To solve the problem of impact danger to the coal pillars in the bearing section of the coal mine caused by rock burst, the stability analysis of the coal pillars was carried out using a theoretical analysis method during the excavation and backfilling periods of the B4328 working face of the Xinglongzhuang coal mine. The reasonable width of the coal pillars was calculated. A numerical calculation model was established using Phase2 to determine the stress distribution of the coal pillars in different mining states. Based on the degree of stress concentration on both sides of the roadway and the floor, a large-diameter borehole pre-pressure relief plan was implemented, and reinforcement measures for the transportation roadway before backfilling were also developed. The research results show that the plastic zone width of the coal pillar on the excavation side after transportation is 4.71 m and 14.45 m on the goaf. It is believed that the coal pillars are only affected by the impact of single-sided mining and the redistribution of drilling stresses, and the 25 m coal pillars are in a relatively stable state. At the same time, the simulation calculation shows that the transportation excavation area is located in the position where the supporting pressure peak drops in the goaf but the value is still relatively high, and the impact danger of the outer side of the coal pillar is greater than the inner side. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the support and take pre-pressure relief measures for the elastic area of the coal pillar. Because the coal pillar is less disturbed during the excavation period, and the two sides are basically in a plastic state after pressure relief, the elastic zone starts to produce plastic deformation, the elastic energy is released slowly, and the impact risk is reduced.