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Psiguamers A–C, three cytotoxic meroterpenoids bearing a methylated benzoylphloroglucinol framework from Psidium guajava and total synthesis of 1 and 2
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Jiwu Huang, Chuangjun Li, Jie Ma, Yingda Zang, Xingyan Sun, Xiaoguang Chen, Dongming Zhang*
Chinese Chemical Letters | 2021, 32(5) : 1721 - 1725
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Chinese Chemical Letters | 2021, 32(5): 1721-1725
• Communication •
Psiguamers A–C, three cytotoxic meroterpenoids bearing a methylated benzoylphloroglucinol framework from Psidium guajava and total synthesis of 1 and 2
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Jiwu Huang, Chuangjun Li, Jie Ma, Yingda Zang, Xingyan Sun, Xiaoguang Chen, Dongming Zhang*
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  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
Published: 2021-05-15 doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.028
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Three sesquiterpene-based meroterpenoids psiguamers A–C (1–3) with new skeletons were isolated from Psidium guajava leaves. Compounds (±)-1 and (±)-2 were two pairs of humulene-derived meroterpenoids bearing a rare methylated benzoylphloroglucinol unit, while 3 was an unprecedented adduct of bicyclogermacrene and methylated benzoylphloroglucinol. Their structures were determined based on comprehensive analyses of spectroscopic data, calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra, total synthesis, and X-ray crystallographic data. The biomimetic synthesis of (±)-1 and (±)-2 was achieved. Compound (+)-1 exhibited cytotoxic activities against five human tumor cell lines (HCT-116, HepG2, BGC-823, A549, and U251), with IC50 values of 2.94, 9.01, 6.45, 5.42, and 5.33 μmol/L, respectively.

Psidium guajava  /  Methylated benzoylphloroglucinol  /  Meroterpenoids  /  Biomimetic synthesis  /  Cytotoxic activities
Jiwu Huang, Chuangjun Li, Jie Ma, Yingda Zang, Xingyan Sun, Xiaoguang Chen, Dongming Zhang. Psiguamers A–C, three cytotoxic meroterpenoids bearing a methylated benzoylphloroglucinol framework from Psidium guajava and total synthesis of 1 and 2[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2021 , 32 (5) : 1721 -1725 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.028
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Psidium meroterpenoids, a group of intricate molecules that are part terpenoids, part natural phloroglucinol, possess a wide range of interesting bioactivities. Modern pharmacological investigations showed meroterpenoids from P. guajava leaves exhibited significant bioactivity, such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity [1-4]. Structurally, according to the phenolic moiety, Psidium meroterpenoids can be classified as two groups, formyl-benzyl phloroglucinol and methylated benzoylphloroglucinol types [5, 6]. Among these meroterpenoids, most of them are caryophyllane or cadinane derived meroterpenoids with a 3, 5-diformyl-benzyl phloroglucinol unit [7, 8, 9]. However, methylated benzoylphloroglucinol meroterpenoids were rarely reported, and only caryophyllane type was found since 2015 [2, 5, 6]. Herein, we first report humulene and bicyclogermacrene derived methylated benzoylphloroglucinol meroterpenoids from the leaves of Psidium guajava. Compounds (±)-1 and (±)-2 were two pairs of unprecedented humulene derived meroterpenoids with a 6/6/11 ring system, and 3 was an unusual bicyclogermacrene derived meroterpenoid with a 6/6/10/3 ring framework (Fig. 1). Moreover, the total synthesis of (±)-psiguamer A (1) and (±)-psiguamer B (2) was achieved, and all the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicity.
(±)-Psiguamer A (1) was obtained as a white amorphous powder with the molecular formula C30H34O5, determined by the (–)-HRESIMS ion peak at m/z of 473.2335 [M–H]− (Calcd. for 473.2334) with an index of hydrogen deficiency of 14. The 1H NMR data (Table 1) showed two hydrogen-bonded phenolic hydroxyls (δH 13.72 (s, 1H) and 13.28 (s, 1H)), an aldehyde group (δH 10.25 (s, 1H)), a monosubstituted benzene ring (δH 7.37–7.45 (5H)), three alkene protons (δH 4.95 (dd, J=4.2, 12.0Hz, 1H), 4.92 (d, J=15.6Hz, 1H), and 4.56 (ddd, J=2.4, 10.8, 15.6Hz, 1H)) and four methyl groups (δH 1.55, 1.01, 0.99, and 0.92 (each, s, 3H)). The 13C NMR and DEPT spectra presented a total of 30 carbon signals, including a ketone carbonyl (δC 200.4), a conjugated aldehyde (δC 192.2), a hexasubstituted benzene ring (δC 168.8, 167.3, 162.3, 104.3, 103.8, and 100.8), a monosubstituted benzene ring ((δC 142.5, 130.2, 127.9 (×2), and 126.5 (×2)), four olefinic carbons (δC 142.4, 136.4, 123.1, and 119.9), four methyl (δC 30.2, 24.4, 19.8, and 17.1), five methylene (δC 41.7, 41.3, 37.5, 30.1, and 22.0), one methine, one quaternary, and one oxygenated tertiary carbons. The above data indicated that 1 was a sesquiterpene-based meroterpenoid.
The 1H-1H COSY spectrum (Fig. 2A) showed cross peaks for H-1/H-2/H-3, H-1′/H-5/H-6/H-7, and H-9/H-10 coupling systems. The HMBC spectrum (Fig. 2A) revealed correlations from H3-12 to C-1, C-10, and C-13, from H3-13 to C-1, C-10, and C-12, from H3-14 to C-3 and C-5, and from H3-15 to C-7 and C-9, indicating the presence of a humulene moiety. Similarly, the presence of 3-methyl-5-formyl-benzoyl phloroglucinol unit (1a) was determined by a series of HMBC cross signals from H-1′ to C-3′ and C-7′, from H-10′ and H-14′ to C-8′, from H-5′-OH to C-4′ and C-6′, from H-7′-OH to C-2′ and C-6′, and from H-15′ to C-6′. The humulene moiety and 1a were linked through the C-5–C-1′ bond, as indicated by HMBC correlations from H-1′ to C-4 and C-6, and from H-6 to C-1′. Moreover, the oxygenated tertiary carbon C-4 (δC 84.8) and the downfield chemical shift of C-3′ (δC 162.3) connecting with an index of hydrogen deficiency of 14 demonstrated that a dihydropyran ring connecting the humulene moiety and 1a.
The relative configuration of 1 was determined by its rotating-frame overhauser spectroscopy (ROESY) NMR spectrum (Fig. 2A) and proton coupling constants. The ROESY correlations between H-1 and H-3a, between H-2 and H3-13 revealed the E-geometry of the C1/C2 double-bond, which was consistent with the large coupling constant that was observed (JH1–2=15.6Hz). The E-geometry of the C8/C9 olefin was determined by the ROESY correlations between H-9 and H-7b, between H3-15 and H-10a. Furthermore, ROESY correlations between H-2 and H-5, between H-5 and H-9, and between H-9 and H-2 demonstrated that H-2, H-5, and H-9 were on the same side of the molecule, while H-1 and H3-15 were on the opposite side. Two peaks were found in the chiral HPLC analysis of 1, indicating that 1 was a racemic mixture. Consequently, a cellulose-4 chiral column was used to separate 1 and afforded (+)-1 and (–)-1. Their absolute configurations were determined by comprehensive analysis of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra (Fig. 2B) of 1. The experimental ECD spectra of (+)-1 and (–)-1 were high consistent with the computed ECD data of 1E, 4S, 5R, 8E-1 and 1E, 4R, 5S, 8E-1, respectively. Thus, (+)-psiguamer A [(+)-1] and (–)-psiguamer A [(–)-1] were established.
(±)-Psiguamer B (2) was isolated as a white amorphous powder with a molecular formula C30H34O5, as determined by 1D NMR and the (+)-HRESIMS ion peak at m/z of 475.2481 [M+H]+ (Calcd. for C30H35O5 at 475.2479). Comparing its 13C NMR data with those of (±)-psiguamer A (1) revealed that compound 2 was an isomer of 1, only differing at C-5′ (δC 166.8 in 2, 168.8 in 1), C-6′ (δC 102.9 in 2, 104.3 in 1), C-7′ (δC 169.4 in 2, 167.3 in 1), and C-9′ (δC 140.8 in 2, 142.5 in 1), indicating the location of phenyl unit of 2 was not the same as that of 1. The position of phenyl ring was assigned by HMBC spectrum (Fig. S2.9 in Supporting information), in which H-10′ was correlated with C-8′, H-15′ with C-4′ and C-5′, H-5′-OH with C-4′ and C-6′, and H-7′-OH with C-2′ and C-6′. The relative configuration of 2 was established by the NOESY NMR spectrum (Fig. S2.10 in Supporting information). Two peaks were observed in the chiral HPLC analysis of 2, suggesting that 2 was a racemic mixture, which was applied to a cellulose-4 chiral column to yield (+)-2 and (–)-2.
The absolute configurations of (+)-2 and (–)-2 were established via ECD calculation. Compound 1E, 4S, 5R, 8E-2 was selected for the conformational analysis via Conflex 8B software at the MMF94S force field. The two lowest-energy conformers 2A and 2B (Fig. S2.11 in Supporting information) were selected for optimization with the TDDFT method at the B3LYP/6-31G level in CH3CN with the CPCM (conductor-like polarizable continuum model) using the Gaussian 16 program. Due to the flexibility of the semi-chiral axis (C6′C8′), conformers 2A and 2B differed in the orientation of the monosubstituted benzene ring, which was consistent with the previously report [5]. Furthermore, a Boltzmann weight of approximately 1:1 for 2A and 2B led to a total cancellation between π→π* and n→π* transitions of 1a. Thus, the overall computed ECD spectrum of 2 demonstrated minor Cotton effects (CEs) at 240–400 nm. However, the calculated ECD spectra of 2A and 2B presented similar CEs at approximately 211 nm (produced by the π→π* transition of Δ1(2)), which contributed to an overall positive signal. Therefore, the stereo configuration of (+)-2 can be established by comparing the CEs of the experimental ECD at 211 nm with calculated ECD. The experimental ECD of (+)-2 (Fig. S2.12 in Supporting information) qualitatively matches the computed ECD spectrum of 1E, 4S, 5R, 8E-2, suggesting that the steroconfiguration of (+)-psiguamer B [(+)-2] is 1E, 4S, 5R, 8E. The absolute configuration of (–)-psiguamer B [(–)-2] was similarly established as 1E, 4R, 5S, 8E.
Psiguamer C (3), colorless oil, had a molecular formula of C30H34O5 based on its (+)-HRESIMS ion peak at m/z of 497.2304 [M+Na]+ (Calcd. for C30H34O5Na, 497.2298). Detailed comparison of its 1H and 13C NMR data with those of literatures suggested compound 3 was an adduct of 1a and a germacrene moiety as eucalteretial A [10]. In1H-1H COSY spectrum (Fig. S3.7 in Supporting information), correlation between H-6 and H-1′ suggested a C-6–C-1′ coupling pattern in 3, which was further confirmed by HMBC correlations from H-14 to C-6, from H-6 to C-1′ and C-2′, and from H-1′ to C-5, C-7, and C-3′ (Fig. S3.9 in Supporting information). The NOESY correlations (Fig. S3.10 in Supporting information) between H3-15 and H-3b, between H-2 and H-10b suggested that an E-geometry of the C1/C2 olefin. The NOESY correlations of H-7/H-8, H-7/H3-14, and H3-14/H-1′ suggested these protons were co-facial. Finally, the absolute configuration of 3 was established as 1E, 5S, 6S, 7R, 8S by comparing the experimental and calculated ECD spectra (Fig. S3.11 in Supporting information).
Biosynthetic pathways for compounds 1–3 are proposed in Scheme 1. 2, 4, 6-Trihydroxy-3, 5-dimethylbenzophenone, α-humulene (Ⅴ), and bicyclogermacrene (Ⅵ) were isolated from the P. guajava leaves [11-13]. Intermediate 2, 4, 6-trihydroxy-3, 5-dimethylbenzophenone generates Ⅲ under oxidation conditions, followed by the conversion of Ⅲ to Ⅳa, which is then tautomerized to Ⅳb [2, 14]. The resulting intermediates, Ⅳa and Ⅳb react with Ⅴ via a HDA (hetero-Diels-Alder) reaction to yield 1 and 2, respectively. Furthermore, under a HDA reaction with Ⅵ, Ⅳa produces compound 3.
To further confirmation of their structures, we have synthesized compounds 1 and 2 starting from commercially available 2-benzoylphloroglucinol (Ⅰ) (Scheme 2). Inspired by Bharate and co-authors [15], 3-​benzoyl-​2, ​4, ​6-​trihydroxy-benzaldehyde (Ⅱ) was obtained in 79% yield by the formylation of Ⅰ. Methylation, using methyl iodide and potassium hydroxide, provided 3-benzoyl-2, 4, 6-trihydroxy-5-methybenzaldehyde (Ⅲ) in a 51% yield. With compound Ⅲ in hand, the synthesis of compounds 1 and 2 via a HAD reaction was attempted by the mixing Ⅲ with α-humulene and DDQ (2, 3-dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-1, 4-benzoquinone) in nitromethane to obtain (±)-psiguamers A (1) and B (2) as a 7:5 mixture with a 39% combined yield. Compounds 1 and 2 were definitively identified by X-ray crystallographic data (Fig. S4.13 for 1, and Fig. S4.14 for 2, Supporting information).
The cytotoxicity test of psiguamers A–C (1–3) in tumor cells was assessed by the MTT method [16]. As shown in Table S3 (Supporting information), compound (+)-1 showed cytotoxic activities against five human tumor cell lines (HCT-116, HepG2, BGC-823, A549, and U251), with IC50 values of 2.94, 9.01, 6.45, 5.42, and 5.33μmol/L, respectively. Compound (+)-2 was active against HCT-116 with IC50 value of 2.25μmol/L, while (–)-2 exhibited cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and U251 with IC50 values of 2.23 and 8.21μmol/L, respectively. Unluckily, compounds (–)-1 and (+)-3 were inactive in cytotoxic assay. These results indicated that the absolute configurations of C-4 and C-5 played an important role in the cytotoxic activity.
In conclusion, psiguamers A–C (1–3) isolated from P. guajava leaves have been found to have unprecedented skeletons, a rare methylated benzoylphloroglucinol unit fusing with a humulene or a bicyclogermacrene fragment. These molecules could enrich the chemical diversity of methylated benzoylphloroglucinol derivatives. A biomimetic synthetic strategy for 1 and 2 was developed, and their structures were further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic data. Among these compounds, (+)-1, (+)-2, and (–)-2 exhibited antitumor activity.
Declaration of competing interest
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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21772234), the National New Drug Innovation Major Project of China (Nos. 2018ZX09735006 and 2018ZX09711001-002-010), CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (Nos. 2016-I2M-2-003 and 2017-I2M-3-010), and the independent project of State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines (No. GTZA201803).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
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Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.028.
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Year 2021 volume 32 Issue 5
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doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.028
  • Receive Date：2020-08-27
  • Online Date：2026-01-04
  • Published：2021-05-15
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  • Received：2020-08-27
  • Revised：2020-09-27
  • Accepted：2020-11-12
Affiliations
    State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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