 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.05.029
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In recently years, water pollution caused by tetracycline (TC) and industry organism dye has induced serious threat to the health of human beings. Various technologies such as ion exchange, photocatalysis [1, 2], adsorption [3], have been used to deal with water pollution problems. Among them, photocatalytic technology has been widely concerned because of its simple and low-cost and potential applications in environmental protection and energy production [4, 5]. A large number of semiconductor metal oxide and sulphide photocatalysts, including TiO2 [6, 7], ZnO [8, 9], WO3 [10], CdS [11, 12], In2S3 [13, 14], Ag3PO4 [15], have been fabricated to develop efficient photocatalysts. As a photocatalyst, Ag3PO4 has been paid much more attention due to suitable band gap (2.36 eV) and the excellent photocatalytic property for the degradation of organic pollutants. However, some problems, including the high solubility, the photo-corrosion, instability and the fast recombination of photo-generated carriers, need to be solved. Many effective ways have been reported to improve the photocatalytic activity and stability of Ag3PO4, including size and morphology control, surface modification, constructing heterostructure/composite with other compounds [15, 16]. Heterogeneous photocatalytic systems, such as Ag3PO4/Ag2S [15], Ag3PO4/In2S3 [17], Ag3PO4/PANI [18], Ag3PO4/CuBi2O4 [16], carbon dots [19], are considered as effective strategies for the dispose of TC and dyes, which can suppress the photocorrsion, prompt migration and separation of the photogenerated electrons and holes.
Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4, 2.7 eV), as a nonmetallic polymeric material with high thermal, chemical stability and electronic properties, can have good visible light response [20, 21], which has much more promising for practical application. Xia et al. [22] fabricated the multifunctional photocatalyst of Mn/g-C3N4/ZSM-4, then combined with vacuum ultraviolet irradiation to eliminate O3 byproduct and enhance toluene degradation via ozone assisted catalytic oxidation. Zhang et al. [23] tuned the dimensions and structures of nitrogen doped carbon nanomaterials derived from sacrificial g-C3N4/metal–organic frameworks to enhance electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Moreover, g-C3N4 nanosheets can be used as a coating material due to its flexibility. Chen et al. [24] reported that the stability and photocatalytic performance of ZnO could be enhanced by coating g-C3N4 nanosheets as shell layer, which could be attributed to the hybridized effect and the core–shell structure induced by the match of lattice and energy level between the C3N4 shell and ZnO core. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of g-C3N4 is still not highly attributing to the high recombination rate of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs. To improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers, heterojunction photocatalyst between g-C3N4 and other materials should be constructed. Considering the excellent photooxidation activity of Ag3PO4, g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 heterostructures have been fabricated and reported [25-29]. Liu et al. [29] reported the degradation of methylene blue (MB) over Ag3PO4@g-C3N4 hybrid core@shell composite, which presented the better photocatalytic activity. Ma et al. [30] reported nanocomposite of exfoliated bentonite/g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic decomposition of RhB. However, the previously reported g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composites still suffer the low efficiency and poor stability.
In this work, 2D g-C3N4 nanosheets were served as support to fabricate g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite photocatalyst by calcination and solutions precipitating method. Their photocatalytic activities are evaluated by the degradation of three different kinds of pollutants (MO, RhB, TC) under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the effects of pH and coexisting ions are also investigated. The photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) performance of the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 heterostructure is also discussed, and the possible mechanism of the photocatalytic activity is also proposed.
The XRD patterns of the as-prepared samples are displayed in Fig. 1. For pure g-C3N4 nanosheets, two characteristic diffraction peaks at 13.2° and 27.6° are observed, which correspond to the (100) and (002) planes of g-C3N4 [31], respectively. For the bare Ag3PO4, all the diffraction peaks can be assigned to the cubic phase of Ag3PO4 without any impurities (JCPDS: 06-0505). Compared with bare Ag3PO4, the weak characteristic diffraction peaks of g-C3N4 are found in the XRD pattern of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite, which demonstrate the existence of both g-C3N4 and Ag3PO4, further indicating that the successful formation of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 binary heterojunction composite.
Fig. 2a shows that the as-fabricated C3N4 has sheet morphology with large size and very small thickness. Form Fig. 2b, it can be observed that Ag3PO4 particles have an irregular spherical morphology with smooth surface and a tendency to aggregate, and the size of particles is about 0.1–0.7 μm. For g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite, Ag3PO4 particles are distinctly anchored on the surface of g-C3N4 nanosheets, also some particles are enwrapped with g-C3N4 nanosheets, as shown in Figs. 2c–e. The high-resolution TEM image of C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite in Fig. 2f clearly shows the crystalline lattice fringes with the interplanar distance of 0.239 nm, which corresponds to the (211) plane of cubic Ag3PO4 phase. Moreover, it confirms that g-C3N4 nanosheet can act as a support and surfactant to constrain Ag3PO4 particles in the composite. The elemental mappings in Fig. S1 (Supporting information) reveal the coexistence of five elements, including C, N, Ag, P and O. The uniform distributions of C and N elements among the sample indicate the presence of g-C3N4 nanosheets. Furthermore, the mapping images also verify that Ag, P and O elements form clusters with the uniform size and shape as SEM images confirmed, indicating that Ag3PO4 particles uniformly disperse on the surfaces of g-C3N4. The above-mentioned elements in g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite are also confirmed by EDX measurement (Fig. S1).
Five elements, C, N, Ag, P and O, can be observed in the survey spectrum in Fig. 3a, which is consistent with the result of EDS. For C 1s spectrum in Fig. 3b, two peaks at about 284.6 eV and 288.0 eV are present, which can be ascribed to sp2 C-C bonds in graphitic or amorphous carbons and carbon atoms with three nitrogen atoms (C-N3) bonds in g-C3N4, respectively [32]. The N 1s spectrum (Fig. 3c) can be deconvoluted into three peaks at 398.3 eV, 399.0 eV and 400.9 eV, respectively. The peak at 398.3 eV is attributed to sp2-hybridized nitrogen (C=N-C), suggesting the existent of g-C3N4. The other two peaks located at 399.0 eV, 400.9 eV are tertiary nitrogen (N(C)3) groups and amino functions (C-N-H) [27, 33], respectively. Three peaks at 530.86 eV, 531.74 eV, 532.92eV for O 1s in Fig. 3d are ascribed to O2- in Ag3PO4 [27], the surface OH-groups and the surface adsorbed H2O molecules [19], respectively. Fig. 3e shows the binding energies of the Ag 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 peaks at 368.10 eV and 374.02 eV, which are usually ascribed to Ag+ in Ag3PO4. Furthermore, a broad peak centered at 132.69 eV of the P 2p spectrum (Fig. 3f) is observed for the composite, which is in consistent with P+5 from PO43− [19].
The UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra of g-C3N4, Ag3PO4 and g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 in Fig. S2a (Supporting information) shows that the light absorption edges of pure g-C3N4 and Ag3PO4 are located at about 430 nm and 530 nm, corresponding to band gap of 2.88 eV and 2.45 eV, in consistent with the reported result [19]. After the combination of g-C3N4 with Ag3PO4, the band gap absorption edge of composite displays red shifted compared with g-C3N4, implying the enhanced absorption ability of the composite in the visible light region. Therefore, more light will be absorbed and more electrons and holes are generated for the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite. Fig. S2b (Supporting information) exhibits the PL spectra of g-C3N4 and the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite with the excitation at 350 nm. The PL intensity of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite is weaker than the pure g-C3N4, which suggests that the combination of g-C3N4 with Ag3PO4 can effectively inhibit recombination of photoexcited electron-holes pairs.
To investigate the potential applicability of the composites, the photocatalytic properties of the samples were investigated by monitoring the degradation of MO, RhB and TC aqueous solution under visible light. As shown in Fig. 4a, the adsorption-desorption equilibrium between MO and photocatalysts will be reached within 90 min in the dark. 45.2% of MO (10 mg/L) will be adsorbed by g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composites, which are far above those of pure g-C3N4 nanosheets and Ag3PO4 particles, suggesting that g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composites have superior adsorptive ability. The blank experiment indicates that only little MO is degraded in the absence of photocatalyst, thus it can be negligible. Further, 95% of MO is degraded in the presence of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite after 30 min. In comparison, only 10.0% and 39.1% are degraded for the g-C3N4 nanosheets and Ag3PO4 particles, respectively. After adsorption equilibrium for 60 min, more than 28.6% of RhB is adsorbed by g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite, as shown in Fig. 4c. The adsorptions of RhB on pure Ag3PO4 and pure g-C3N4 are 3.3% and 35.6%, respectively. More than 96% of RhB (10 mg/L) is degraded in the presence of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite under visible irradiation for 15 min. The experiment results further prove that the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composites have superior adsorptive and photodegradation ability compared with the pure Ag3PO4 and pure g-C3N4 nanosheets. To further understand the reaction kinetics of the MO and RhB degradation catalyzed by various photocatalysts, the experimental data are fitted by a pseudo-first-order kinetics model as follows [16]:
where C0 represents the initial concentration of dye and C refers to the concentration of dye at different irradiation times t, and k is the reaction rate constant. Obviously, the calculated k for the degradation of MO and RhB over g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite is larger than those calculated for the reactions over pure g-C3N4 nanosheets and Ag3PO4, as shown in Figs. 4b and d. Especially, the k value for the degradation of MO over g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite (0.1187 min−1) is about 7.67 folds compared with that of Ag3PO4 (0.0155 min−1). Likewise, the k value for the degradation of RhB over g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite (0.18482 min−1) is about 2.20 folds compared with that of Ag3PO4 (0.08405 min−1). To further understand the photocatalytic activity of the fabricated samples, the degradations of TC are performed. As seen from Fig. 4e, the adsorption-desorption equilibrium between TC and photocatalysts can be achieved within 60 min in the dark. Meanwhile, the adsorption ability of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite exhibits higher compared with that of pure g-C3N4 nanosheets and Ag3PO4 particles, which is consistent with the result of degradations of MO and RhB. Moreover, the blank experiment suggests that the self-degradation of TC can be ignored, and pure g-C3N4 nanosheets and Ag3PO4 show poor photocatalytic activities, in which merely about 12.6% and 65.8% of TC are degraded in 30 min under visible light irradiation, respectively. While for g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite, nearly 80% of TC can be degraded within 30 min. Fig. 4f shows the preudo-first-order reaction kinetics for the degradation of 50 mg/L TC with prepared samples, which display that the k value for the degradation of TC over g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite (0.0897 min−1) is about 1.9 folds and 21.8 folds compared with those of Ag3PO4 (0.0473 min−1) and g-C3N4 nanosheets (0.0041 min−1), respectively. The experimental results suggest that the introduction of the Ag3PO4 on the g-C3N4 nanosheets facilitates photogenerated carrier, thus significantly improving the photocatalytic activity.
In the actual wastewater system, there are some coexisting ions, and the pH value are different, so the impact of inorganic ions and pH values on the degradation performance should be considered [34, 35]. For mimic natural wastewater, various inorganic ions with the concentration of 0.1 mol/L, including Na+, Cl−, SO42-, NO3−, CO32-, are added to the TC solution to investigate the catalytic efficiency of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 catalytic system, and the results are shown in Fig. 5a. No obvious difference can be observed in the degradation curves of the TC solutions containing Na2CO3, NaNO3, Na2SO4, suggesting the universal photocatalytic effects of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite in different environment. However, the catalytic efficiency toward TC degradation decreases a little in the presence of NaCl. The photocatalyst g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 after reaction is further characterized with XRD as displayed in Fig. S3 (Supporting information), in which no diffraction peaks of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 can be observed, suggesting that the transformation of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite photocatalyst to other substances with the introduction of NaCl. The appearance of characteristic peaks of AgCl (JCPDS: 31-1238) imply that the crystal structure of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 has been transformed into AgCl. Therefore, photocatalytic activity is reduced because of the destroyed crystal structure of Ag3PO4 [36]. The influence of pH values on the degradation toward TC is displayed in Fig. 5b, when the pH values are within the range of 2.87–9.24, the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite show excellent photodegradation activities towards TC, only the photodegradation efficiency at the pH values of 9.24 reduces a little. The results suggest that g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 can be used as an efficient photocatalyst for practical application in wastewater treatment.
In order to study the photocatalytic stability of the as-fabricated samples, recycle experiments of MO degradation over g-C3N4 nanosheets, Ag3PO4 and the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite were carried out, as shown in Fig. 6a. For the bare Ag3PO4, the photocatalytic efficiency decreases from 64.5% to 29.1% after five cycles, indicating the bare Ag3PO4 photocatalyst is unstable. The significant reduction of the photocatalytic performance of Ag3PO4 can be attributed to the partial reduction of Ag+ into Ag0 by photogenerated electrons [35]. In contrast, the degradation of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite remains high (~93%) across the repeated cycles, with a slight decrease to 88% observed after five recycling runs. The effective energy level structure facilitates the separation of the electron-hole pairs quickly, thus obviously improving the photoactivity and photostability of catalyst. The result is in accord with the analysis of PL (Fig. S2 in Supporting information), transient photocurrent responses (Fig. S4a in Supporting information) and EIS measurement (Fig. S4b in Supporting information). Furthermore, the XRD of the as-fabricated is compared with that used g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite after 5 cycles, as Fig. 6b shows. After photocatalytic reaction, no crystal structure variation of the composite is observed. A rather weak characteristic diffraction peaks at 38.1° is observed and attributed to the (111) crystal planes of metallic silver, indicating that only a small quantity of Ag generated in the photodegradation process. The appearance of a small amount of Ag serves as the transmission bridge of carrier, thus the carrier transfer rate and the separation of electron-hole pairs can be improved by the Schottky barriers at the metal-semiconductor interfaces. Furthermore, the localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles on catalyst can also promote the photocatalytic efficiency. The results indicate that high photocatalytic efficiency and stability of the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite, which are important attribution for their practical applications in real-life for eliminating organic pollutants from wastewater.
As is known that the three major reactive species, superoxide radical (.O2−), hole (h+) and hydroxyl radical (.OH) play important role in photocatalytic reaction process. In order to investigate the dominant active species in the photocatalytic process, the trapping experiments were carried out. As displayed in Fig. S5 (Supporting information), the photocatalytic activities of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite toward the degradation of MO are investigated in the presence of benzoquinone (BZQ), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and isopropanol (IPA) employed to act as .O2−, h+ and .OH scavengers, respectively. Obviously, the introduction of BZQ and EDTA into the photocatalyst can basically affect the photodegradation efficiencies of MO, the photocatalytic degradation is greatly quenched, which suggests that .O2- and h+ are the main reactive species in the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite photocatalytic process. In contrast, the photocatalytic degradation of MO is inhibited slightly by introducing IPA, suggesting that the .OH also has small effect on the photocatalytic efficiency.
On the basis of the above experimental results and characterization analysis, a possible photocatalytic mechanism of the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite photocatalyst is proposed to follow a Z-scheme mechanism, as illustrated in Fig. 7. According to the previous reports [16, 28, 29, 37, 38], the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) potentials of Ag3PO4 are about 2.67 and 0.27 eV, which is both more positive than that of g-C3N4 (1.60 and −1.15 eV), respectively. Under visible light irradiation, the electrons in the VB of both g-C3N4 and Ag3PO4 are excited to the CB, leaving holes in the VB. The CB of Ag3PO4 is more negative than the Fermi level of metallic Ag, and the VB of g-C3N4 is more positive than the Fermi level of Ag, thus the photo-excited electrons in the CB of Ag3PO4 is more likely to be transferred to the metallic silver. Meanwhile, the photogenerated holes in VB of g-C3N4 are transferred to Ag and combined with electrons. Then, the electrons left in CB of g-C3N4 can combine with the dissolved oxygen molecules and produce the superoxide radical anions (.O2−), which play an important role in overall photocatalytic reaction. In addition, the photogenerated holes in VB of Ag3PO4 could directly oxidize dye. Of course, part of photogenerated holes can combine with OH− to produce active .OH. Thus, the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite are mainly attributed to the generated .O2− and h+ active species, meanwhile, parts of .OH can also degrade dye and TC. Therefore, Ag nanoparticles existed in the interface of g-C3N4 and Ag3PO4 might act as a charge transmission bridge to efficiently improve the separation of electron-hole pairs. Considering strong absorption of the degradation substrates (MO and RhB) in the region of the illumination, the photosensitization also plays certain function in the photocatalytic process. Dyes can be excited by visible light and produce the excited state of the dye*, electron will inject from the adsorbed dye* species to the semiconductor conduction band (and/or surface states), also the oxidized dye species (dye+) can be produced when electrons are lost. The injected electron can combine with the surface-adsorbed O2 molecules to produce the .O2−, in competition with back electron transfer to the dye+ radical cation. However, the former process is usually two/three-order faster [[39], [40], [41]]. The superoxide radical anions can be involved in photocatalytic degradation, thus the photosensitization partially works in the photocatalytic process.
In summary, g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 photocatalysts were successfully constructed by in situ deposition of Ag3PO4 onto 2D g-C3N4 nanosheets through precipitating method. The photocatalytic results showed that the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composite had obviously superior photocatalytic activity and photostability over that of pure Ag3PO4 particles and g-C3N4 nanosheets for the photodegradation of MO, RhB and TC under visible light irradiation. The improved photocatalytic activity can be ascribed to the efficient separation of photoinduced electron–hole pairs. The photocatalytic process of the g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 photocatalysts were further supported by transient photocurrent response, PL spectrum, active species trapping experiment results. The work could supply insight into fabricating novel photocatalysts with high efficiency and reusability for important applications in elimination organic pollutants from wastewater.
Acknowledgments
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This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61504048, 51672109, 21707043), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province for Excellent Young Scholars (Nos. ZR2016JL015, ZR2017BEE005).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
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Supplementary material related to this article canbefound, in the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.05.029
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Year 2020 volume 31 Issue 1
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doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.05.029
  • Receive Date：2019-03-04
  • Online Date：2026-01-28
  • Published：2020-01-15
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  • Received：2019-03-04
  • Revised：2019-05-06
  • Accepted：2019-05-16
Affiliations
    a School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Ji'nan 250022, China
    b College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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