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In the field of blasting work, stemming has a significant impact on the effectiveness and safety of blasting operations. To improve the blasting effect and reduce blasting costs, it is essential to determine the optimal length of stemming. This study uses a combination of explosion wave theory, theoretical mechanics, and LS-DYNA numerical simulation to analyze the impact of stemming length on blasting effect, which is then validated through field experiments. The study results indicate that when the blast hole depth is between 0.6 m and 1.4 m, the optimal stemming ratio is between 0.38 and 0.54, and with an increase in blast hole depth, the optimal ratio decreases. When the blast hole depth is between 1.6 m and 2.4 m, the optimal stemming ratio is between 0.36 and 0.38. If the blast hole depth exceeds 1.2 m, and the stemming length equals or exceeds half of the blast hole depth, a detrimental effect may occur. The radial uncoupling coefficient R exerts a significant effect on the optimal stemming length. When R is less than or equal to 1.8, the optimal stemming length decreases with an increase in R. However, when R is greater than 1.8, the optimal stemming length remains unchanged. Additionally, field experiments were conducted at the Wangcun Coal Mine Limited Liability Company 8107 return airway, including tests on 1.2 m and 2.2 m cut holes and a 2.0 m auxiliary hole. The optimal stemming lengths were found to be 50 cm, 90 cm, and 80 cm, respectively, which aligns with the results of theoretical calculation and numerical simulation.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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