Highly selective and turn-on fluorescence probe with red shift emission for naked-eye detecting Al<sup>3+</sup> and Ga<sup>3+</sup> based on metal-organic framework

Highly selective and turn-on fluorescence probe with red shift emission for naked-eye detecting Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ based on metal-organic framework

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Linhui Wu^a, Shuli Yao^a, Hui Xu^a, Tengfei Zheng^a, Suijun Liu^a^,^*, Jinglin Chen^a, Na Li^b^,^*, Herui Wen^a

Chinese Chemical Letters | 2022, 33(1) : 541 - 546

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Chinese Chemical Letters | 2022, 33(1): 541-546

• Communication •

Highly selective and turn-on fluorescence probe with red shift emission for naked-eye detecting Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ based on metal-organic framework

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Linhui Wu^a, Shuli Yao^a, Hui Xu^a, Tengfei Zheng^a, Suijun Liu^a^,^*, Jinglin Chen^a, Na Li^b^,^*, Herui Wen^a

Affiliations

^aSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China

^bSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China

Published: 2022-01-15 doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.009

Outline

Abstract

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A novel Zn^II-based metal-organic framework with the formula of {[Zn₂(BBIP)₂(NDC)₂]·H₂O}_n (JXUST-5) derived from 3, 5-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)pyridine (BBIP) and 1, 4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (H₂NDC) has been synthesized. The adjacent Zn^II ions are linked through two BBIP ligands to form a [Zn₂(BBIP)₂] secondary building unit (SBU). The neighbouring SBUs are further connected by NDC²⁻ with μ₂-η¹: η¹ and μ₂-η¹: η¹: η¹ bridging modes to form a two-dimensional (2D) framework. Topological analysis shows that JXUST-5 could be simplified as an uninodal fes topology with a point symbol of {4.8²}. Furthermore, the 2D framework net could be extended through C-H···π interaction to form the three-dimensional supramolecular structure. Luminescent experiments suggest that JXUST-5 could selectively and sensitively recognize Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ through fluorescence enhancement effect along with a relatively large red shift. The detection limits for Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ are 0.17 and 0.69 ppm, respectively. Interestingly, the sensing process for both Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ could be directly observed with naked eyes under 365 nm UV lamp. Notably, JXUST-5 could be recycled at least five times as a fluorescent sensor toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺, which is the second example of turn-on MOF based fluorescent sensor toward Ga³⁺.

Key words

Metal-organic frameworks / Fluorescence probe / Naked-eye detection / Turn-on effect / Red shift emission / Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺

Cite this Article

Linhui Wu, Shuli Yao, Hui Xu, Tengfei Zheng, Suijun Liu, Jinglin Chen, Na Li, Herui Wen. Highly selective and turn-on fluorescence probe with red shift emission for naked-eye detecting Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ based on metal-organic framework[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2022 , 33 (1) : 541 -546 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.009

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As the important metal elements, aluminum and gallium widely exist in the environment and in our daily [1, 2], and they can enter the human body through food and drinking. However, excessive intake of Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ can damage the immune system and endanger human health [3, 4]. Hence, it is of crucial importance and attracts great attention to develop quick, efficient and reliable sensing materials for the detection of Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ with high sensitivity and selectivity. Up to now, a series of luminescence probes have been reported for detecting Al³⁺ or Ga³⁺. Gupta et al. reported a series of multiple hydroxyl‑group-based fluorescence probes with turn-on effect toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ [3]. A Co^II-based metal-organic framework (MOF) that can selectively detect Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺ and Al³⁺ with fluorescence turn-on effect has been synthesized by our group [5]. Peng et al. designed a simple luminescent probe derived from 1, 10-binaphthol for relay recognition of homocysteine and Group IIIA ions (Al³⁺, Ga³⁺ and In³⁺) [2].

As a class of emerging crystalline inorganic-organic hybrid materials, MOFs have received considerable attention from many chemists and material scientists for ever-expanding applications in gas storage and separation [6-8], catalysis [9-12], drug delivery [13-16], chemical sensing [17-24] and magnetism [25-27]. Additionally, these materials show high inherent porosity, structural diversity, and adjustable physicochemical properties. The unique advantages in terms of structural tailoring and performance modulation make MOF an ideal platform for the design of chemical sensors.

So far, the luminescent MOFs have been extensively explored as chemical probes for metal ions [28-32], small organic molecules [33-35], and nitroaromatic compounds [36, 37]. Generally, the host-guest interactions between analytes and MOFs or energy transfer are the main reasons of luminescence quenching (turn-off) phenomena of MOF-based sensors. The turn-off sensing seriously limits the sensitivity and selectivity of MOF sensors for targeted analysts. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop new MOF sensors based on luminescence turn-on effect for improving both the sensitivity and selectivity of MOF in chemical sensing applications.

Considering the structural and chemical variability nature of MOFs, a mixed-ligand assembly strategy based on the acid-base system [38-42] was chosen to construct the turn-on sensors. On account of the advantages of compensating charge balance, repulsive vacuum, coordination deficiency and weak interaction all at once, the acid-base mixed-ligand assembly strategy offers substantial opportunities for rationally designing and synthesizing MOFs materials with turn-on effect [43]. As a representative example, the bis(benzimidazole)-based ligands display excellent coordination abilities for the formation of MOFs with diverse structures and favorable properties [44]. As a semi-flexible N-rich pyridine- and benzimidazole-containing ligand, 3, 5-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)pyridine (BBIP) with pyridine groups offers potential interaction sites to react with analysts, which are advantageous for the sensing of metal ions due to the alterant electron or energy transfer process [45]. Additionally, a conjugated organic ligand with rich π electron and strong luminescence emission, 1, 4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (H₂NDC), is adopted as an auxiliary ligand [46]. H₂NDC has been widely utilized to construct luminescent MOFs [47-49].

Herein, BBIP and H₂NDC are chosen as organic ligands (Scheme S1 in Supporting information) to design turn-on luminescent MOFs. To prepare desired luminescent MOFs, the suitable choice of metal ions is another important factor. It is well-known that Zn^II with d¹⁰ electron configuration was introduced into the mixed-ligand systems to construct the MOFs with excellent luminescence properties [50]. Therefore, a novel Zn^II-based luminescent MOF with the formula of {[Zn₂(BBIP)₂(NDC)₂]·H₂O}_n (JXUST-5) has been successfully synthesized and structurally characterized. Luminescent experiments demonstrate that JXUST-5 could selectively and sensitively recognize Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ through fluorescence enhancement effect with naked eyes along with a relatively large red shift. Notably, JXUST-5 is the second case of turn-on MOF-based fluorescent sensor toward Ga³⁺ [51].

From the SEM image (Fig. 1a), the as-synthesized JXUST-5 exhibits a blocky structure with an average particle size of 500 μm. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that JXUST-5 belongs to the space group P2₁/c of monoclinic system, and the asymmetric unit is composed of two crystallographically independent Zn^II ions, two BBIP ligands, two NDC²⁻ ligands, and one free H₂O molecule. As shown in Fig. 1b, Zn1 shows a four-coordinated environment constructed with two O atoms (O1 and O5) from two distinct NDC²⁻ ligands and two N atoms (N5 and N10) from two different BBIP ligands, while Zn2 exhibits a five-coordinated environment established by three O atoms (O4A, O7B and O8B) from two distinct NDC²⁻ ligands and two N atoms (N1 and N6) from two different BBIP ligands. The Zn–O and Zn–N bond distances vary from 1.902(4) Å to 2.510(4) Å and 1.967(4) Å to 2.070(4) Å, respectively (Table S2 in Supporting information). Interestingly, Zn2 exhibits a similar coordination environment with Zn1 except that Zn2 weakly coordinates to O8B, so the coordination geometry of Zn2 calculated by SHAPE ver. 2.1 [52] is trigonal bipyramid compared with the tetrahedral of Zn1 (Table S3 in Supporting information). Moreover, the adjacent Zn^II ions are linked through two BBIP ligands to form a [Zn₂(BBIP)₂] secondary building unit (SBU) (Fig. S1a in Supporting information), and the Zn···Zn distance is 9.258(8) Å. Furthermore, the SBUs are further connected by NDC²⁻ with μ₂-η¹: η¹ and μ₂-η¹: η¹: η¹ bridging modes (Fig. S1b in Supporting information) to form a two-dimensional (2D) framework (Fig. 1c). From the topological analysis, if Zn^II ions are considered as 3-connected nodes, [Zn₂(BBIP)₂] secondary building units and NDC²⁻ ligands are considered as linkers, the whole 2D structure of JXUST-5 could be simplified as a uninodal fes topology with a point symbol of {4.8²} rationalized by TOPOS 4.0 [53] (Fig. 1d). Furthermore, the 2D framework net could be extended through C-H···π interaction to form the three-dimensional supramolecular structure (Fig. 1e). The porosity of JXUST-5 calculated by PLATON [54] is 2.3% of the unit cell (H₂O molecules were removed).

The solid-state emission spectra of JXUST-5 as well as free BBIP and H₂NDC ligands were investigated at room temperature (Fig. S5 in Supporting information). The results indicated that there were emission peaks at 485 nm (λ_ex = 375 nm) for H₂NDC, and at 453 nm (λ_ex = 377 nm) for BBIP, respectively, which could be ascribed to the π*→π and/or π*→n electron transfer [55]. Upon excitation at 344 nm, the emission band for JXUST-5 was observed at 382 nm. Compared with the H₂NDC ligand, the emission peak of JXUST-5 exhibits the obvious blue shift, which may be ascribed to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer [51]. Moreover, the luminescence properties of JXUST-5 in EtOH solution were also carried out, which exhibits similar emission behavior to those in the solid state (Fig. S5 in Supporting information).

The fluorescence sensing experiments of JXUST-5 toward metal ions were carried out with the EtOH suspension of JXUST-5. Because JXUST-5 exhibits similar emission peak locations in EtOH solution compared with solid-state emission spectrum of JXUST-5 (Fig. S5 in Supporting information), and the PXRD patterns of JXUST-5 after immersing in EtOH solutions for 24 h, 3 days and 6 days were similar to that of as-synthesized JXUST-5 (Fig. S4b in Supporting information), EtOH was chosen as the dispersion medium. The 1 mg finely ground samples were evenly immersed in 2 mL EtOH solutions containing 5 μL M(NO₃)_x (0.2 mol/L, M^x+= K⁺, Na⁺, Li⁺, Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Gd³⁺, Eu³⁺, Ga³⁺ and Al³⁺) through ultrasonic agitation for 30 min to form steady suspensions. As presented in Fig. 2a, upon the addition of different metal ions, most of them showed a relatively weak influence on the luminescence intensity of JXUST-5. Notably, JXUST-5 exhibited the excellent turn-on effect along with a relatively large red shift of 34 nm from 381 nm to 415 nm after the addition of Al³⁺/Ga³⁺. Interestingly, the suspensions of JXUST-5 after the addition of Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ showed the color change from light blue to blue, which could be directly observed with naked eyes under 365 nm UV lamp (Fig. 2b). Therefore, JXUST-5 could be regarded as a promising fluorescent probe for detecting Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ through fluorescence enhancement effect along with a relatively large red shift.

To further investigate the sensing sensitivity of JXUST-5 toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺, the fluorescence titration experiments were also carried out by gradually adding Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ into the EtOH suspension of JXUST-5. As shown in Figs. 3a and c, the fluorescence intensity of JXUST-5 gradually increased and obvious fluorescence red shift was observed upon the addition of Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ concentration, which could be directly observed with naked eyes under 365 nm UV lamp (Figs. 4a and b). Furthermore, the good linear relationships in a low concentration range were observed in JXUST-5 for sensing Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ (Figs. 3b and d), and the K_SV values for Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ are found to be 7.21 × 10³ L/mol and 2.75 × 10³ L/mol, respectively. In addition, the detection limits of JXUST-5 toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ are calculated to be 0.17 ppm (6.31 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L) and 0.69 ppm (9.93 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L), based on the well-established equation 3σ/k (k: the slope, σ: the standard error). As shown in Table S4 (Supporting information), MOF-based fluorescence sensors for the recognition of Al³⁺ with a turn-on mechanism in different medium solvents have been extensively studied, and the detection limit of JXUST-5 toward Al³⁺ is comparable to those of previously reported turn-on luminescence sensors for Al³⁺ in EtOH solvent. More importantly, JXUST-5 is the second example of turn-on MOF based fluorescent sensor toward Ga³⁺ [51] (Table S4 in Supporting information). Thus, JXUST-5 could be regarded as a potential bifunctional fluorescence sensor toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ with high sensitivity.

Considering the turn on sensing behavior of JXUST-5 toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ may be affected by other interfering metal ions, competitive experiments were further performed with the presence of 1 equiv. of other metal ions. Significantly, the turn-on effect as well as red-shift emission of JXUST-5 toward Al³⁺ (Fig. S6a in Supporting information) and Ga³⁺ (Fig. S6b in Supporting information) still existed, verifying that JXUST-5 has a high selectivity to detect Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺.

The time-dependent fluorescence emission spectra were also performed. The fluorescence intensities and emission peak locations of the EtOH suspensions of JXUST-5 with Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ were continuously recorded (Figs. S7a and b in Supporting information). For Al³⁺ ion, an obvious fluorescence red shift was observed after 15 s. As time goes on, the fluorescence intensity slowly increases and reaches 4.3 times compared to the blank along with fluorescence red shift at 420 s. In terms of Ga³⁺ ion, after 15 s, an obvious fluorescence red shift was found, and at 420 s, the fluorescence intensity reaches about 3.1 times than that of the original one along with fluorescence red shift. The results further confirm the high sensitivity of JXUST-5 toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺.

The recycling capacity of JXUST-5 as a luminescence probe was also studied in detail. The sample of JXUST-5 was soaked in EtOH solutions containing Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ for 30 min and washed by EtOH several times. Then the successive sensing experiments were carried out using the recovered solid. As depicted in Figs. S8a and b (Supporting information), the fluorescence intensities were essentially retained even after five recycling for detecting Al³⁺/Ga³⁺, and the framework was still maintained as confirmed by PXRD (Fig. S4c in Supporting information), demonstrating the outstanding stability of JXUST-5 as fluorescent sensor toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺during sensing process.

The possible turn-on sensing mechanism of JXUST-5 toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ has been further proposed. The PXRD patterns of JXUST-5 immersed in EtOH solutions containing Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ were similar to that of JXUST-5 (Fig. S4a in Supporting information), which proved that the structure of JXUST-5 is stable after the addition of Al³⁺/Ga³⁺. Moreover, it is also very diffcult for the neutral JXUST-5 to capture Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ through ion exchange. Hence, the sensing mechanism of JXUST-5 toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ might be owing to the interactions between the detected metal ions and the framework. Significantly, uncoordinated pyridine N atoms of BBIP ligand in JXUST-5 may interact with detected metal ions. In order to explore the possible mechanism of the turn-on effect, the UV–vis absorption spectra of JXUST-5 upon the addition of various metal ions were recorded. As shown in Fig. 5, the absorption intensity of JXUST-5 shows a significant increase after adding Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ in the range of 300–340 nm, while no obvious change was observed after the addition of various metal ions, which might be attributed to the interaction between the pyridine N atoms and Al³⁺/Ga³⁺. In order to eliminate the influence of metal ions itself on the UV–vis absorption intensity, the UV–vis absorption spectra of different metal ions in EtOH solutions have also been measured. As shown in Fig. S9 (Supporting information), no obvious absorbance in the range of 300–550 nm has been observed for metal ions, confirming that the absorbance enhancement of JXUST-5 after adding Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ is not from metal ions itself. Instead, the complexation of JXUST-5 and Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ causes the significant absorbance enhancement, thereby leading to the increase of luminescent intensity. Therefore, the turn-on sensing mechanism of JXUST-5 toward Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ could be ascribed to the absorbance caused enhancement (ACE) [51], in which the absorbance of JXUST-5 increases significantly after adding Al³⁺/Ga³⁺. In other words, the electrons of JXUST-5@Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ complexation in the ground state could absorb more energy from the light source upon the addition of Al³⁺/Ga³⁺, and then transit to the excited state [51]. After a series of vibration relaxation, the excited electrons of JXUST-5 return to the ground state, and simultaneously release energy in the form of luminescence [51]. In the emission process, the JXUST-5@Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ complexation releases more energy than as-synthesized JXUST-5, and thus results in turn-on fluorescence [51]. In addition, the relationship between the concentration of Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ and absorbance intensity of JXUST-5 has been studied. As depicted in Figs. S10a and b (Supporting information), the absorbance intensity of JXUST-5 gradually increased with increasing of the concentration of Al³⁺/Ga³⁺, which further proves the ACE mechanism. Finally, JXUST-5 shows a remarkable fluorescence red shift upon the addition of Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ (Fig. 2a). The red shift of the fluorescence emission indicates the possible existence of strong exciplex formation between JXUST-5 and Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ [56], which is further demonstrated by UV–Vis absorption spectra (Fig. 5). As a result, the most probable turn-on and red shift fluorescence mechanisms of JXUST-5 toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ could be interpreted as the ACE mechanism together with the formation of a strong exciplex between JXUST-5 and Al³⁺/Ga³⁺.

In summary, a novel Zn^II-based MOF (JXUST-5) with fes topology has been synthesized by using mixed-ligand strategy. JXUST-5 could selectively and sensitively recognize Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ through fluorescence enhancement effect along with a relatively large red shift. The detection limits for Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ are 0.17 and 0.69 ppm, respectively. Interestingly, the sensing process for both Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ could be directly observed with naked eyes under 365 nm UV lamp. More importantly, JXUST-5 could be recycled at least five times as a fluorescent sensor toward Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺. The turn-on and fluorescence red shift mechanisms could be attributed to the ACE mechanism together with the formation of a strong exciplex between JXUST-5 and Al³⁺/Ga³⁺. Notably, JXUST-5 is the second case of turn-on MOF based fluorescent sensor toward Ga³⁺. Unfortunately, if the solution contains Al³⁺ or Ga³⁺, JXUST-5 cannot give a discriminated signal. In the present work, we mainly focus on the construction of MOF-based fluorescence probes with a turn-on effect, and further study on the turn-on MOF sensors that identify specific metal ions is still on-going in our lab.

Declaration of competing interest

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

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This work was supported from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22061019, 21761012 and 21861018), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (Nos. 20192BAB203001, 20202ACBL213001, 20192ACBL20013 and 20182BCB22010), the Youth Jinggang Scholars Program in Jiangxi Province (No. QNJG2019053), and the Two Thousand Talents Program in Jiangxi Province (No. jxsq2019201068).

Supplementary materials

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Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.009

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Year 2022 volume 33 Issue 1

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doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.009

Receive Date：2021-04-29
Online Date：2025-12-12
Published：2022-01-15

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Received：2021-04-29
Revised：2021-05-31
Accepted：2021-06-03

Affiliations

^aSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China

^bSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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Fig. 1 (a) SEM image of JXUST-5. (b) The coordination environments of Zn^II ions in JXUST-5 (H atoms omitted for clarity, symmetry codes: A: 1-x, 1-y, 1-z; B: 1 + x, 0.5-y, 0.5 + z). (c) The 2D network consisting of [Zn₂(BBIP)₂] secondary building unit and NDC²⁻ in JXUST-5. (d) The topological structure of JXUST-5 (Zn^II nodes, turquoise; [Zn₂(BBIP)₂] secondary building unit linkers, bule; NDC²⁻ linkers, red). (e) The 3D supramolecular architecture of JXUST-5.

Fig. 2 (a) Emission spectra of JXUST-5 dispersed in EtOH with the addition of different metal ions (5 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L), λ_ex = 344 nm. (b) Photos of the suspensions of JXUST-5 before and after the addition of Al³⁺/Ga³⁺ when excited with a hand-held 365 nm UV-lamp.

Fig. 3 Emission spectra of JXUST-5 dispersed in EtOH suspension with various concentrations of (a) Al³⁺ ions and (c) Ga³⁺ ions, and the linear relationship in a low concentration range between the fluorescence intensity of JXUST-5 and the concentration of (b) Al³⁺ ions and (d) Ga³⁺ ions.

Fig. 4 Photographs of JXUST-5 reacting with (a) 0–0.50 mmol/L (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50 mmol/L) Al³⁺ and (b) 0–0.60 mmol/L (0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.12, 0.14, 0.18, 0.22, 0.30, 0.40, 0.60 mmol/L) Ga³⁺ under a hand-held 365 nm UV-lamp (the concentration increases with the direction of the yellow arrow).

Fig. 5 UV–vis absorption spectra of JXUST-5 upon the addition of various metal ions in EtOH solutions (5 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L).

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