Due to its cylindrical configuration and distinctive motion characteristics, the cylindrical FPSO faces significant challenges in offloading operations under complex marine conditions characterized by high-frequency variations in wind, waves, and currents. To address these challenges, particularly under the persistent northeastern and southwestern monsoon conditions in the eastern South China Sea, this study proposes a novel offloading system featuring dual offloading points, bow loading, and position-mooring configuration, intended as a cost-effective alternative to high-cost DP shuttle tankers. The proposed solution integrates a bow thruster on the shuttle tanker and dual stern tugs to enable coordinated control of heading and position, thereby enhancing operational safety and adaptability. To verify the feasibility of the proposed system, a combination of numerical simulations and full-mission maneuvering experiments was conducted. The study systematically investigates key technical aspects such as the selection of shuttle tankers and tugs, bow thruster configuration, and mooring hawser design. Results confirm the feasibility of employing a 75 000 DWT shuttle tanker for position-mooring offloading at the Liuhua oilfield in the South China Sea. Findings indicate a positive correlation between the tension and angle of mooring hawsers and the shuttle tanker's displacement and length. This study provides technical guidance and risk assessment insights for cost-effective offloading operations of cylindrical FPSOs in complex marine environments.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |