Insight understanding into influence of binding mode of carboxylate with metal ion on ligand-centered luminescence properties in Pb-based coordination polymers

Insight understanding into influence of binding mode of carboxylate with metal ion on ligand-centered luminescence properties in Pb-based coordination polymers

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Xusheng Gao^a, Liduo Zhao^a, Meijuan Ding^a, Xiaozu Wang^*^,^b, Lu Zhai^a, Xiaoming Ren^**^,^a^,^c^,^d

Chinese Chemical Letters | 2021, 32(8) : 2423 - 2426

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Chinese Chemical Letters | 2021, 32(8): 2423-2426

• Communication •

Insight understanding into influence of binding mode of carboxylate with metal ion on ligand-centered luminescence properties in Pb-based coordination polymers

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Xusheng Gao^a, Liduo Zhao^a, Meijuan Ding^a, Xiaozu Wang^*^,^b, Lu Zhai^a, Xiaoming Ren^**^,^a^,^c^,^d

Affiliations

^a State Key Laboratory of Materials–Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China

^b College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China

^c College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China

^d State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

Published: 2021-08-15 doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.015

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Abstract

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In the crystal engineering area, it is important to clearly demonstrating the relationship of structure and certain functionality. Herein, we present the study of the relationship of structure with phosphorescent nature for two new room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) coordination polymers (CPs). [Pb(FDA)(H₂O)] (1) and [NH₃(CH₃)NH₂(CH₃)₂][Pb₄(FDA)₅] (2), where H₂FDA is 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid, have been synthesized by solvothermal method using different solvents and Pb²⁺ sources and characterized by microanalysis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric (TG), IR and UV–vis spectra. The Pb²⁺ ions adopt bicapped triangle prism coordination sphere in 1 and 2, which are connected together via FDA²⁻ ligands into bilayer structure in 1 while pillared-layer framework in 2. The FDA²⁻ ligands show different bridging modes in 1 and 2, leading to distinct coordination interactions between Pb²⁺ ion and FDA²⁻ ligand in both CPs. Both 1 and 2 emit ligand-centered RTP due to the heavy atom of Pb²⁺ ion, with a lifetime and quantum yield of 0.62 ms and 14.9% in 1 versus 1.69 ms and 15.7% in 2. The emission peak shows significant redshift (79 nm) in 2 regarding 1, which arises from their distinction of coordination interactions between Pb²⁺ ion and FDA²⁻ ligand in both CPs.

Key words

Pb-based coordination polymer / Carboxylate binding mode / Heavy atom effect / Room temperature phosphorescence / Frontier orbital analysis

Cite this Article

Xusheng Gao, Liduo Zhao, Meijuan Ding, Xiaozu Wang, Lu Zhai, Xiaoming Ren. Insight understanding into influence of binding mode of carboxylate with metal ion on ligand-centered luminescence properties in Pb-based coordination polymers[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2021 , 32 (8) : 2423 -2426 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.015

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Coordination polymers (CPs), a class of emerging materials in which metal ions or metal-oxygen clusters are linked by bridged organic ligands via coordination bonds, have been attracted widespread interest owing to their various and tunable crystal structures and physical properties, including luminescence [1, 2], ion conduction [3, 4], dielectrics and ferroelectricity [5], magnetism [6], sorption-separation [7], catalysis [8] and so on. In this context, huge efforts have been devoted to the study of the crystal engineering, aiming to establish the relationship of structure–functionality, by exploring intermolecular interactions, including the long-range interactions, e.g., coordination and H-bond interactions, and the short-range interactions, such as van der Waals force. Although great advances have been made in the last two decades [9-11], there are still many challenges at present and in the future, especially, in the exactly predicting new structures and precisely manipulating the certain functionality of CP-based materials. To address these challenges, abundant energies are still needed to systematically characterize the structures and extensively explore the correlation between the molecular components (linkers and nodes of metal ions or clusters) and the final properties of the resulting structure for new families of functional CPs.

In the area of luminescent materials, room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) CPs exhibit a range of applications in chemical sensing [12], light-emitting diode [13], anti-counterfeiting [14-16] and bioimaging [17] techniques. Theoretically, the heavy atom effect could lead to much improvement of the intersystem crossing process (ISC) rate between different spin states, and finally enhance phosphorescence emission in an organic molecule. It is indeed an efficient strategy to achieve RTP coordination polymers by rational designing the molecular [18-20] and electronic structures of luminescent ligand and choosing the heavy metal ions or heavy metal ion-oxygen clusters as nodes.

As the main group heavy metal, Pb²⁺ ion shows the coordination numbers from 2 to 12 and diverse coordination geometries, and these structural advantages make Pb²⁺-based CPs to be one of good candidates for investigating the relationship of phosphorescent nature of a CP and coordination environment of metal ion/carboxylate binding mode, although the Pb²⁺ ion is harmful to human health. In previous study, we have designed and prepared a series of Pb²⁺-based CPs and investigated their photophysical properties [21-25]. Unsurprisingly, these CPs we achieved display not only miscellaneous crystal structures, but also diverse luminescent features. To further reveal the relationship of structure and photophysical nature, we go on systematically designing and synthesizing new families of Pb²⁺-based CPs and exploring their photophysical behaviors.

Herein, we present synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, single crystal structure and luminescent properties of two new Pb²⁺-CPs, [Pb(FDA)(H₂O)] (1) and [NH₃(CH₃)NH₂(CH₃)₂][Pb₄(FDA)₅] (2), in which FDA²⁻ is the 2, 5-furandicarboxyle bridging ligand.

CP 1 crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pnma, as denoted in Fig. S1a (Supporting information), its asymmetric unit contains one Pb²⁺ ion which locates at Wyckoff site 4c with a mirror symmetry, one half of deprotonated FDA²⁻ in which the O4 atom occupies Wyckoff site 4c to lead to FDA²⁻ having mirror symmetry, together with one half of disordered H₂O molecule which O atom locates at Wyckoff site 4c. The Pb²⁺ ion is surrounded by eight oxygen atoms from four different carboxylate groups and two disordered water molecules, completing its bicapped triangular prismatic geometry, and the holo-directed coordination sphere of Pb²⁺ ion has mirror symmetry (Fig. 1a). The Pb-O bond lengths and the O-Pb-O angles are summarized in Table S1 (Supporting information). The geometric parameters in the PbO₈ coordination sphere are in agreement with the values reported in other Pb²⁺ compounds with carboxylates [26]. The bond lengths of d(Pb1–O1#4) = 2.945Å, d(Pb1–O2#2) = d(Pb1–O2#4) = 2.944Å are slight longer, indicating weak coordination bonds between Pb1 and the coordination atoms of O1#4, O2#2, O2#4 [27]. As illustrated in Fig. S1b (Supporting information), each FDA²⁻ ligand links four Pb²⁺ ions with two carboxylates through bidentate (η¹: η²–COO⁻) binding modes, acting as a μ₄−bridge linker. The neighboring bicapped triangular prism are connected together through sharing the planes (O1-O2-O2) into a {PbO₅}_∞ chain which runs along c-axis (Fig. 1b), and such types of chains extend into a 2D monolayer by weak coordinated bonds between Pb²⁺ ions and FDA²⁻ ligands as well as between Pb²⁺ ions and coordinated water molecules (where a water molecule acts as a μ₂−bridge linker), and the coordination polymer monolayer is parallel to bc-plane (Fig. 1c). As displayed in Fig. 1d and Fig. S1c (Supporting information), two neighboring monolayers adopt opposite orientations to connect into a bilayer through charge-assisted hydrogen bonds between coordinated water molecules and FDA²⁻ ligands, in which, with respect to one monolayer, another monolayer slides along b- and c-axes c/2 with distances of b/2 and c/2, respectively. The parameters of hydrogen bonds are summarized in Table S3 (Supporting information). Additionally, there are weak van der Waals forces between adjacent bilayers arranged along a-axis, as displayed in Fig. 1d.

CP 2 also crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pnma. As illustrated in Fig. S2a (Supporting information), in an asymmetric unit, there are two crystallographically inequivalent Pb²⁺ ions (labeled as Pb1 and Pb2), one and three halves of deprotonated FDA²⁻ ligands distinguished by the oxygen atoms in the furan rings, as well as one half of disordered dimethylammonium (Me₂NH₂⁺) cation and one half of disordered methylammonium (MeNH₃⁺) cation. Both Me₂NH₂⁺ and MeNH₃⁺ were produced by the decomposition of DMF solvent during solvothermal reaction process. Both Pb1 and Pb2 are surrounded by eight oxygen atoms to form distorted bicapped triangular prismatic geometry with holo-directed coordination sphere (Figs. 2a and b). The Pb-O bond lengths and the O-Pb-O angles in Pb1 and Pb2 coordination spheres are summarized in Table S2 (Supporting information), all of these bond parameters are comparable to the values in reported Pb-based CPs [26]. Four crystallographically inequivalent FDA²⁻ ligands in 2 show different connectivity. The FDA²⁻ ligand with O6 links five Pb²⁺ ions (two Pb1 and three Pb2, Fig. S2b in Supporting information), and its carboxylate with O7 bridges two Pb2 through μ₂-(η¹: η²–COO⁻) bidentate coordination manner and another one with O4 connects two Pb1 and one Pb2 through μ₃-(η²: η²–COO⁻) bidentate binding modes. The FDA²⁻ ligand with O14 links four Pb²⁺ ions (two Pb1 and two Pb2, Fig. S2c in Supporting information), and two carboxylates links Pb1 and Pb2 through μ₂-(η¹: η²–COO⁻) binding mode. The FDA²⁻ ligands with O2 and O13 show similar connectivity with Pb²⁺ ions, bridging six Pb²⁺ ions (four Pb1 and two Pb2 ions, Figs. S2d and e in Supporting information) with two carboxylates through μ₃-(η¹: η²–COO⁻) binding modes. As illustrated in Fig. 2c, the neighboring Pb1-type bicapped triangular prisms are arranged into coordination polyhedral chain along c-axis by sharing corners of polyhedra, and the adjacent chains are connected into 2D layer by Pb2-type polyhedral dimer through sharing edges of polyhedra along a-axis, and the layer is parallel to ac-plane. Along b-axis direction, the FDA²⁻ ligands link two neighboring polyhedral layers into pillared-layer framework, which channels are occupied by Me₂NH₂⁺ and MeNH₃⁺ cations (Fig. 2d).

In 1 and 2, all Pb²⁺ ions adopt bicapped triangular prismatic geometry with holo-directed coordination sphere. However, the Pb-O bond lengths are differences in 1 and 2. The Pb–O bond lengths distribute in a broad range and range from 2.435(5) Å to 2.944Å in 1, while in a narrow range in 2 and range from 2.454(9) Å to 2.746(9) Å. In both the CPs, the FDA²⁻ ligands act as both bidentate and bridging ligand. The FDA²⁻ acts as a μ₄−bridge linker in 1. However two different coordination modes like bidentate μ₂-(η¹: η¹–COO⁻) coordination manner and bidentate μ₃-(η¹: η²–COO⁻) binding modes are observed in 2. The differences of coordination bond strength and coordination environment of Pb²⁺ ions result in distinct structure in 1 and 2.

The FT-IR spectra of 1 and 2 are shown in Figs. S3a and b (Supporting information), respectively. The characteristic ν(COO⁻) and ν(COO⁻) bands arising from the carboxylate group appear at 1618 cm⁻¹ and 1422 cm⁻¹ in 1 versus 1600 cm⁻¹ and 1366 cm⁻¹ in 2. The differences between ν(COO⁻) and ν(COO⁻) is 196 cm⁻¹ in 1 and 234 cm⁻¹ in 2, which are in agreement with the coordination fashion of chelating and bridging carboxylate group [28-30]. PXRD patterns of 1 and 2 are shown in Figs. S4a and b (Supporting information), the good agreement between the experimental and simulated PXRD patterns suggests that both 1 and 2 possess high phase purity. TG plots and their first derivative curves of 1 and 2 are displayed in Figs. S5a and b (Supporting information). In TG plot of 1, the abrupt weight loss starts at ca. 240 ℃, related to the losing coordinated water molecules, as well as the disintegration of the framework. The TG and DTA analysis for 2 reveals that the abrupt weight loss starts at 249 ℃, corresponding to the decomposition of the charge balancing cations of MeNH₃⁺ and Me₂NH₂⁺, and the anionic framework disintegrates when the temperature is further elevated.

The solid-state diffuse reflection spectra at ambient temperature are displayed in Figs. S6a and b (Supporting information) for 1, 2 and H₂FDA. All absorption bands of H₂FDA fall within the ultraviolet spectral region, with three shoulders around 263, 295 and 320 nm, attributed to the π→π* and n→π* electron transition in the furan rings and carboxyl groups. Different from the absorption profile of H₂FDA, the broad absorption bands span from 200 nm to 450 nm in 1 and 2, and the low-energy shoulder redshift occurs and becomes visible with the maximum at ~336 nm in 1 versus ~383 nm in 2 owing to perturbation of Pb²⁺ ions to the energy levels of FDA^2– ligands, and it is similar to that in H₂FDA, the intensity of the low-energy shoulder band is less than that of the bands at high energy side in both CPs. As shown in Fig. S3c (Supporting information), the optical band gaps (E_g) of 1 and 2 are estimated as 3.92 and 3.72 eV from the Tauc plots, in agreement with the colorless sample under daylight. Under UV light (λ= 330–380 nm), 1 shows yellow-green, while 2 pale yellow color (Figs. S7a-d in Supporting information).

The luminescent properties of 1 and 2 together with H₂FDA were studied at ambient condition. In Fig. S6d (Supporting information), the emission spectrum of H₂FDA shows two intense emission bands centered around 375 nm and 383 nm under the irradiation of λ_ex = 301 nm due to the transitions n→π* or π→π*. As denoted in Figs. 3a and b, the emission spectrum presents a band with the maximum at 491 nm upon excitation at 301 nm for 1, a band with the maximum at 570 nm upon UV irradiation at 311 nm for 2, and all of these emission bands are assigned to electron transition within FDA²⁻ ligands. The luminescent color of 1, 2 and H₂FDA are consistent with the corresponding CIE indexes (Fig. S7e in Supporting information). It is worth mentioning that, by comparison of H₂FDA, the emission bands in 1 and 2 pronouncedly redshift, indicating that the coordination of Pb²⁺ ions strongly affects the electron energy levels of FDA²⁻ ligands. It is also noted that, regarding 1, the emission band in 2 shows larger redshifts even through the Pb²⁺ ions in the crystal structures of 1 and 2 show similar coordination sphere. To inspect the coordination environments of Pb²⁺ ions reveals that most of Pb–O bond lengths in 1 and 2 are comparable to each other, but three Pb–O bond lengths are longer in 1. The different strengths of coordination bonds of Pb²⁺ ion and FDA²⁻ ligand results in the distinct perturbation of Pb²⁺ ion to the electron energy level of FDA²⁻ ligand.

The luminescence decay curves of H₂FDA, 1 and 2 under ambient conditions are shown in Figs. S8a-c (Supporting information), and the luminescence lifetime (τ) was gained by fitting the curve using an single exponential decay function, and the best fits give the τ = 0.62 ms for 1 versus 1.69 ms for 2, falling within the millisecond range and showing the phosphorescence character. However, the τ value of H₂FDA is only 1.7 ns, indicating the typical organic fluorescence character. The quantum yields (QY) in 1 and 2 were estimated as 14.9% and 15.7%, respectively, under ambient condition. The long lifetimes and high quantum yields of 1 and 2 demonstrate that the heavy atom effect of Pb²⁺ really improves the intersystem crossing efficiency between excited singlet (S₁) and triplet states (T₁) of the FDA²⁻ ligand.

H₂FDA emits fluorescence, while 1 and 2 show the ligand-centered phosphoresce owing to the heavy atom effect of Pb²⁺ ions, moreover, the optical bandgap increases in the sequence of 2, 1 and H₂FDA, and this tread of change is in good agreement with the variation of the wavelength at the maximum intensity of emission band in 2 (λ_em = 570 nm), 1 (λ_em = 491 nm) and H₂FDA (λ_em = 375 nm). The finding is understandable using the qualitative frontier orbital diagram analysis of a Pb-CP. For simplicity, we suppose, the frontier orbitals of a Pb-CP consist of the occupied π orbital with two electrons and unoccupied π* orbital in FDA²⁻ ligand as well as the 6 s orbital with a lone pair of electrons and the unoccupied 6 p orbitals in Pb²⁺ ion. It is well known that the Pb⁴⁺ ion shows strong oxidbillity as reduced to Pb²⁺ species, while the Pb metal has strong reducibility as oxidized to Pb²⁺ species, and these facts demonstrate that the Pb²⁺ species is hard either oxidized or reduced. It is reasonable to assume that the energy levels of the 6 s and 6 p orbitals in the Pb²⁺ ion are respectively lower and higher than the energy levels of the π and π* orbitals in FDA²⁻ ligand. On the basis of molecular orbital theory, the molecular orbital consists of the linear combination of atomic orbitals with the same symmetry and similar energy level. On the other hand, the s and p orbitals of atom show different symmetry, and the π orbital are comprised of p orbitals of atom. Accordingly, the energy level diagram of frontier orbitals in a Pb-CP and the relationship of the frontier orbitals in a Pb-CP with the atomic orbitals in Pb²⁺ ion and FDA²⁻ ligand may be approximately illustrated in Fig. 4, in which the symbols of Δ(π–π*), Δ(MO-23) and Δ(MO-34) represent the energy differences of HOMO and LUMO in a FDA²⁻ ligand and a Pb-CP, the splitting energy between the molecular orbitals of MO-2 and MO-3, as well as between molecular orbitals of MO-3 and MO-4. It is worth noting that the splitting energy Δ(MO-34) is strongly dependent on the orbital interaction between the 6 p orbitals in the Pb²⁺ ion and the π* orbital in the FDA²⁻ ligand, which is relevant to the strength of Pb-O coordination bonds. Undoubtedly, the energy difference of HOMO and LUMO in the FDA²⁻ ligand is bigger than that in a Pb-CP, and the stronger Pb-O bonds in the coordination sphere of Pb²⁺ ion should give the bigger splitting energy of Δ(MO-34), leading to smaller energy level difference of Δ(MO-23). The fact of the stronger Pb-O bonds in 2 than those in 1 responds to the redshift of the λ_em in 2 regarding the λ_em in 1.

In summary, the crystal structure and photophysical property have been investigated for two RTP Pb²⁺-based CPs. The Pb²⁺ ions show bicapped triangle prism coordination geometry and these coordinated triangle prisms are connected through FDA²⁻ ligands into a bilayer coordination polymer in 1, while a 3D pillared-layer framework in 2. The distinct connectivity of FDA²⁻ ligands in 1 and 2 leads to their different Pb²⁺-ligand coordination interactions. Both 1 and 2 emit ligand-centered RTP owing to the heavy atom effect of Pb²⁺ ion. The qualitative analysis for frontier orbitals demonstrates that the emission band red-shift in 2 regarding 1 arises from the different coordination interactions between Pb²⁺ ions and ligands. Our study clearly demonstrates the relationship of ligand-centered photophysical property of a CP and metal-ion-ligand coordination interactions, offering a way for insight understanding into the structure–luminescence relationship.

Declaration of competing interest

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment

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The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21901116).

Appendix A. Supplementary data

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Supplementarymaterial related to this article can befound, in the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.015.

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Year 2021 volume 32 Issue 8

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doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.015

Receive Date：2020-12-14
Online Date：2026-01-04
Published：2021-08-15

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Received：2020-12-14
Revised：2021-01-03
Accepted：2021-01-08

Affiliations

^a State Key Laboratory of Materials–Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China

^b College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China

^c College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China

^d State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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Fig. 1 (a) Bicapped triangular prism coordination atmosphere of Pb1, (b) {PbO₅}_∞ chain running along c-axis, (c) 2D plane constructed by {PbO₅}_∞ chains and FDA²⁻ ligands viewed along b-axis, (d) H-bonds formed in neighboring monolayers in 1.

Fig. 2 (a, b) Distorted bicapped triangular prismatic coordination geometry of Pb1 (green) and Pb2 (purple), (c) 2D plane being parallel to ac-plane, (d) 3D Hofmann-type networks constructed by 2D layers with FDA²⁻ ligands viewed along c-axis in 2.

Fig. 3 Solid luminescence spectrum of (a) 1 and (b) 2.

Fig. 4 Schematic illustration of the energy levels of the frontier orbitals in Pb²⁺ ion, FDA²⁻ ligand and Pb-CP.

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