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Molecular hexagram and octagram: Position determined 3D metallo-supermolecules and concentration-induced transformation
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Tun Wua, 1, Zhiyuan Jiangb, 1, Xiaobo Xueb, Shi-Cheng Wangc, Mingzhao Chena, Jun Wangb, Haisheng Liub, Jun Yanb, Yi-Tsu Chanc, Pingshan Wanga, b, *
Chinese Chemical Letters | 2021, 32(6) : 1911 - 1914
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Chinese Chemical Letters | 2021, 32(6): 1911-1914
• Communication •
Molecular hexagram and octagram: Position determined 3D metallo-supermolecules and concentration-induced transformation
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Tun Wua, 1, Zhiyuan Jiangb, 1, Xiaobo Xueb, Shi-Cheng Wangc, Mingzhao Chena, Jun Wangb, Haisheng Liub, Jun Yanb, Yi-Tsu Chanc, Pingshan Wanga, b, *
Affiliations
  • a Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • b Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
  • c Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617
Published: 2021-06-15 doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.052
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The reaction of a metallo-organic ligand (LA) in which two "V"-shaped bisterpyridines attaching to meta-position of "X"-shaped tetraterpyridine via < tpy-Ru2+-tpy > connectivity and Zn2+ ions gave rise to 3D supramolecular architectures: octagram (Zn8LA4). However, a position varied ligand (LB) in which two "V"-shaped bisterpyridines locating at the ortho-position of "X"-shaped tetraterpyridine afforded a different 3D hexagram (Zn6LB3). Full characterizations included NMR (1H, 13C, 2D COSY, NOESY and DOSY), ESI-MS, TWIM-MS, TEM and AFM. The resulted structures were directly determined by the position of two "V"-shaped bisterpyridines attaching to "X"-shaped tetraterpyridine.

Self-assembly  /  Terpyridine  /  Supramolecular transformation  /  Metal-organic ligand  /  Metalla-cage
Tun Wu, Zhiyuan Jiang, Xiaobo Xue, Shi-Cheng Wang, Mingzhao Chen, Jun Wang, Haisheng Liu, Jun Yan, Yi-Tsu Chan, Pingshan Wang. Molecular hexagram and octagram: Position determined 3D metallo-supermolecules and concentration-induced transformation[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2021 , 32 (6) : 1911 -1914 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.052
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Coordination-driven self-assembly has developed to be an extremely effective approach toward 2D and 3D supramolecules with preprogrammed shapes, sizes and functions [1-8]. Among them, 3D metallo-supramolecular cages received continuing interests due to its fascinating structures and potential applications in the fields of host-guest chemistry [9, 10], catalysis [11, 12] and others [13-15]. 2, 2': 6', 2"-Terpyridine (tpy) ligands are ideal subunits because of their tunable binding ability with various transition metal ions [16, 17]. Newkome and others reported numerous 2D metallo-supramolecular architectures [18-21] by utilizing < tpy-M2+-tpy > connectivity (M=Zn, Cd, Ru, Fe, Os, Ir). Even so, construction of tpy-based 3D metallo-cages still remains great challenge, except for numbered successful examples [22-25]. Considering the self-assembly methodology, multitopic tpy ligands with noncoplanar binding sites are necessary to form the desired 3D cages due to the linear coordination geometry of < tpy-M2+-tpy > connectivity. Generally, these noncoplanar binding sites are connected by rigid or flexible linkages such as adamantine [22], crown ethers [24, 25], and 9, 10-dimethyl-9, 10-ethanoanthracene [23]. However, this ligand design strategy exhibits limitations because of synthetic difficulties and a limited number of organic scaffolds. Therefore, it is imperative to develop other effective approaches toward 3D metallo-cages. In addition, thermodynamic stability of the resulting 3D metallo-structures relies on multi-parameters including solvent [26], concentration [23, 24], anion [27], light [28] and others [29]. Deep research of other influenced factors (position, geometry) provides profound understanding of the self-assembly process and further promotes this field.
Initially, our previous work demonstrated that simply mixing the "V"-shaped bis-terpyridine, tetrakis-terpyridine and Zn2+ with a precise 2:1:4 molar ratio afforded only self-sorted metallo-triangle [Zn3V3] [21]. Therefore, the pre-connection of two ligands using irreversible Ru coordination is necessary for quantitative assembly. A novel metallo-organic ligand LA has been prepared by linking two "V"-shaped bis-terpyridines to one "X"-shaped tetrakis-terpyridine's meta-positions via < tpy-Ru 2+-tpy > connectivity. The angle between the uncomplexed tpys of "V"-shaped ligands and the plane of "X"-shaped ligand is about 60° when LA adopts an energy-minimized conformation. Based on the directional binding approach, directly mixing LA and Zn2+ in a 1:2 molar ratio gave rise to 3D metallo-supramolecules: octagram C. Thus, 3D metal-organic cages can be achieved by using metal-organic ligands (MOLs) from the permutation of simple tpy ligands with appropriate geometry design. The rotatable coordination sites of LA in the self- assembly process led to the formation of flexible 3D supramolecular architectures (Scheme 1).
Tetratopic LA was synthesized in 5 steps starting from commercially available 2, 6-dibromobenzene-1, 4-diol (Scheme S1 in Supporting information). Then, to an MeCN solution of LA, a MeOH solution containing Zn(NO3)2·4 H2O was added in a precise 1:2 molar ratio.
After the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 4 h, a saturated solution of NH4PF6 in MeOH was added to generate red precipitates, which were washed thoroughly with MeOH and H2O. After drying in vacuo at 50 ℃ for 18 h, the desired octagram C was obtained in 98% yield with PF6− counterions. The ESI-MS spectrum of octagram C (4 mg/mL in MeCN) showed one set of dominant peaks resulting from the ions with the charge states from 18+ to 9+ generated by losing the corresponding numbers of PF6−. The experimental isotope patterns for each charge state agreed well with the corresponding theoretical distributions (Fig. 1c and Fig. S35 in Supporting information). The 2D TWIM-MS plot of octagram C showed a single distribution with narrow drift times for the charge states ranging from 19+ to 13+, indicating formation of a single component. However, a charge-dependent conformation transition at 12+ charge state was observed, suggesting that 3D octagram C has certain structural flexibility (Fig. S40 in Supporting informaiton) [21]. The experimental average collision cross-section (CCS) of 1868.4±154.1 Å2 for all charge states derived from the TWIM-MS analysis was in good agreement with the theoretical value of 1863.5±98.8 Å2 generated by trajectory method (TM) in MOBCAL based on 200 annealed structures (Table S1 in Supporting information) [30]. The relatively large standard deviation also reflected its conformational flexibility. The structure of C was verified by 1H NMR spectroscopy as well (Fig. 1b), which showed four singlets at δ 9.06, 9.03, 9.02 and 8.99 with a 1:1:1:1 integration ratio assigned to 3', 5' protons of tpy-A, B, C, D respectively. The peaks for 6, 6" protons of the uncoordinated tpys in LA (tpy-C, D) exhibited a dramatic upfield shift from 8.72 ppm to 7.84 ppm (Figs. 1a and b, Δδ=−0.88) owing to the electron shielding effect [31]. In the non-aromatic region, a broad singlet at δ 4.03 and two sharp singlets at δ 3.26 and δ 3.25 in a 4:1:1 integration ratio attributed to the methoxy groups close to tpy-C, D, tpy-A and tpy-B, respectively. In theory, self-assembly from LA and Zn2+ can afford two structures: octagram C and possible G (Fig. S48 in Supporting information). The composition (Zn8LA4) of the possible isomer G is the same as octagram C which cannot be distinguished by mass spectroscopy. However, in principle, NMR spectroscopy can rule out other isomers. Compared to highly symmetric octagram C (the chemical environmental of four LAs is identical), the possible isomer G is less symmetrical which suggesting two kinds of chemical environment of LA. 1H NMR of possible G will exhibit eight kinds of signals for tpy units. As a matter of fact, 1H NMR result revealed four kinds of tpy signals which fully validated the generation of octagram C. All proton assignments for octagram C were further confirmed by 2D COSY and NOESY NMR (Figs. S22 and S23 in Supporting information). The diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR spectrum of C in CD3CN at 25 ℃ showed a narrow band, clearly demonstrating there was only a single component in solution (diffusion coefficient log D = -9.81 m2/s, Fig. S24 in Supporting information) [32]. The above evidences have proved the formation of octagram C.
Subsequently, an interesting concentration-triggered supramolecular transformation process was observed by ESI-MS. A portion of octagram C was dissociated into smaller supramolecular species after diluting with MeCN (0.1 mg/mL). As we can see from the ESI-MS spectrum, the isotope patterns of the even charge states (20+, 18+, and 16+) exhibited two kinds of supramolecular species, which were consistent with the corresponding theoretical distributions of octagram C and another new structure (Fig. S32 in Supporting information). Further decreasing the concentration to 10 μg/mL, the original ESI-MS signals of octagram C disappeared completely, whereas only a new series of intense peaks corresponding to the 10+ to 5+ ions were observed, which confirmed the formation of a different structure with an exactly half molecular weight of octagram C (Fig. 1d). The newly generated species consisting of two LA and four Zn2+ ions suggested the formation of 3D tetragonal bipyramid D. In addition, the TWIM-MS plot of D exhibited a series of narrow drift times, which revealed the absence of other isomers or conformers (Fig. S41 in Supporting information). The proposed structure was further corroborated by the experimental average CCS (963.3±22.2 Å2) deduced from its TWIM-MS drift time that was consistent with the simulated TM value (1005.1±22.9 Å2, Table S2 in Supporting information).
Further, slight variation of metal-organic ligand in which two "V"-shaped bis-terpyridines binding to the ortho-position of "X"-shaped tetrakis-terpyridine afforded a novel and similar ligand LB. After complexation with 2 equiv. Zn2+ ions, 1H NMR spectra of the product E showed broad resonances which indicative of a giant structure (Figs. 2a and b) [33, 34]. Signals assigned to 6, 6"-tpy protons of free tpy units were distinctly shifted upfield from 8.65 ppm to 7.84 ppm (Δδ = 0.81 ppm). In 2D DOSY NMR spectrum, the formation of a single assembly in CD3CN was evident from the diffusion coefficient of log D = -9.76 m2/s for all the relevant peaks (Fig. S28 in Supporting information). Further, ESI-MS has been performed to establish the composition of the generated structure [Zn6LB3] (4 mg/mL) which displaying nine prominent peaks with expected isotopic patterns corresponding to charge state from 16+ to 8+ (Fig. 2c). In 2D TWIM-MS plot, all the charge states were found at a narrow band, suggesting a single component with high conformational rigidity. Slight variation between LA and LB caused two entirely different structures: octagram C and hexagram E, reflecting the position factor which is of easy ignoring profoundly influenced the self-assembly process. Likewise, diluting the solution of hexagram E in MeCN gave rise to a new structure: tetragnal bipyramid F (10 μg/mL). ESI-MS revealed a new set of dominant peaks ranging from 10+ to 6+ ions with explicit isotope patterns (Fig. 2d). It is worth noting the reversible concentration-dependent transformation is believed to be driven by entropic forces [35, 36].
Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was utilized to visualize the individual resultant supermolecules. The AFM image of a mixture of C and D (4.0±0.2 nm and 2.0±0.2 nm), which were very close to the simulated heights of octagram C (4.1 nm) and tetragonal bipyramid D (1.9 nm) (Fig. 3) at a concentration of 5×10−6 mol/L on mica displayed scattered small dots with two different heights (4.2±0.3 nm).
In conclusion, two novel 3D tpy-based octagram and hexagram have been successfully prepared from two predesigned metal-organic ligands. The great differences of the resulting structure caused by slight variation of geometric location for two "V"-shaped bisterpyridines (from tetraterpyridine's meta-position to ortho-position). Further, upon dilution, these two metallo-cages can split into smaller tetragonal bipyramid structures (E, F) (Scheme 1). MOLs prepared by a stepwise strategy offer rapid access to construction of 3D tpy-based supramolecular structures, and the unique supramolecular transformation process will be beneficial to develop stimuli-responsive functional materials.
Declaration of competing interest
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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
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This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21971257 for P. Wang); Y.-T. Chan acknowledges the support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (No. MOST106-2628-M-002-007-MY3). Authors acknowledge the NMR and TEM measurements from The Modern Analysis and Testing Center of Central South University of China.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
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Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.052.
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Year 2021 volume 32 Issue 6
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Article Info
doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.052
  • Receive Date：2020-07-24
  • Online Date：2026-01-04
  • Published：2021-06-15
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  • Received：2020-07-24
  • Revised：2021-01-23
  • Accepted：2021-01-31
Affiliations
    a Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
    b Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
    c Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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